In this study,the reason for erosion-corrosion of drinking or mains water in the faucet was investigated by computational fluid dynamics.Pipes used in homes,the service sector,and industry are responsible for transpor...In this study,the reason for erosion-corrosion of drinking or mains water in the faucet was investigated by computational fluid dynamics.Pipes used in homes,the service sector,and industry are responsible for transporting different types of fluids from one place to another.Considering the faucet design,the SolidWorks program was used for 3D studies.In-faucet flow analyses were performed using Ansys Fluent,a computational fluid dynamics program based on the finite volume method.In the analyses,lime particles were chosen.At the end of the analysis,the amount of erosion in the faucet was obtained.展开更多
The aim of this research is to conduct an energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission analysis in watermelon production that took place in Kırklareli Province of Turkey during the 2021 production season.This...The aim of this research is to conduct an energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission analysis in watermelon production that took place in Kırklareli Province of Turkey during the 2021 production season.This research contains calculations of Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy,energy input types,GHG emissions and GHG ratio.Survey,observation and data calculations are related to the 2021 production season.The data used in the research were collected from 30 different(accessible)farms through face-to-face surveys with full count method.EI and EO were calculated as 15698.99 MJ/hm^(2)and 104784.91 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.In relation to production inputs,24.29%of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(3813.34 MJ/hm^(2)),20.04%consisted of transportation energy(3146.19 MJ/hm^(2)),10.63%consisted of diesel fuel energy(1668.52 MJ/hm^(2)),7.44%consisted of human labour energy(1168.09 MJ/hm^(2)),6.50%consisted of plant energy(1021.02 MJ/hm^(2)),5.76%consisted of electricity energy(904.50 MJ/hm^(2)),5.18%consisted of machinery energy(813.44 MJ/hm^(2)),3.36%consisted of irrigation water energy(527.63 MJ/hm^(2)),2.85%consisted of organic fertilizer energy(446.72 MJ/hm^(2)),2.40%consisted of farmyard manure energy(376.62 MJ/hm^(2))and 0.67%consisted of chemicals energy(105.67 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy were calculated as 6.67,0.28 MJ/kg,3.51 kg/MJ and 89085.91 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The utilized total energy input in production was grouped as 27.19%direct energy,72.81%indirect energy,22.55%renewable energy and 77.45%nonrenewable.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were determined as 492.82 kg CO_(2)-eq/hm^(2),0.01 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in peach production that took place in Kırklareli province of Turkey during the 2020-2021 production season.This st...The purpose of this study was to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in peach production that took place in Kırklareli province of Turkey during the 2020-2021 production season.This study included calculations of energy input,energy output,energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity,net energy,energy input types,GHG emissions and GHG ratio.Survey,observation and data calculations are related to the 2020-2021 production season.The data obtained from the study were collected from 16 different farms(reachable)through face-to-face surveys with full count method.Energy input and energy output were calculated as 19570.58 MJ/hm^(2) and 19471.94 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.With regards to production inputs,55.70% of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(10900.03 MJ/hm^(2)),9.46% consisted of chemicals energy(1852.10 MJ/hm^(2)),9.32% consisted of human labour energy(1823.13 MJ/hm^(2)),7.65% consisted of electricity energy(1497.28 MJ/hm^(2)),6.91% consisted of diesel fuel energy(1351.52 MJ/hm^(2)),4.73% consisted of irrigation water energy(926.10 MJ/hm^(2)),3.43% consisted of machinery energy(671.98 MJ/hm^(2)),1.88% consisted of transportation energy(367.72 MJ/hm^(2)),0.88% consisted of farmyard manure energy(171.80 MJ/hm^(2))and 0.05%consisted of lime energy(8.94 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy were calculated as 0.99,1.91 MJ/kg,0.52 kg/MJ and-98.64 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The consumed total energy input in production was classified as 28.60% direct energy,71.40% indirect energy,14.93% renewable energy and 85.07% non-renewable.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 1683.24 kgCO_(2)-eq/hm^(2) and 0.16 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.展开更多
