An Enhanced Ensemble-Based Long Short-Term Memory Approach for Traffic Volume Prediction

With the advancement of artificial intelligence,traffic forecasting is gaining more and more interest in optimizing route planning and enhancing service quality.Traffic volume is an influential parameter for planning and operating traffic structures.This study proposed an improved ensemble-based deep learning method to solve traffic volume prediction problems.A set of optimal hyperparameters is also applied for the suggested approach to improve the performance of the learning process.The fusion of these methodologies aims to harness ensemble empirical mode decomposition’s capacity to discern complex traffic patterns and long short-term memory’s proficiency in learning temporal relationships.Firstly,a dataset for automatic vehicle identification is obtained and utilized in the preprocessing stage of the ensemble empirical mode decomposition model.The second aspect involves predicting traffic volume using the long short-term memory algorithm.Next,the study employs a trial-and-error approach to select a set of optimal hyperparameters,including the lookback window,the number of neurons in the hidden layers,and the gradient descent optimization.Finally,the fusion of the obtained results leads to a final traffic volume prediction.The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other benchmarks regarding various evaluation measures,including mean absolute error,root mean squared error,mean absolute percentage error,and R-squared.The achieved R-squared value reaches an impressive 98%,while the other evaluation indices surpass the competing.These findings highlight the accuracy of traffic pattern prediction.Consequently,this offers promising prospects for enhancing transportation management systems and urban infrastructure planning.

Closed-Form Modeling and Analysis of an XY Flexure-Based Nano-Manipulator

Flexure-based mechanisms are widely utilized in nano manipulations. The closed-form statics and dynamics modeling is difficult due to the complex topologies, the inevitable compliance of levers, the Hertzian contact interface, etc. This paper presents the closed-form modeling of an XY nano-manipulator consisting of statically indeterminate symmetric(SIS) structures using leaf and circular flexure hinges. Theoretical analysis reveals that the lever’s compliance, the contact stiffness, and the load mass have significant influence on the static and dynamic performances of the system.Experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the established models. If no piezoelectric actuator(PEA) is installed, the influence of the contact stiffness can be eliminated. Experimental results show that the estimation error on the output stiffness and first natural frequency can reach 2% and 1.7%, respectively. If PEAs are installed, the contact stiffness shows up in the models. As no effective method is currently available to measure or estimate the contact stiffness, it is impossible to precisely estimate the performance of the overall system. In this case, the established closed-form models can be utilized to calculate the bounds of the performance. The established closed-form models are widely applicable in the design and optimization of planar flexure-based mechanisms.

Study of Mechanical Product Rapid Design Based on Knowledge Engineering

This paper proposes a mechanical product intelligent rapid design approach based on integrated technologies. Adopting knowledge based engineering to reuse and manage product design knowledge, and combining feature modeling and parametric design based on existing CAD/CAE/CAM system and technology of product family modeling and engineering database, the system establishes a product family knowledge base, which mainly including product family case base and rule base. The system also utilizes WEB technology to let customers to individually customize products remotely through internet. And an applicable example is given in the end.

Fast Model-based Design of High Performance Permanent Magnet Machine for Next Generation Electric Propulsion for Urban Aerial Vehicle Application

Model order reduction(MOR)is considered as a good alternative to reduce the computational scale for electro-magnetic problems.The aim of this work is to introduce the use of dynamic mode decomposition(DMD)as a promising tool for MOR to analyze its effectiveness in creating a fast model-based design platform for the permanent magnet motor design for ur-ban aerial vehicles(UAVs).Using a singular value decomposition(SVD)based DMD,the design process is constructed and verified against different scenarios.

Nonlinear Modeling of a High Precision Servo Injection Molding Machine Including Novel Molding Approach

A nonlinear mathematical model of the injection molding process for electrohydraulic servo injection molding machine (IMM) is developed.It was found necessary to consider the characteristics of asymmetric cylinder for electrohydraulic servo IMM.The model is based on the dynamics of the machine including servo valve,asymmetric cylinder and screw,and the non-Newtonian flow behavior of polymer melt in injection molding is also considered.The performance of the model was evaluated based on novel approach of molding - injection and compress molding,and the results of simulation and experimental data demonstrate the effectiveness of the model.

Knowledge acquisition method for case-knowledge-based product family design

Knowledge acquisition has always been the bottleneck of artificial intelligence. It is the critical point in product family design. Here a knowledge acquisition method was introduced based on scenario model and repository grid and attribute ordering table technology. This method acquired knowledge through providing product design cases to expert, and recording the means and knowledge used by the expert to describe and resolve problems. It used object to express design entity, used scenario to describe the design process, used Event-Condition-Action（ECA） nile to drive design process, and with the help of repository grid and attribute ordering table technology to acquire design knowledge. It＇ s a good way to capture explicit and implicit knowledge. And its validity is proved with respective examples.

