Two eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Ligularia veitchiana（Hemsl.） Greenm were isolated and determined as 10α,11-endoperoxide-1（2）-en-7α-hydroeremophilane（1） and 1（10）-en-2-oxo-7α-isop...Two eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Ligularia veitchiana（Hemsl.） Greenm were isolated and determined as 10α,11-endoperoxide-1（2）-en-7α-hydroeremophilane（1） and 1（10）-en-2-oxo-7α-isopropanol-eremophilane（2）.Compound 1 was a new compound and compound 2 was a new natural product.The structures of the two compounds were established by means of spectral methods including 1^H NMR,13^C NMR,2D NMR and MS.展开更多
Behavioural inhibition is a biologically based risk factor for anxiety disorders.Children with behavioural inhibition are shy,cautious and avoidant of new situations.Much research on behavioural inhibition has focused...Behavioural inhibition is a biologically based risk factor for anxiety disorders.Children with behavioural inhibition are shy,cautious and avoidant of new situations.Much research on behavioural inhibition has focused on the amygdala as an underlying neural substrate and has identified differences in amygdala function and volume;however,amygdala findings have yet to lead to meaningful interventions for prevention or treatment of anxiety disorders.The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis(BNST)is a prime candidate to be a neural substrate of behavioural inhibition,given current evidence of BNST function and development in human research and animal models.Children with behavioural inhibition have an increased startle response to safety cues and an increased cortisol response to social evaluative situations,both of which are mediated by the BNST.In rodents,activation of the BNST underlies contextual fear responses and responses to uncertain and sustained threat.Non-human primates with anxious temperament(the macaque equivalent of behavioural inhibition)have increased BNST activity to ambiguous social situations,and activity of the BNST in anxious temperament is significantly heritable.Importantly,the BNST is sexually dimorphic and continues to develop into adulthood,paralleling the development of anxiety disorders in humans.Together,these findings suggest that further investigation of the BNST in behavioural inhibition is necessary and may lead to new avenues for the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.展开更多
Objectives: While endurance exercise such as training for marathons is cardioprotective, cardiac arrests and sudden death occur in previously healthy runners during races predominantly in middle-aged males due to athe...Objectives: While endurance exercise such as training for marathons is cardioprotective, cardiac arrests and sudden death occur in previously healthy runners during races predominantly in middle-aged males due to atherosclerotic heart disease. Recent evidence related to this problem is reviewed herein including epidemiologic studies and findings related to acute cardiac risk in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners during races. Method: Literature review related to the above. Findings: The risks of cardiac arrest and sudden death were 1 in 57,002 and 1 in 171,005 respectively in runners with a mean age of 49.7 years among 1,710,052 participants in marathons in the United States since 1980. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the cause of death in over 90% of cases in two retrospective studies and a greater than two-fold increase in cardiac arrests was observed in middle-aged men in the latter half of a 10-year prospective registry beginning in the year 2000. Asymptomatic middle-aged male runners showed elevated biomarkers of inflammation such as interleukin-6, C-reactive protein together with procoagulant effects including in vivo platelet activation, indicating susceptibility to atherothrombosis. Conclusions: Antithrombotic prophylaxis is evidence-based by validated clinical paradigms to prevent cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptibile marathon runners at high risk for atherothrombosis during races.展开更多
Objectives: Prevention of sudden cardiac death is the number one clinical priority in sports cardiology. While the overall cardiovascular risk of long distance running is acknowledged as low, the frequency of cardiac ...Objectives: Prevention of sudden cardiac death is the number one clinical priority in sports cardiology. While the overall cardiovascular risk of long distance running is acknowledged as low, the frequency of cardiac arrests and sudden death has increased in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000. An evidence-based strategy for protecting susceptible runners from these acute cardiac events during races is considered based on identification of the underlying cause. Method: Review of articles in Pub Med on adverse cardiac events during marathons. Findings: Recent epidemiological studies have identified an increasing frequency of cardiac arrest in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000 with atherosclerotic heart disease as the main cause of sudden cardiac death. Same-aged asymptomatic middle-aged male physician-runners showed a post-race polymorphonuclear leukocytosis with sequential increases in interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein as a likely consequence of rhabdomyolysis after “hitting the wall”. Increased fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and D-dimer with in vivo platelet activation indicated a concurrent hemostatic imbalance with pro-coagulant effects. Cardiac troponins I and T and NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were elevated after races as additionally predictive of acute cardiac events in asymptomatic persons. Conclusions: High short-term risk for acute cardiac events in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners is shown by stratification of validated biomarkers, which may render non-obstructive coronary atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture during marathons. Pre-race aspirin usage is prudent to reduce these events mediated by atherothrombosis based on conclusive evidence for prevention of first acute myocardial infarctions in same-aged healthy male physicians. Prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of pre-race low-dose aspirin for curtailing the increasing frequency of race-related cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptible runners.