This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of garlic cultivation during the 2020-2021 cultivation season in Adıyaman province of Turkey.Questionnai...This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of garlic cultivation during the 2020-2021 cultivation season in Adıyaman province of Turkey.Questionnaires,observations and field works were performed in 134 garlic farms in the region through simple random method.In garlic cultivation,energy input was calculated as 32103.20 MJ/hm^(2)and energy output was calculated as 30096 MJ/hm^(2).With regards to the three highest inputs in garlic production,46.66%of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(14979.26 MJ/hm^(2)),11.29%consisted of farmyard manure energy(3625.71 MJ/hm^(2))and 10.48%consisted of human labour energy(3363.36 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy in garlic cultivation were calculated as 0.94,1.71 MJ/kg,0.59 kg/MJ,and−2007.20 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The total energy input consumed in garlic cultivation was classified as 27.19%direct energy,72.81%indirect energy,35.17%renewable energy and 64.87%nonrenewable energy.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 8636.60 kg CO_(2)-eq/hm^(2)and 0.46 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.展开更多
Effects of friction stir processing(FSP)parameters and reinforcements on the wear behavior of 6061-T6 based hybrid composites were investigated.A mathematical formulation was derived to calculate the wear volume los...Effects of friction stir processing(FSP)parameters and reinforcements on the wear behavior of 6061-T6 based hybrid composites were investigated.A mathematical formulation was derived to calculate the wear volume loss of the composites.The experimental results were contrasted with the results of the proposed model.The influences of sliding distance,tool traverse and rotational speeds,as well as graphite(Gr)and titanium carbide(TiC)volume fractions on the wear volume loss of the composites were also investigated using the prepared formulation.The results demonstrated that the wear volume loss of the composites significantly increased with increasing sliding distance,tool traverse speed,and rotational speed;while the wear volume loss decreased with increasing volume fraction of the reinforcements.A minimum wear volume loss for the hybrid composites with complex reinforcements was specified at the inclusion ratio of 50% TiC+50% Al2O3 because of improved lubricant ability,as well as resistance to brittleness and wear.New possibilities to develop wear-resistant aluminum-based composites for different industrial applications were proposed.展开更多
文摘In this study,the reason for erosion-corrosion of drinking or mains water in the faucet was investigated by computational fluid dynamics.Pipes used in homes,the service sector,and industry are responsible for transporting different types of fluids from one place to another.Considering the faucet design,the SolidWorks program was used for 3D studies.In-faucet flow analyses were performed using Ansys Fluent,a computational fluid dynamics program based on the finite volume method.In the analyses,lime particles were chosen.At the end of the analysis,the amount of erosion in the faucet was obtained.
基金funded by“Quality Engineering Project of Anhui Province of China in 2016”entitled mold design and manufacturing experimental training center(2016sxzx050)。
文摘The aim of this research is to conduct an energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission analysis in watermelon production that took place in Kırklareli Province of Turkey during the 2021 production season.This research contains calculations of Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy,energy input types,GHG emissions and GHG ratio.Survey,observation and data calculations are related to the 2021 production season.The data used in the research were collected from 30 different(accessible)farms through face-to-face surveys with full count method.EI and EO were calculated as 15698.99 MJ/hm^(2)and 104784.91 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.In relation to production inputs,24.29%of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(3813.34 MJ/hm^(2)),20.04%consisted of transportation energy(3146.19 MJ/hm^(2)),10.63%consisted of diesel fuel energy(1668.52 MJ/hm^(2)),7.44%consisted of human labour energy(1168.09 MJ/hm^(2)),6.50%consisted of plant energy(1021.02 MJ/hm^(2)),5.76%consisted of electricity energy(904.50 MJ/hm^(2)),5.18%consisted of machinery energy(813.44 MJ/hm^(2)),3.36%consisted of irrigation water energy(527.63 MJ/hm^(2)),2.85%consisted of organic fertilizer energy(446.72 MJ/hm^(2)),2.40%consisted of farmyard manure energy(376.62 MJ/hm^(2))and 0.67%consisted of chemicals energy(105.67 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy were calculated as 6.67,0.28 MJ/kg,3.51 kg/MJ and 89085.91 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The utilized total energy input in production was grouped as 27.19%direct energy,72.81%indirect energy,22.55%renewable energy and 77.45%nonrenewable.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were determined as 492.82 kg CO_(2)-eq/hm^(2),0.01 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.