Incorporating Fuzzy Inference in Active Database Rules

Active databases react to stimulation, or event from inside or outside the system without user or application interference through Events Conditions Actions(ECA) rules (triggers). ECA rule is defined as: ON event IF condition THEN action, which means when an event happens, if the condition is satisfied then the corresponding action is executed. The nature of ECA rule makes it an appropriate means to model dynamic character of systems, as gained much studies during recent years. Traditional ECA rule is crisp, which means their events, condition (s) and action(s) are accurate. As indicate that ECA rules can only represent precise knowledge. But knowledge is usually fuzzy in engineering. A concept of fuzzy ECA rules characterized with fuzzy event, fuzzy condition and fuzzy action is proposed in this article.The realization avenues of fuzzy triggers are discussed. The work we have done blazes a way in representing approximate syntax in active database application systems. At last a case of 'overheating alarm' is given to illustrate the approach.

Static Force-Based Modeling and Parameter Estimation for a Deformable Link Composed of Passive Spherical Joints With Preload Forces

To balance the contradiction between higher flexibility and heavier load bearing capacity,we present a novel deformable manipulator which is composed of active rigid joints and deformable links.The deformable link is composed of passive spherical joints with preload forces between socket-ball surfaces.To estimate the load bearing capacity of a deformable link,we present a static force-based model of spherical joint with preload force and analyze the static force propagation in the deformable link.This yields an important result that the load bearing capacity of a spherical joint only depends on its radius,preload force,and static friction coefficient.We further develop a parameter estimation method to estimate the product of preload force and static friction coefficient.The experimental results validate our model.80.4%of percentage errors on the maximum payload mass prediction are below 15%.

New Analytical Model for Optimal Placement of Wind Turbines in Power Network under Pool and Reserve Markets Conditions

In this paper a new market based analytical model is proposed for optimal placement of Wind Turbines (WTs) in power systems. In addition to wind turbines, thermal units (THUs) and Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plants (PSHPPs) owners participate in power market. Objective function is defined as participants’ social welfare achieved from power pool and ancillary markets in yearly horizon. Wind turbines have been modeled by probability-generation tree scenarios based on statistical information. We concentrate on investment profits of WTs numbers and its generation capacity beside to PSHPPs and THUs power plants in power systems due to increase in high flexible tools for Independent system operator into the planning and operation planning time interval. For effectiveness evaluation of proposed model, simulation studies are applied on 14-Bus IEEE test power system.

Additive Fine-Line Circuit Process through Catalyst Induced Copper Electroless Plating

To response the demand for fine line in electronic products,additive manufacturing process integrated printing techniques and deposited methods to reach fine line circuit,with the merits of reduced material wastage,low fabrication costs,and mass production advantage capability.Recently,we have developed additive process in fabricating circuit on flexible substrate through catalyst induced copper electroless deposition(ELD)method.The additive processes that integrated printing,activation,and metallization were applied to produce fine-line circuit with 5μm line width.The sample with ultraviolet(UV)activation shows better conductive property in comparison with the sample without activation after electroless deposited process.Accordingly,the results indicated that the reaction of catalyst induced electroless copper plating strongly depends on UV activation.The fine-line circuit exhibits a narrow line width circuit(around 5μm),lower resistance(6.2μΩ·cm),and mass production with low pollution in comparison with lithographic processes(with photoresist and acid pollution)with a high throughput system(R2R system)for the applications of double side flexible printed circuit board(FPCB).

Reply to comment on “Ferroelectric composite-based piezoelectric energy harvester for self-powered detection of obstructive sleep” by A. Tkach and O. Okhay

In this contribution,we reply to comments made by Tkach et al.in our publication J.Materiomics 2023;9:609.The main interest of our work is to synthesize a lead-free material,SrTi_(2)O_(5)(STO),and then utilize it in the formation of composites and finally design the piezoelectric nanogenerator(PENG)for self-powered sensor applications.The authors have observed the presence of piezoelectric voltage and current output from the PENG.The authors humbly indicate that the PENG devices were poled using a DC poling setup as conditions mentioned in J.Materiomics 2023;9:609(Panda et al.,2023)[1].The doping of STO into the PDMS increased from 2% to 20%(in mass).In this process,the piezoelectric output of the PENG device was observed to be highest for 15%(in mass)STO-PDMS composite.Besides,we agree with the comment raised by Tkach et al.,and further we have addressed the issues in a step-by-step response as follows.

