Drug discovery and potential gene and pathway associated with polycystic ovary syndrome through text mining and biomedical databases

Objectives:Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is a common endocrine disease in women of childbearing age.Although it is a leading cause of menstrual disorders,infertility,obesity,and other diseases,its molecular mechanism remains unclear.This study aimed to analyze the target genes,pathways,and potential drugs for PCOS through text mining.Methods:First,three different keywords("polycystic ovary syndrome","obesity/adiposis",and"anovulation")were uploaded to GenCLiP3 to obtain three different gene sets.We then chose the common genes among these gene sets.Second,we performed gene ontology and signal pathway enrichment analyses of these common genes,followed by protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis.Third,the most significant gene module clustered in the protein-protein network was selected to identify potential drugs for PCOS via gene-drug analysis.Results:A total of 4291 genes related to three different keywords were obtained through text mining,72 common genes were filtered among the three gene sets,and 69 genes participated in PPI network construction,of which 23 genes were clustered in the gene modules.Finally,six of the 23 genes were targeted by 30 existing drugs.Conclusions:The discovery of the six genes(CYP19A1,ESR1,IGF1R,PGR,PTGS2,and VEGFA)and 30 targeted drugs,which are associated with ovarian steroidogenesis(P<0.001),may be used in potential therapeutic strategies for PCOS.

Role of the extracellular matrix in COVID-19

An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has spread globally,with over 500 million cases and 6 million deaths to date.COVID-19 is associated with a systemic inflammatory response and abnormalities of the extracellular matrix(ECM),which is also involved in inflammatory storms.Upon viral infection,ECM proteins are involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and interference with target organ metabolism,including in the lungs.Additionally,serum biomarkers of ECM turnover are associated with the severity of COVID-19 and may serve as potential targets.Consequently,understanding the expression and function of ECM,particularly of the lung,during severe acute respiratory syndrome of the coronavirus 2 infection would provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of COVID-19 progression.In this review,we summarize the current findings on ECM,such as hyaluronic acid,matrix metalloproteinases,and collagen,which are linked to the severity and inflammation of COVID-19.Some drugs targeting the extracellular surface have been effective.In the future,these ECM findings could provide novel perspectives on the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19.

Cardiopulmonary prognosis of prophylactic endotracheal intubation in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding undergoing endoscopy

BACKGROUND:It is controversial whether prophylactic endotracheal intubation(PEI)protects the airway before endoscopy in critically ill patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding(UGIB).The study aimed to explore the predictive value of PEI for cardiopulmonary outcomes and identify high-risk patients with UGIB undergoing endoscopy.METHODS:Patients undergoing endoscopy for UGIB were retrospectively enrolled in the eICU Collaborative Research Database(eICU-CRD).The composite cardiopulmonary outcomes included aspiration,pneumonia,pulmonary edema,shock or hypotension,cardiac arrest,myocardial infarction,and arrhythmia.The incidence of cardiopulmonary outcomes within 48 h after endoscopy was compared between the PEI and non-PEI groups.Logistic regression analyses and propensity score matching analyses were performed to estimate effects of PEI on cardiopulmonary outcomes.Moreover,restricted cubic spline plots were used to assess for any threshold effects in the association between baseline variables and risk of cardiopulmonary outcomes(yes/no)in the PEI group.RESULTS:A total of 946 patients were divided into the PEI group(108/946,11.4%)and the non-PEI group(838/946,88.6%).After propensity score matching,the PEI group(n=50)had a higher incidence of cardiopulmonary outcomes(58.0%vs.30.3%,P=0.001).PEI was a risk factor for cardiopulmonary outcomes after adjusting for confounders(odds ratio[OR]3.176,95%confidence interval[95%CI]1.567-6.438,P=0.001).The subgroup analysis indicated the similar results.A shock index>0.77 was a predictor for cardiopulmonary outcomes in patients undergoing PEI(P=0.015).The probability of cardiopulmonary outcomes in the PEI group depended on the Charlson Comorbidity Index(OR 1.465,95%CI 1.079-1.989,P=0.014)and shock index>0.77(compared with shock index≤0.77[OR 2.981,95%CI 1.186-7.492,P=0.020,AUC=0.764]).CONCLUSION:PEI may be associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes in elderly and critically ill patients with UGIB undergoing endoscopy.Furthermore,a shock index greater than 0.77 could be used as a predictor of a worse prognosis in patients undergoing PEI.