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder with motor deficits due to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and with the non-motor/premotor symptoms(NMS)such as anxiety,cognitive dysfunction,depression,hyposmi...Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder with motor deficits due to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and with the non-motor/premotor symptoms(NMS)such as anxiety,cognitive dysfunction,depression,hyposmia,and sleep disorders.NMS is presented in at least one-fifth of the patients with PD.With the histological information being investigated,stem cells are shown to provide neurotrophic supports and cellular replacement in the damaging brain areas under PD conditions.Pathological change of progressive PD includes degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain.The current stem cell beneficial effect addresses dopamine boost for the striatal neurons and gliovascular mechanisms as competing for validated PD drug targets.In addition,there are clinical interventions for improving the patient’s NMS and targeting their autonomic dysfunction,dementia,mood disorders,or sleep problems.In our and many others’research using brain injury models,multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells demonstrate an additional and unique ability to alleviate depressive-like behaviors,independent of an accelerated motor recovery.Intranasal delivery of the stem cells is discussed for it is extensively tested in rodent animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders.In this review,we attempt to discuss the repairing potentials of transplanted cells into parkinsonism pathological regions of motor deficits and focus on preventive and treatment effects.From new approaches in the PD biological therapy,it is believed that it can as well benefit patients against PD-NMS.展开更多
Acupuncture has been commonly used as an adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in China and in other countries.Animal studies have consistently show that this treatment is both ne...Acupuncture has been commonly used as an adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in China and in other countries.Animal studies have consistently show that this treatment is both neuroprotective, protecting dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and also restorative, restoring tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopaminergic terminals in striatum, resulting in improvements in motor performance in animal models of Parkinsonism. Studies show that this protection is mediated through the same common mechanisms as other neuroprotective agents, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways at molecular and cellular levels. Restoration of function seems to involve activation of certain compensatory brain regions as a mechanism at the network level to correct the imbalances to the nervous system resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Clinical studies in China and Korea, in particular, have shown a positive benefit of acupuncture in treating Parkinson's disease, especially in reducing the doses of dopaminergic medications and the associated side effects. However, large and well-controlled clinical trials are still needed to further demonstrate the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.展开更多
Pueraria lobata is one of the most important medicinal herbs used traditionally in China. According to Shanghan Lun(Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease), it has been used traditionally to relieve body heat,eye sorin...Pueraria lobata is one of the most important medicinal herbs used traditionally in China. According to Shanghan Lun(Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease), it has been used traditionally to relieve body heat,eye soring, dry mouth, headache associated with high blood pressure, and stiff neck problems. Modern studies in the 1970 s revealed that isoflavonoids extracted from P. lobata were the bioactive components of an herbal remedy namely Yufeng Ningxin Tablets for the treatment of patients after stroke. This article reviews recent application of P. lobota in the treatment of diabetics and in reducing alcohol drinking. In view of its low toxicity profile, P. lobota stands an excellent chance to be developed as a phytomedicine for treating human diseases.展开更多
Objective To optimize the extraction technology used for extracting active saponins from the roots,fibrous roots,basal part of stems,root verrucae,fruits,flowers,stems,and leaves of Panax notoginseng based on the cont...Objective To optimize the extraction technology used for extracting active saponins from the roots,fibrous roots,basal part of stems,root verrucae,fruits,flowers,stems,and leaves of Panax notoginseng based on the contents of ginsengsides Rg1,Rb1,and notoginsengside R1 as evaluation indexes.Methods Different parts of P.notoginseng were extracted by smashing tissue extraction(STE),ultrasound extraction,and reflux extraction.The contents of ginsengsides Rg1,Rb1,and notoginsengside R1 in 24 kinds of extracts were determined by HPLC-UV.Hypersil C18 column(200 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) and acetonitrile-warter(20:80 for 30 min→45:55 for 18 min→70:30 for 2 min→80:20 for 10 min→100:0) were used;UV detector was set at 203 nm;The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min.Results STE was the most efficient technology with the highest yield of active saponins among the three tested extraction technologies.Conclusion STE is a fast,effective,and economical method to extract the active saponins from different parts of P.notoginseng.It could significantly shorten the extraction time and simplify the determination of the pre-processing work on identifying P.notoginseng.Such quick and effective extraction provides a powerful tool for analyzing P.notoginseng in the future.展开更多