Microsphere-assisted hyperspectral imaging:super-resolution,non-destructive metrology for semiconductor devices

As semiconductor devices shrink and their manufacturing processes advance,accurately measuring in-cell critical dimensions(CD)becomes increasingly crucial.Traditional test element group(TEG)measurements are becoming inadequate for representing the fine,repetitive patterns in cell blocks.Conventional non-destructive metrology technologies like optical critical dimension(OCD)are limited due to their large spot diameter of approximately 25μm,which impedes their efficacy for detailed in-cell structural analysis.Consequently,there is a pressing need for small-spot and non-destructive metrology methods.To address this limitation,we demonstrate a microsphere-assisted hyperspectral imaging(MAHSI)system,specifically designed for small spot optical metrology with super-resolution.Utilizing microsphere-assisted super-resolution imaging,this system achieves an optical resolution of 66 nm within a field of view of 5.6μm×5.6μm.This approach effectively breaks the diffraction limit,significantly enhancing the magnification of the system.The MAHSI system incorporating hyperspectral imaging with a wavelength range of 400–790 nm,enables the capture of the reflection spectrum at each camera pixel.The achieved pixel resolution,which is equivalent to the measuring spot size,is 14.4 nm/pixel and the magnification is 450X.The MAHSI system enables measurement of local uniformity in critical areas like corners and edges of DRAM cell blocks,areas previously challenging to inspect with conventional OCD methods.To our knowledge,this approach represents the first global implementation of microsphere-assisted hyperspectral imaging to address the metrology challenges in complex 3D structures of semiconductor devices.

Unleashing the potential of morphotropic phase boundary based hybrid triboelectric–piezoelectric nanogenerator

Morphotropic phase boundary(MPB)-based ceramics are excellent for energy harvesting due to their enhanced physical properties at phase boundaries,broad operating temperature range,and ability to customize properties for efficient conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy.In this work,Bi_(1–x)Na_(x)Fe_(1–x)Nb_(x)O_(3)(x=0.20,0.30,0.32 and 0.40,BNFNO abbreviation)based ceramics were synthesized using a solid-state route and blended with Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)to achieve flexible composites.Various material characterization and energy harvesting were performed by designing a hybrid piezoelectric(PENG)-triboelectric(TENG)device.The voltage and current of PENG,TENG,and hybrid bearing same device area(2 cm×2 cm)were recorded as 11 V/0.3μA;60 V/0.7μA;110 V/2.2μA.The strategies for enhancing the output performance of the hybrid device were evaluated,such as increased surface area(creating micro-roughness and porous morphology)and increasing electrode size and multi-layer hybrid device formation.The self-powered acceleration monitoring was demonstrated using the hybrid device.Further,the low-frequency-based wave energy is converted into electrical energy,confirming the usage of hybrid PENG-TENG devices as a base for battery-free sensors and blue energy harvesting.

Snapshot Mueller spectropolarimeter imager

We introduce an imaging system that can simultaneously record complete Mueller polarization responses for a set of wavelength channels in a single image capture.The division-of-focal-plane concept combines a multiplexed illumination scheme based on Fourier optics together with an integrated telescopic light-field imaging system.Polarization-resolved imaging is achieved using broadband nanostructured plasmonic polarizers as functional pinhole apertures.The recording of polarization and wavelength information on the image sensor is highly interpretable.We also develop a calibration approach based on a customized neural network architecture that can produce calibrated measurements in real-time.As a proof-of-concept demonstration,we use our calibrated system to accurately reconstruct a thin film thickness map from a four-inch wafer.We anticipate that our concept will have utility in metrology,machine vision,computational imaging,and optical computing platforms.

Ferroelectric composite-based piezoelectric energy harvester for selfpowered detection of obstructive sleep

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramic is a promising material for energy harvesters,as they have superior electromechanical,ferroelectric,and piezoelectric properties.In addition,piezoelectric ceramics can be blended with polymer to achieve high-flexibility polymer-ceramic composites,providing mechanical robustness and stability.In this context,a new lead-free ferroelectric material,having the chemical formula SrTi_(2)O_(5)(STO),was synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state reaction.Detailed analyses of the structural,morphological,and electrical properties of the synthesized material were performed.STO crystallizes with orthorhombic symmetry and space group of Cmm2.The frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric parameters were evaluated,and impedance spectroscopy shed light on the charge dynamics.The PDMS-STO composites at different mass fraction of the STO were prepared using a solvent casting route,and a corresponding piezoelectric nanogenerator(PENG)was developed.The electrical output of the different PENG by varying massfractions of STO in PDMS and varying force were investigated.The 15%(in mass)PENG device delivered the highest peak-to-peak voltage,current,and power density of 25 V,92 nA,and 0.64 mW@500 MU,respectively.The biomechanical energy harvesting using the PENG device by daily human motions,bending of the device,and attaching the device to laboratory equipment was demonstrated.Later the PENG device was attached to the human throat region,and snoring signals were recorded.A classification model was designed employing the convolutional neural network(CNN)model.Efforts have been laid to differentiate between normal and abnormal snores,which could help the patient with screening and early disease detection,contributing to self-powered healthcare applications.