Comparative analysis of robotic vs laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy,ranking first in female reproductive malignancies with more than 500000 new cases and 275000 deaths each year.Traditionally,open radical hysterectomy is considered the standard surgical procedure for the treatment of resectable cervical cancer.The latest guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the European Society of Gynecological Oncology suggest that open surgery and laparoscopic surgery(using traditional laparoscopic or robotic techniques)are the main surgical approaches for radical hysterectomy for patients with stage IA2-IIA cervical cancer.Robotic surgery has been increasingly used in abdominal surgery and has shown more beneficial effects.AIM To analyse the perioperative conditions,complications,and short-term and longterm effects in patients undergoing robotic radical hysterectomy(RRH)and laparoscopic radical hysterectomy(LRH)to compare their clinical efficacy,safety,and feasibility.METHODS The perioperative data of patients undergoing RRH and LRH were extracted and collected from the database of surgical treatments for cervical cancer for statistical analysis.RESULTS Of the patients,342 underwent LRH for cervical cancer,and 216 underwent RRH.The total complication rate was 9.65%(20 patients)in the RRH group and 17.59%(60 patients)in the LRH group.The complication rate was significantly lower in the RRH group than in the LRH group.There was no significant difference in the follow-up period(P=0.658).The total recurrence rates were 15.7%and 12%in the RRH and LRH groups,respectively.The progression-free survival time was 28.91±15.68 mo and 28.34±15.13 mo in the RRH and LRH groups,respectively(P=0.669).The overall survival(OS)rates were 92.13%and 94.45%in the RRH and LRH groups,respectively(P=0.292).The OS time was 29.87±15.92 mo and 29.41±15.14 mo in the RRH and LRH groups,respectively(P=0.732).The survival curves and the progression-free survival curves were not statistically significantly different between the two groups(P=0.407 and 0.28,respectively).CONCLUSION RRH is associated with significantly less operative time and blood loss than LRH.The two procedures have similar complication rates,OS,and progression-free survival time.

Serum miR-339-3p as a potential diagnostic marker for non-small cell lung cancer

Objective:MicroRNA(miRNA),a short noncoding RNA,is claimed to be a potential blood-based biomarker.We aimed to identify and evaluate miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods:Profiles of 745 miRNAs were screened in the serum of 8 patients with NSCLC and 8 age-and sex-matched controls using TaqMan low-density arrays(TLDAs)and validated in 25 patients with NSCLC and 30 with other lung diseases(OLs)as well as in 19 healthy persons(HPs).The diagnostic performance of the candidate miRNAs was assessed in 117 cases of NSCLC and 113 OLs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR).Differences in miRNA expression between patients with NSCLC and controls were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test.The area under receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve(AUC)was obtained based on the logistic regression model.Results:Ten miRNAs were found to be differentialy expressed between patients with NSCLC and controls,including miR-769,miR-339-3p,miR-339-5p,miR-519a,miR-1238,miR-99a#,miR-134,miR-604,miR-539,and miR-342.The expression of miR-339-3p was significantly higher in patients with NSCLC than in those with OLs(P<0.001)and HPs(P=0.020).ROC analysis revealed an miR-339-3p expression AUC of 0.616[95%confidence interval(CI):0.561–0.702].The diagnostic prediction was increased(AUC=0.706,95%CI:0.649–0.779)in the model combining miR-339-3p expression and other known risk factors(i.e.,age,smoking status,and drinking status).Conclusions:MiR-339-3p was significantly upregulated in patients with NSCLC compared with participants without cancer,suggesting a diagnostic prediction value for high-risk individuals.Therefore,miR-339-3p expression could be a potential blood-based biomarker for NSCLC.