Objective To optimize the extraction technology of the active component, rosmarinic acid, an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, in perilla oil meal for the first time by a new homogenizing techn...Objective To optimize the extraction technology of the active component, rosmarinic acid, an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, in perilla oil meal for the first time by a new homogenizing technology called smashing tissue extraction (STE). Methods Orthogonal design was used to optimize the extraction condition. The content of rosmarinic acid was quantified from the methanol crude extract with the help of HPLC. Results The optimization of STE process to get rosmarinic acid from the perilla oil meal was the ratio of liquid to solid material at 10:1 and the power of extraction at 150 V, extracting twice (2 min for each time). Conclusion STE could be applied to extracting the active ingredients from the oil meals due to its high extraction efficiency. This new homogenizing technology has advantages on saving extraction time, raising extraction efficiency, and maintaining the temperature sensitive constituents.展开更多
The endophenotype concept was initially proposed to enhance the power of genetic studies of complex disorders. It is closely related to the genetic component in a liability-threshold model; a perfect endophenotype sho...The endophenotype concept was initially proposed to enhance the power of genetic studies of complex disorders. It is closely related to the genetic component in a liability-threshold model; a perfect endophenotype should have a correlation of 1 with the genetic component of the liability to disease. In reality, a putative endophenotype is unlikely to be a perfect representation of the genetic component of disease liability. The magnitude of the correlation between a putative endophenotype and the genetic component of disease liability can be estimated by fitting multivariate genetic models to twin data. A number of statistical methods have been developed for incorporating endophenotypes in genetic linkage and association analyses with the aim of improving statistical power. The most recent of such methods can handle multiple endophenotypes simultaneously for the greatest increase in power. In addition to increasing statistical power, endophenotype research plays an important role in helping to understand the mechanisms which connect the associated genetic variants with disease occurrence. Novel statistical approaches may be required for the analysis of the complex relationships between endophenotypes at different levels and how they converge to cause the occurrence of disease.展开更多
Objective To optimize the extract technology of active lignins from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis. Methods The content of schizandrin, gomisin A, and deoxyschizandrin were selected as standards to evaluate the ef...Objective To optimize the extract technology of active lignins from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis. Methods The content of schizandrin, gomisin A, and deoxyschizandrin were selected as standards to evaluate the efficiency of smashing tissue extraction (STE). Solid-liquid ratio, extracting times, ethanol concentration, and extracting time were investigated through orthogonal test. Results The optimized conditions for STE were ten times amount of 80% EtOH, extracting for three times, and 2 min for each time. Conclusion STE could obtain relatively higher yield, simplicity of operation, and benefit for environment protection. It could be better choice for the extraction of S. chinensis.展开更多
文摘Two eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Ligularia veitchiana（Hemsl.） Greenm were isolated and determined as 10α,11-endoperoxide-1（2）-en-7α-hydroeremophilane（1） and 1（10）-en-2-oxo-7α-isopropanol-eremophilane（2）.Compound 1 was a new compound and compound 2 was a new natural product.The structures of the two compounds were established by means of spectral methods including 1^H NMR,13^C NMR,2D NMR and MS.
文摘Behavioural inhibition is a biologically based risk factor for anxiety disorders.Children with behavioural inhibition are shy,cautious and avoidant of new situations.Much research on behavioural inhibition has focused on the amygdala as an underlying neural substrate and has identified differences in amygdala function and volume;however,amygdala findings have yet to lead to meaningful interventions for prevention or treatment of anxiety disorders.The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis(BNST)is a prime candidate to be a neural substrate of behavioural inhibition,given current evidence of BNST function and development in human research and animal models.Children with behavioural inhibition have an increased startle response to safety cues and an increased cortisol response to social evaluative situations,both of which are mediated by the BNST.In rodents,activation of the BNST underlies contextual fear responses and responses to uncertain and sustained threat.Non-human primates with anxious temperament(the macaque equivalent of behavioural inhibition)have increased BNST activity to ambiguous social situations,and activity of the BNST in anxious temperament is significantly heritable.Importantly,the BNST is sexually dimorphic and continues to develop into adulthood,paralleling the development of anxiety disorders in humans.Together,these findings suggest that further investigation of the BNST in behavioural inhibition is necessary and may lead to new avenues for the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.