Microsphere-assisted,nanospot,non-destructive metrology for semiconductor devices

As smaller structures are being increasingly adopted in the semiconductor industry,the performance of memory and logic devices is being continuously improved with innovative 3D integration schemes as well as shrinking and stacking strategies.Owing to the increasing complexity of the design architectures,optical metrology techniques including spectroscopic ellipsometry(SE)and reflectometry have been widely used for efficient process development and yield ramp-up due to the capability of 3D structure measurements.However,there has been an increasing demand for a significant reduction in the physical spot diameter used in the SE technique;the spot diameter should be at least 10 times smaller than the cell dimension(~30×40μm2)of typical dynamic random-access memory to be able to measure in-cell critical dimension(CD)variations.To this end,this study demonstrates a novel spectrum measurement system that utilizes the microsphere-assisted super-resolution effect,achieving extremely small spot spectral metrology by reducing the spot diameter to~210 nm,while maintaining a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio.In addition,a geometric model is introduced for the microsphere-based spectral metrology system that can calculate the virtual image plane magnification and depth of focus,providing the optimal distance between the objective lens,microsphere,and sample to achieve the best possible imaging quality.The proof of concept was fully verified through both simulations and experiments for various samples.Thus,owing to its ultra-small spot metrology capability,this technique has great potential for solving the current metrology challenge of monitoring in-cell CD variations in advanced logic and memory devices.

Development and test verification of air temperature model for Chinese solar and Spainish Almeria-type greenhouses

Growth can be defined as an increment in biomass or an increment in weight or height of the organs of the plant influenced by physiological processes.Many of these processes have their limits genetically determined,but climate and irrigation play an important role.Because of its importance,microclimate has been extensively studied in the modeling as a surrounding condition which is imposed by the exterior climate.The main objective of this work was to develop a temperature model based on the energy balance dynamics at two different greenhouse locations-South-eastern Spain and Northern China,and the traditional structures of Chinese solar greenhouse and Almería-type multi-span greenhouse were taken into account.The final model was developed by combining the external conditions,the actuator influence and the crop growth,where the temperature is influenced by soil,crop,cover,actuators,back wall and greenhouse geometry.The model took into account the energy lost by convective and conductive fluxes,as well as the energy supplied by solar radiation and heating systems.The soil and the back wall are the main media for energy storage.The temperature dynamic was determined by a physical model,which considered the energy balance from a holistic point of view-as a sub-model for a customizable interface among the external climate,the plant and the greenhouse system.The influences of different subsystems included in the temperature model were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed a high R^(2)value of 0.94 for Beijing and 0.95 for Almeria,and the average error was low,of which the MAE and RMSE were 0.71 and 1.365 for Almeria and 0.62 and 1.102 for Beijing,respectively.Thus,the model can be considered as a powerful tool for control design purposes in microclimate systems.

Nanowire-assisted freestanding liquid metal thin-film patterns for highly stretchable electrodes on 3D surfaces

Stretchable electronics is playing an integral role in fields such as wearable electronics and soft robots.Among soft conductive materials,liquid metal is drawing intense attention as an electrode material due to its liquid nature at room temperature.However,the merits of liquid metal conductor are limited by the presence of substrates or enclosed microchannels from physical disturbances by the underlying substrate when applying it to 3D surface and modifying complex circuit.To overcome this limitation,we develop freestanding patterned liquid metal thin-film conductor(FS-GaIn).FS-GaIn was achieved by introducing metal nanowires to liquid metal and subsequent sequential selective laser processing and etching of directly patterned traces.FSGaIn can be applied directly to nonflat surface without substrates.When incorporated into electrical circuits,FS-GaIn shows high electrical conductivity,stretchability,and stability.The concept of freestanding liquid metal can open a functionality to the conventional liquid metal electronics.

Feedback analysis and design of inductive power links driven by Class-E amplifiers with variable coupling coefficients

The efficiency of inductive power links driven by Class-E amplifiers may deteriorate due to variation in the coupling coefficient when the relative position of the radio frequency (RF) coils changes.To solve this problem,a new design methodology of power links is presented in this paper.The aim of the new design is to use the feedback signal,which is a phase difference between the driving signal and the output current of the Class-E amplifier,to adjust the duty cycle and angular frequency of the driving signal to maintain the optimum state of the inductive power link,and to adjust the supply voltage to keep the output power constant when the coupling coefficient of the RF coils changes.The parameter adjustments with respect to the coupling coefficient and the feedback signal are derived from the design equation of the inductive power link.To validate the feedback control rules,a prototype of the inductive power link was constructed,and its performance validated with the coupling coefficient set at 0.2 and a duty cycle of 0.5.The experimental results showed that,by adjusting the duty cycle,the angular frequency,and the supply voltage,the power link can be kept in optimal operation with a constant output power when the coupling coefficient changes from 0.2 to 0.1 to 0.25.