Comprehensive emergy evaluation and optimization of corn straw power generation system: a case study

Biomass energy has become an important measure to alleviate ecological environment security and energy supply security in China.Emergy accounting method is used to analyze and evaluate economy,environment,and sustainability of corn straw generation system,which includes corn planting subsystem,collection and transportation subsystem,and corn straw power generation subsystem.The key substances that need to be optimized in the system are identified by using sensitivity analysis.Based on the position of key substances in the system,emergy accounting optimization methodology is conducted.Corresponding optimization design scheme is proposed based on the '3R' (reduce,reuse,and recycle) principle of circular economy.Current study shows that emergy yield ratio,emergy investment ratio,environmental loading ratio,and emergy sustainability index of the corn straw power generation system are 3.69,2.68,1.61,and 2.29,respectively,which are better than wind power generation system and thermal power generation system.In addition,it is proposed that the fertilizer alternative plan and the transportation redesign plan can replace 50,000 tons potash and reduce equipment resources by 20% and energy resources input by 30%.Economy and sustainable development of the system is significantly improved.The optimization design method based on the '3R' principle proposed in this paper can provide a useful reference for the research in the field of resource recycling.

Bayesian approach for design and analysis of medical device trials in the era of modern clinical studies

Medical device technology develops rapidly,and the life cycle of a medical device is much shorter than drugs.It is necessary to evaluate the safety and effectiveness ofamedical device in a timelymanner to keep upwith technology flux.Bayesian methods provides an efficient approach to addressing this challenge.In this article,we review the characteristics of the Bayesian approach and some Bayesian designs that were commonly used in medical device regulatory setting,including Bayesian adaptive design,Bayesian diagnostic design,Bayesian multiregional design,and Bayesian label expansion study.We illustrate these designs with medical devices approved by the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA).We also review several innovative Bayesian information borrowing methods,and briefly discuss the challenges and future directions of the Bayesian application in medical device trials.Our objective is to promote the use of the Bayesian approach to accelerate the development of innovative medical devices and their accessibility to patients for effective disease diagnoses and treatments.

Identifying miRNA biomarkers of polycystic ovary syndrome through text mining

Objective:Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)is an endocrine disorder with diverse clinical manifestations that often occurs in women of childbearing age.However,its molecular pathogenesis remains unclear,and this study aimed to identify miRNA targets in PCOS through text mining and database analysis.Methods:First,three different sets of text mining genes(TMGs)associated with"polycystic ovary syndrome","obesity/adiposis",and"anovulation"keywords were retrieved from the GenCLiP3 database,and overlapping genes were selected.Second,Gene ontology annotation and biological pathway enrichment analyses of these overlapping TMGs were performed,followed by protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis.Third,genes in the gene module clustered in the PPI were selected to predict potential miRNAs for PCOS via miRNA-mRNA analysis.Results:A total of 4291 TMGs related to three different keywords were obtained through text mining;72 intersect TMGs were retained among the three gene sets,and 62 TMGs participated in the establishment of the PPI network,of which 18 were aggregated in the gene module.Finally,11 miRNAs that simultaneously bound to two TMGs(IGF1,ESR1,MAPK1,NAMPT,PIK3CA,and SERPINE1)could be prioritized as targets to study PCOS.Conclusion(s):The discovery of 11 miRNAs(miR-301a-3p,miR-301b-3p,miR-3666,miR-454-3p,miR-130a-3p,miR-130b-3p,miR-4295,miR-190a-3p,miR-5011-5p,miR-548c-3p,and miR-4799-5p)and 6 TMGs,which are associated with the HIF-1 signaling pathway(P=4.799E-08),could be used as potential targets for PCOS.