文摘The purpose of this study was to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in peach production that took place in Kırklareli province of Turkey during the 2020-2021 production season.This study included calculations of energy input,energy output,energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity,net energy,energy input types,GHG emissions and GHG ratio.Survey,observation and data calculations are related to the 2020-2021 production season.The data obtained from the study were collected from 16 different farms(reachable)through face-to-face surveys with full count method.Energy input and energy output were calculated as 19570.58 MJ/hm^(2) and 19471.94 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.With regards to production inputs,55.70% of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(10900.03 MJ/hm^(2)),9.46% consisted of chemicals energy(1852.10 MJ/hm^(2)),9.32% consisted of human labour energy(1823.13 MJ/hm^(2)),7.65% consisted of electricity energy(1497.28 MJ/hm^(2)),6.91% consisted of diesel fuel energy(1351.52 MJ/hm^(2)),4.73% consisted of irrigation water energy(926.10 MJ/hm^(2)),3.43% consisted of machinery energy(671.98 MJ/hm^(2)),1.88% consisted of transportation energy(367.72 MJ/hm^(2)),0.88% consisted of farmyard manure energy(171.80 MJ/hm^(2))and 0.05%consisted of lime energy(8.94 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy were calculated as 0.99,1.91 MJ/kg,0.52 kg/MJ and-98.64 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The consumed total energy input in production was classified as 28.60% direct energy,71.40% indirect energy,14.93% renewable energy and 85.07% non-renewable.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 1683.24 kgCO_(2)-eq/hm^(2) and 0.16 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.
文摘This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of garlic cultivation during the 2020-2021 cultivation season in Adıyaman province of Turkey.Questionnaires,observations and field works were performed in 134 garlic farms in the region through simple random method.In garlic cultivation,energy input was calculated as 32103.20 MJ/hm^(2)and energy output was calculated as 30096 MJ/hm^(2).With regards to the three highest inputs in garlic production,46.66%of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy(14979.26 MJ/hm^(2)),11.29%consisted of farmyard manure energy(3625.71 MJ/hm^(2))and 10.48%consisted of human labour energy(3363.36 MJ/hm^(2)).Energy use efficiency,specific energy,energy productivity and net energy in garlic cultivation were calculated as 0.94,1.71 MJ/kg,0.59 kg/MJ,and−2007.20 MJ/hm^(2),respectively.The total energy input consumed in garlic cultivation was classified as 27.19%direct energy,72.81%indirect energy,35.17%renewable energy and 64.87%nonrenewable energy.Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 8636.60 kg CO_(2)-eq/hm^(2)and 0.46 kg CO_(2)-eq/kg,respectively.
文摘Effects of friction stir processing(FSP)parameters and reinforcements on the wear behavior of 6061-T6 based hybrid composites were investigated.A mathematical formulation was derived to calculate the wear volume loss of the composites.The experimental results were contrasted with the results of the proposed model.The influences of sliding distance,tool traverse and rotational speeds,as well as graphite(Gr)and titanium carbide(TiC)volume fractions on the wear volume loss of the composites were also investigated using the prepared formulation.The results demonstrated that the wear volume loss of the composites significantly increased with increasing sliding distance,tool traverse speed,and rotational speed;while the wear volume loss decreased with increasing volume fraction of the reinforcements.A minimum wear volume loss for the hybrid composites with complex reinforcements was specified at the inclusion ratio of 50% TiC+50% Al2O3 because of improved lubricant ability,as well as resistance to brittleness and wear.New possibilities to develop wear-resistant aluminum-based composites for different industrial applications were proposed.