文摘Objectives: While endurance exercise such as training for marathons is cardioprotective, cardiac arrests and sudden death occur in previously healthy runners during races predominantly in middle-aged males due to atherosclerotic heart disease. Recent evidence related to this problem is reviewed herein including epidemiologic studies and findings related to acute cardiac risk in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners during races. Method: Literature review related to the above. Findings: The risks of cardiac arrest and sudden death were 1 in 57,002 and 1 in 171,005 respectively in runners with a mean age of 49.7 years among 1,710,052 participants in marathons in the United States since 1980. Atherosclerotic heart disease was the cause of death in over 90% of cases in two retrospective studies and a greater than two-fold increase in cardiac arrests was observed in middle-aged men in the latter half of a 10-year prospective registry beginning in the year 2000. Asymptomatic middle-aged male runners showed elevated biomarkers of inflammation such as interleukin-6, C-reactive protein together with procoagulant effects including in vivo platelet activation, indicating susceptibility to atherothrombosis. Conclusions: Antithrombotic prophylaxis is evidence-based by validated clinical paradigms to prevent cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptibile marathon runners at high risk for atherothrombosis during races.
文摘Objectives: Prevention of sudden cardiac death is the number one clinical priority in sports cardiology. While the overall cardiovascular risk of long distance running is acknowledged as low, the frequency of cardiac arrests and sudden death has increased in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000. An evidence-based strategy for protecting susceptible runners from these acute cardiac events during races is considered based on identification of the underlying cause. Method: Review of articles in Pub Med on adverse cardiac events during marathons. Findings: Recent epidemiological studies have identified an increasing frequency of cardiac arrest in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000 with atherosclerotic heart disease as the main cause of sudden cardiac death. Same-aged asymptomatic middle-aged male physician-runners showed a post-race polymorphonuclear leukocytosis with sequential increases in interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein as a likely consequence of rhabdomyolysis after “hitting the wall”. Increased fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and D-dimer with in vivo platelet activation indicated a concurrent hemostatic imbalance with pro-coagulant effects. Cardiac troponins I and T and NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were elevated after races as additionally predictive of acute cardiac events in asymptomatic persons. Conclusions: High short-term risk for acute cardiac events in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners is shown by stratification of validated biomarkers, which may render non-obstructive coronary atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture during marathons. Pre-race aspirin usage is prudent to reduce these events mediated by atherothrombosis based on conclusive evidence for prevention of first acute myocardial infarctions in same-aged healthy male physicians. Prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of pre-race low-dose aspirin for curtailing the increasing frequency of race-related cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptible runners.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant 81801334 to J.S.,818201080/81500989/81671191/81771235 to Y.Z.,82071257 to H.T.)
文摘Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder with motor deficits due to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and with the non-motor/premotor symptoms(NMS)such as anxiety,cognitive dysfunction,depression,hyposmia,and sleep disorders.NMS is presented in at least one-fifth of the patients with PD.With the histological information being investigated,stem cells are shown to provide neurotrophic supports and cellular replacement in the damaging brain areas under PD conditions.Pathological change of progressive PD includes degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain.The current stem cell beneficial effect addresses dopamine boost for the striatal neurons and gliovascular mechanisms as competing for validated PD drug targets.In addition,there are clinical interventions for improving the patient’s NMS and targeting their autonomic dysfunction,dementia,mood disorders,or sleep problems.In our and many others’research using brain injury models,multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells demonstrate an additional and unique ability to alleviate depressive-like behaviors,independent of an accelerated motor recovery.Intranasal delivery of the stem cells is discussed for it is extensively tested in rodent animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders.In this review,we attempt to discuss the repairing potentials of transplanted cells into parkinsonism pathological regions of motor deficits and focus on preventive and treatment effects.From new approaches in the PD biological therapy,it is believed that it can as well benefit patients against PD-NMS.
文摘Acupuncture has been commonly used as an adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in China and in other countries.Animal studies have consistently show that this treatment is both neuroprotective, protecting dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and also restorative, restoring tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopaminergic terminals in striatum, resulting in improvements in motor performance in animal models of Parkinsonism. Studies show that this protection is mediated through the same common mechanisms as other neuroprotective agents, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways at molecular and cellular levels. Restoration of function seems to involve activation of certain compensatory brain regions as a mechanism at the network level to correct the imbalances to the nervous system resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Clinical studies in China and Korea, in particular, have shown a positive benefit of acupuncture in treating Parkinson's disease, especially in reducing the doses of dopaminergic medications and the associated side effects. However, large and well-controlled clinical trials are still needed to further demonstrate the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
文摘Pueraria lobata is one of the most important medicinal herbs used traditionally in China. According to Shanghan Lun(Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease), it has been used traditionally to relieve body heat,eye soring, dry mouth, headache associated with high blood pressure, and stiff neck problems. Modern studies in the 1970 s revealed that isoflavonoids extracted from P. lobata were the bioactive components of an herbal remedy namely Yufeng Ningxin Tablets for the treatment of patients after stroke. This article reviews recent application of P. lobota in the treatment of diabetics and in reducing alcohol drinking. In view of its low toxicity profile, P. lobota stands an excellent chance to be developed as a phytomedicine for treating human diseases.