Neuroprotective effects of Longxue Tongluo Capsule on ischemic stroke rats revealed by LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach

Objective:The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect and explore the underlying mechanisms of Longxue Tongluo Capsule(LTC)on ischemic stroke rats.Methods:Twenty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups,including sham group,sham+LTC group,MCAO group,and MCAO+LTC group.Ischemic stroke rats were simulated by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO),and LTC treatment group were orally administrated with 300 mg/kg of LTC once daily for seven consecutive days.LTC therapy was validated in terms of neurobehavioral abnormality evaluation,cerebral infarct area,and histological assessments.The plasma metabolome comparisons amongst different groups were conducted by UHPLC-Q Exactive MS in combination with subsequent multivariate statistical analysis,aiming to finding the molecules in respond to the surgery or LTC treatment.Results:Intragastric administration of LTC significantly decreased not only the neurobehavioral abnormality scores but also the cerebral infarct area of MCAO rats.The interstitial edema,atrophy,and pyknosis of glial and neuronal cells occurred in the infarcted area,core area,and marginal area of cerebral cortex were improved after LTC treatment.A total of 13 potential biomarkers were observed,and Youden index of 11 biomarkers such as LysoPC,SM,and PE were more than 0.7,which were involved in neuroprotective process.The correlation and pathway analysis showed that LTC was beneficial to ischemic stroke rats via regulating glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism,together with nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism.Heatmap and ternary analysis indicated the synergistic effect of carbohydrates and lipids may be induced by flavonoid intake from LTC.Conclusion:The present study could provide evidence that metabolomics,as systematic approach,revealed its capacity to evaluate the holistic efficacy of TCM,and investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the clinical treatment of LTC on ischemic stroke.

Epigenetic regulation in major depression and other stressrelated disorders: molecular mechanisms, clinical relevance and therapeutic potential

Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a chronic,generally episodic and debilitating disease that affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide,but its pathogenesis is poorly understood.The heritability estimate of MDD is 30–40%,suggesting that genetics alone do not account for most of the risk of major depression.Another factor known to associate with MDD involves environmental stressors such as childhood adversity and recent life stress.Recent studies have emerged to show that the biological impact of environmental factors in MDD and other stress-related disorders is mediated by a variety of epigenetic modifications.These epigenetic modification alterations contribute to abnormal neuroendocrine responses,neuroplasticity impairment,neurotransmission and neuroglia dysfunction,which are involved in the pathophysiology of MDD.Furthermore,epigenetic marks have been associated with the diagnosis and treatment of MDD.The evaluation of epigenetic modifications holds promise for further understanding of the heterogeneous etiology and complex phenotypes of MDD,and may identify new therapeutic targets.Here,we review preclinical and clinical epigenetic findings,including DNA methylation,histone modification,noncoding RNA,RNA modification,and chromatin remodeling factor in MDD.In addition,we elaborate on the contribution of these epigenetic mechanisms to the pathological trait variability in depression and discuss how such mechanisms can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.

Association between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure variability in Chinese patients with hypertension

Background:The association between dietary sodium intake and blood pressure variability(BPV)in hypertensive patients remains unclear.The objective of this study was to demonstrate whether dietary sodium intake is a predictor of elevated BPV in Chinese patients with hypertension.Methods:A total of 235 patients with essential hypertension were enrolled in the Department of Cardiology,Chinese People’s Liberation Army(PLA)General Hospital in 2018 to 2019,all of whom underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.BPV was calculated as the standard deviation(SD),coefficient of variation(CV),variation independent of mean(VIM)of blood pressure measurements,respectively,and divided into diurnal systolic BPV(SBPV),diurnal diastolic BPV(DBPV),nocturnal SBPV,and nocturnal DBPV.24-h urine samples were collected to measure 24-h urine sodium excretion,which represents dietary sodium intake.The relationship between dietary sodium intake and BPV was analyzed by using Spearman correlations and multiple linear regression analysis.Results:Nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM,and nocturnal DBPV-SD in the high urine sodium excretion group were significantly higher than those in the medium and low urine sodium excretion groups,whereas diurnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM,diurnal DBPV-SD,CV,VIM,and nocturnal DBPV-CV,VIM were not.Using the Spearman correlation analysis,we found a linear correlation between 24-h urine sodium excretion and nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM(SD,r=0.22,P=0.001;CV,r=0.17,P=0.009;VIM,r=0.16,P=0.020),nocturnal DBPV-SD(r=0.21,P=0.001),respectively.After further adjusting for confounding factors by multiple linear regression,the positive correlations remained between 24-h urine sodium excretion and nocturnal SBPV-SD,CV,VIM(SD,β=0.224,P<0.001;CV,β=0.211,P=0.001;VIM,β=0.213,P=0.001),nocturnal DBPV(SD,β=0.215,P=0.001),respectively.Conclusions:Dietary sodium intake is associated with nocturnal SBPV in Chinese patients with hypertension.

