Coupled Electromagnetic Circuits and Their Connection to Quantum Mechanical Resonance Interactions and Biorhythms

The existence of specific biorhythms and the role of geomagnetic and/or solar magnetic activities are well-established by appropriate correlations in chronobiology. From a physical viewpoint, there are two different accesses to biorhythms to set up connections to molecular processes: quantum mechanical perturbation theoretical methods and their resonance dominators to characterize specific interactions between constituents. These methods permit the treatment of molecular processes by circuits with characteristic resonances and “beat-frequencies”, which result from primarily fast physical processes. As examples, the tunneling processes between DNA base pairs (H bonds), the ATP decomposition and the irradiation of tumor cells are accounted for.

REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on： Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews （and errata） are also available on the Particle Data Group website： http ：//pdg. lbl. gov.

ACCELERATOR PHYSICS OF COLLIDERS

Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers （MSU） and F. Zimmermann （CERN）.29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,

ELECTROWEAK MODEL AND CONSTRAINTS ON NEW PHYSICS

Revised November 2013 by J. Erler （U. Mexico） and A. Freit＆s （Pittsburgh U.）.10.1 Introduction 10.2 Renormalization and radiative corrections

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 2014 EDITION OF THE REVIEW OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

899 new papers with 3283 new measurements Over 330 papers from LHC experiments （ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb）.

STATUS OF HIGGS BOSON PHYSICS

Written November 2013 by M. Carena （Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the University of Chicago）, C. Grojean （ICREA at IFAE, Universitat Autbnoma de Barcelona）, M, Kado （Laboratoire de l＇Accelerateur Lineaire, LAL and CERN）, and V. Sharma （University of California San Diego）.

ONLINE PARTICLE PHYSICS INFORMATION

1. IntroductionThe collection of online information resources in particle physics and related areas presented in this chapter is of necessity incomplete. An expanded and regularly updated online version can be found at：

PARTICLE DETECTORS FOR NON-ACCELERATOR PHYSICS

Updated 2013 （see the various sections for authors）.34.1. Introduction Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino oscillation measurements, and searches for double-beta decay, dark matter candidates, and magnetic monopoles.

ASTROPHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND PARAMETERS

Table 2.1. Revised November 2013 by D.E. Groom （LBNL）. The figures in parentheses after some values give the 1-σ uncertainties in the last digit（s）. Physical constants are from Ref. 1. While every effort has been made to obtain the most accurate current values of the listed quantities, the table does not represent a critical review or adjustment of the constants, and is not intended as a primary reference.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Table 1.1. Reviewed 2013 by P.J. Mohr （NIST）. Mainly from the “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants： 2010” by P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor, and D.B. Newell in Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 1527 （2012）. The last group of constants （beginning with the Fermi coupling constant） comes from the Particle Data Group. The figures in parentheses after the values give the 1-standard-deviation uncertainties in the last digits;

QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS

9.1. Basics Quantum Chromodynamics （QCD）, the gauge field theory that describes the strong interactions of colored quarks and gluons, is the SU（3） component of the SU（3）×SU（2）×V（1） Standard Model of Particle Physics.

BOTTOM MESONS(B=±1)B^+=u,B^0=d,B^0=db,B^-=b,similarly for B~*'s

Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections：

N BARYONS(S=0,I=1/2)p,N^+=uud;n,N^0=udd

p MASS （atomic mass units u）The mass is known much more precisely in u （atomic mass units） than in MeV. See the next data block.

BOTTOM,CHARMED MESONS(B=C=±1)B_c^+=c,B_c^-=cb,similarly for B_c~*'s

I（JP） = 0（0-）I, J, P need confirmation.Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predictions.

BOTTOM BARYONS(B=-1)∧_b^0=udb,≡_b^0=usb,≡_b^-=dsb,Ω_b^-=ssb

In the quark model, a ∧b0 is an isospin-0 udb state. The lowest ∧b0 ought to have JP = 1/2＋. None of I, J, or P have actually been measured.

INTRODUCTION

1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the ＂Particle Listings.＂ These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].

CHARMED BARYONS(C=+1)∧_c^+=udc,∑_c^(++)=uuc,∑_c^+=udc,∑_c^0=ddc,≡_c^+=usc,≡_c^0=dsc,Ω_c^0=ssc

CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl （LBNL）. There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.＊ Fig. l（a） shows the mass spectrum,

∧ BARYONS(S=-1,I=0)∧~0=uds

We have omitted some results that have been superseded by later experiments. See our earlier editions.

SU(3) ISOSCALAR FACTORS AND REPRESENTATION MATRICES

Written by R.L. Kelly （LBNL）. The most commonly used SU（3） isoscalar factors, corresponding to the singlet, octet, and deeuplet content of 8 8 and 10 8, are shown at the right. The notation uses particle names to identify the coefficients, so that the pattern of relative couplings may be seen at a glance. We illustrate the use of the coefficients below.

QUARKS

QUARK MASSESUpdated Jan 2014 by A.V. Manohar （University of California, San Diego） and C.T. Sachrajda （University of Southampton）