文摘Objective To optimize the extraction technology used for extracting active saponins from the roots,fibrous roots,basal part of stems,root verrucae,fruits,flowers,stems,and leaves of Panax notoginseng based on the contents of ginsengsides Rg1,Rb1,and notoginsengside R1 as evaluation indexes.Methods Different parts of P.notoginseng were extracted by smashing tissue extraction(STE),ultrasound extraction,and reflux extraction.The contents of ginsengsides Rg1,Rb1,and notoginsengside R1 in 24 kinds of extracts were determined by HPLC-UV.Hypersil C18 column(200 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) and acetonitrile-warter(20:80 for 30 min→45:55 for 18 min→70:30 for 2 min→80:20 for 10 min→100:0) were used;UV detector was set at 203 nm;The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min.Results STE was the most efficient technology with the highest yield of active saponins among the three tested extraction technologies.Conclusion STE is a fast,effective,and economical method to extract the active saponins from different parts of P.notoginseng.It could significantly shorten the extraction time and simplify the determination of the pre-processing work on identifying P.notoginseng.Such quick and effective extraction provides a powerful tool for analyzing P.notoginseng in the future.
基金E&T Modern Center for Natural Products of Liaoning Province of China (2008402021)
文摘Objective To optimize the extraction technology of the active component, rosmarinic acid, an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, in perilla oil meal for the first time by a new homogenizing technology called smashing tissue extraction (STE). Methods Orthogonal design was used to optimize the extraction condition. The content of rosmarinic acid was quantified from the methanol crude extract with the help of HPLC. Results The optimization of STE process to get rosmarinic acid from the perilla oil meal was the ratio of liquid to solid material at 10:1 and the power of extraction at 150 V, extracting twice (2 min for each time). Conclusion STE could be applied to extracting the active ingredients from the oil meals due to its high extraction efficiency. This new homogenizing technology has advantages on saving extraction time, raising extraction efficiency, and maintaining the temperature sensitive constituents.
基金supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council General Research Fund (HKU 766906M and HKU 774707M)the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No. HEALTH-F2-2010-241909 (Project EU-GEI)+1 种基金the University of Hong Kong (HKU) Strategic Research Theme of Genomics, HKU Small Project Funding (201007176248)the National Institute of Mental Health of the USA (1K01MH086714)
文摘The endophenotype concept was initially proposed to enhance the power of genetic studies of complex disorders. It is closely related to the genetic component in a liability-threshold model; a perfect endophenotype should have a correlation of 1 with the genetic component of the liability to disease. In reality, a putative endophenotype is unlikely to be a perfect representation of the genetic component of disease liability. The magnitude of the correlation between a putative endophenotype and the genetic component of disease liability can be estimated by fitting multivariate genetic models to twin data. A number of statistical methods have been developed for incorporating endophenotypes in genetic linkage and association analyses with the aim of improving statistical power. The most recent of such methods can handle multiple endophenotypes simultaneously for the greatest increase in power. In addition to increasing statistical power, endophenotype research plays an important role in helping to understand the mechanisms which connect the associated genetic variants with disease occurrence. Novel statistical approaches may be required for the analysis of the complex relationships between endophenotypes at different levels and how they converge to cause the occurrence of disease.
基金E&T modern center for Natural Products of Liaoning Province of China (2008402021)
文摘Objective To optimize the extract technology of active lignins from the fruits of Schisandra chinensis. Methods The content of schizandrin, gomisin A, and deoxyschizandrin were selected as standards to evaluate the efficiency of smashing tissue extraction (STE). Solid-liquid ratio, extracting times, ethanol concentration, and extracting time were investigated through orthogonal test. Results The optimized conditions for STE were ten times amount of 80% EtOH, extracting for three times, and 2 min for each time. Conclusion STE could obtain relatively higher yield, simplicity of operation, and benefit for environment protection. It could be better choice for the extraction of S. chinensis.