Progress in molecular docking

Background:In recent years,since the molecular docking technique can greatly improve the efficiency and reduce the research cost,it has become a key tool in computer-assisted drug design to predict the binding affinity and analyze the interactive mode.Results:This study introduces the key principles,procedures and the widely-used applications for molecular docking.Also,it compares the commonly used docking applications and recommends which research areas are suitable for them.Lastly,it briefly reviews the latest progress in molecular docking such as the integrated method and deep learning.Conclusion:Limited to the incomplete molecular structure and the shortcomings of the scoring function,current docking applications are not accurate enough to predict the binding affinity.However,we could improve the current molecular docking technique by integrating the big biological data into scoring function.

A review of artificial intelligence applications for antimicrobial resistance

The wide use and abuse of antibiotics could make antimicrobial resistance(AMR)an increasingly serious issue that threatens global health and imposes an enormous burden on society and the economy.To avoid the crisis of AMR,we have to fundamentally change our approach.Artificial intelligence(AI)represents a new paradigm to combat AMR.Thus,various AI approaches to this problem have sprung up,some of which may be considered successful cases of domain-specific AI applications in AMR.However,to the best of our knowledge,there is no systematic review illustrating the use of these AI-based applications for AMR.Therefore,this review briefly introduces how to employ AI technology against AMR by using the predictive AMR model,the rational use of antibiotics,antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)and antibiotic combinations,as well as future research directions.

Comorbid conditions related to readmissions of Chinese older patients

To the Editor:China is the most populated country,and it is aging more quickly than almost any other country in the world.According to Worldometer,[1]the population size of China,as of 2020,is around 1.4 billion,with the proportion of the 60-year olds and older being 17.30%in 2017 and expected to reach 35%in 2050.Older age tended to be closely correlated with multimorbidity.Ward and Schiller[2]reported that 65%of men and 72%of women aged>65 years in the US had at least two chronic conditions in 2010.Accordingly,older adults living with multiple chronic conditions tend to be readmitted after discharge,further leading to increased expenditure and more utilization of medical resources.Many studies have reported higher read mission rates in elderly patients.However,previous studies have focused on investigating the factors that influence read mission for a single disease,rather than for the chronic comorbid conditions in the initial hospitalization and the changes in these conditions from initial hospitalization to read mission among the elderly in China.Furthermore,most studies have focused on Caucasian patients and have been conducted in the US.Little is known about Chinese patients due to the lack of large-scale data.Identifying the common chronic comorbid conditions and the changes in these conditions from initial hospitalization to read mission among older people is important as it will help in the understanding of the chronic conditions leading to avoidable read mission and facilitate the development of efficient intervention strategies for the reduction of read missions.

National Perinatal Prevalence of Selected Major Birth Defects--China,2010−2018

Introduction:An estimated of 900,000 infants are born with birth defects each year in China causing a substantial disease burden.This study aimed to depict the epidemiological patterns of selected major birth defects in Chinese perinatal births and provide important baseline data for future prevention.Methods:Data from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network(CBDMN)during 2010–2018 were used to analyze the epidemiological pattern in the prevalence of 15 major birth defects and the trends over time.Results:In the period of 2010–2018,the top 10 most frequently-occurring birth defects in China included congenital heart diseases(CHDs),polydactyly,cleft lip with or without palate(CL/P),club foot,syndactyly,hydrocephalus,hypospadias,limb reduction defects(LRD),anotia/microtia,and anorectal atresia/stenosis.There was a decrease in the prevalence of neural tube defects,CL/P,hydrocephalus,LRD,gastroschisis,and omphalocele,but there were increases in the prevalence of CHDs,cleft palate,hypospadias,club foot,polydactyly,and syndactyly.The prevalence of most birth defects varied significantly by maternal age,area types(urban/rural),and geographic regions.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice:The findings indicated that the comprehensive prevention of birth defects should focus on these selected birth defects,elderly pregnant women,rural areas,and western regions.

Prediction of severe preeclampsia in machine learning

This study aimed to find out the blood data characteristics of patients and explore the correlation between severe preeclampsia and blood index value.Provide assistance for the early attention direction of severe preeclampsia diagnosis and treatment.19,653 pregnant women presenting to the West China Second University Hospital,Sichuan University from January 2017 to April 2019.After screening,a total of 248 patients,124 severe preeclampsia cases,and 124 controls were selected for this study.Forty-three blood examination variables were obtained from routine blood work,hepatic,renal and coagulation function examination.Light gradient boosting machine(light GBM),decision tree and random forest were used for date diving.We randomly divided 35%of the original data as a testing set to conduct internal validation of the performance of the prediction model.The area under receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)was used as the main score to compare the three methods.Finally,a binary classification light GBM model based on aspartate aminotransferase,direct bilirubin and activated partial thromboplastin time ratio can predict severe preeclampsia with sensitivity of 88.37%,specificity of 77.27%,AUC of 89.74%and positive predictive value of 65.96%.We believe relevant quantifiable indicators can establish an effective prediction model,which can provide guidance for early detection and prevention of severe preeclampsia.

Association between atmospheric concentration of particulate matters and inpatient and outpatient visits for chronic respiratory diseases in Xiamen, China

Exposure to airborne particulate matters(fine particulate matter[PM2.5]and inhalable particulate matter[PM10])causes acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases and even death in some patients.[1,2]Here,we studied the association between airborne pollutants(PM2.5,PM10,ozone[O_(3)]),weather conditions(mean air temperature,wind force),and outpatient and inpatient visits for chronic respiratory diseases(bronchitis,emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[COPD],bronchiectasis)in Xiamen,China.

Is hemostatic agent effective and safe in minimally invasive partial nephrectomy?

To the Editor:Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)is one of the top tenmost.common cancers in adults.Partial nephrectomy(PN)is the standard treatment forsmall RCc.i2In recent decades,minimally invasive PN,including robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN)and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy(LPN),has been considered as a viable alternative for open PN due to its less invasive approach.

Hemodialysis bilayer bionic blood vessels developed by the mechanical stimulation of hepatitis B viral X(HBX)genetransfected hepatic stellate cells

Artificial vascular graft(AVG)fistula is widely used for hemodialysis treatment in patients with renal failure.However,it has poor elasticity and compliance,leading to stenosis and thrombosis.The ideal artificial blood vessel for dialysis should replicate the structure and components of a real artery,which is primarily maintained by collagen in the extracellular matrix(ECM)of arterial cells.Studies have revealed that in hepatitis B virus(HBV)-induced liver fibrosis,hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)become hyperactive and produce excessive ECM fibers.Furthermore,mechanical stimulation can encourage ECM secretion and remodeling of a fiber structure.Based on the above factors,we transfected HSCs with the hepatitis B viral X(HBX)gene for simulating the process of HBV infection.Subsequently,these HBX-HSCs were implanted into a polycaprolactonepolyurethane(PCL-PU)bilayer scaffold in which the inner layer is dense and the outer layer consists of pores,which was mechanically stimulated to promote the secretion of collagen nanofiber from the HBX-HSCs and to facilitate crosslinking with the scaffold.We obtained an ECM-PCL-PU composite bionic blood vessel that could act as access for dialysis after decellularization.Then,the vessel scaffold was implanted into a rabbit’s neck arteriovenous fistula model.It exhibited strong tensile strength and smooth blood flow and formed autologous blood vessels in the rabbit’s body.Our study demonstrates the use of human cells to create biomimetic dialysis blood vessels,providing a novel approach for creating clinical vascular access for dialysis.