Strengthening the Disciplinary Construction of History of Medicine: A Call for Action by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College

Recent years have witnessed a dynamic develop of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),which was founded in 1921,and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS),which was founded in 1956.In the new era of building a"Healthy China",General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized the importance of a profound understanding of the Chinese civilization to let the world better know and understand China,and urged efforts to combine theories and practices to expound how to better uphold the Chinese path,promote the Chinese spirit,and pool together the Chinese strength[1].As an active response,PUMC organized the first Conference of History of Medicine on May 20-21,2023[2],Based on the rich history of PUMC and with an attempt to explore history,inherit the traditional Chinese culture,and promote the spirit of modern medicine,we issued the following call at the conference。

The Relationship between Consumption of Fast Food with Level of Serum Folat among Nursing Students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in 2016

In recent decades, substantial increase in average weight of individuals has been seen in rich countries. Such changes are the result of significant changes in pattern of people’s lives. One of these issues is increasing levels in consumption of fast foods or processed foods. According to experts, the consumption of processed foods, because of having high-calories and trans-fatty acids, is fattening and harmful. In this study, the researchers after obtaining permission from the ethics committee and head of the School of Nursing, introduced themselves to nursing students then, samples were randomly selected among those who are eligible for the study. Before performing to complete the questionnaire and relevant experiments, testimonial were asked from the subjects. At the end of the study, results were suggested that, levels of Serum folate between males and females and also among married and single people were equivalent. Level of Serum folate among those students who usually have anemia in their families is significantly lower than those ones who have not anemia in their families (P = 0.003). There was a significant relationship between age and semester with levels of folate (P i.e. by increasing age and educational terms, levels of serum folate would be reduced. The level of serum folate among students who smoke is lesser than those do not (P = 0.001).

Patient dose from radiographic rejects/repeats in radiology centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Medical diagnostic X-rays are the largest manmade source of ionizing radiation received by the members of the general public. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiographic reject/repeat rate and also to determine dose to the patients from radiographic rejects/repeats in radiology centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. During a 4 month period the most frequently examinations were chosen in three radiology centers. A form was designed as a reject/repeat analysis form for radiographers to complete each time a film was rejected by radiologists or repeated. The collected data were compiled at the end of each week and entered into a computer for analysis at the end of study. The results of this study showed that highest and lowest repetition rates were for pelvis, 14.01% and upper limb, 4.17%, respectively. The main reasons of repetition of radiographs were due to exposure (54%) and positioning (18%) errors. The average repeat rate in all three hospitals was 7.20%. It was found that human error has important role to repetition of radiographs. It is demonstrated that those patients having repeated radiographs received an average of 3.23 Gy·cm2. Based on the findings of this study it must be remembered that the highest repetition rate was for pelvis. Considering the radiosensitive organs related to pelvis especially in pediatric patients some special considerations must be applied for pelvis examinations.

Self Evaluation in Department of Communicable Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Self evaluation is a process that defines and collects required data to judge about decision making issues at educational system on whether the educational department is fit to educate students? The objective of this study was determining the quality of the structural elements of the department of Communicable Diseases & determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to improve the quality of activities in the department under research. Materials and Methods: The employed method was Mixed methods (qualitative & quantitative research), on the basis of 10 procedural steps and within 8 sections dealing with evaluated factors;such as 1) organizational and management structure 2) scientific board members 3) students 4) Manpower 5) Space of educational research and health care 6) Equipment 7) curriculum 8) satisfaction of graduates, which were studied using 61 criteria and 172 indicators. Five-point Likert Scale was used for the responses in the questionnaire (1 - 1.75 = undesirable, to 4.2 - 5 completely desirable). Finally the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics indices and the assessment software of the Educational Development Center of TUMS. The instruments used in this method included assessment software, interview, observation and self-prepared questionnaire which consisted of 7 questionnaires and 2 check lists. Finding: The results of the research showed that general average of 8 investigating sections was 56.9% as a rather desirable research work. Conclusions: Therefore, it was concluded that function of the educational management in that group was directly in line with evaluation process, but continuing the process of evaluation seems necessary.

Non-medical factors on choice of delivery (CS/NVD) in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Background: Kind of delivery affect many aspects of individuals, families and health systems situations. The aim of this study was to identify the Role of non-medical factors on choice of delivery (CS/NVD) in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was performed to identify the factors involved in the choice of delivery (CS/NVD) among women attending hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data was derived from the medical records of women who gave birth in the hospitals. Results: A significant statistical relationship was found between factors such as age of mother, level of education, occupational status, type of previous delivery, person supervising the pregnancy and dissatisfaction about delivery were more frequent in women who underwent CS than those who gave birth by NVD. Conclusion: The highly increasing rise in the rate of unnecessary CS during throughout the world, and its adverse effect on maternal and child health, the financial burden imposed on families and health systems, has highlighted the importance of studies to identify the non-medical factors that affect decision-making concerning type of delivery as well as to determine the appropriate medical indications of CS.

Teaching reproductive endocrinology in Iran: Pilot assessment of hospital-based clinical modules for medical students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences

This pilot study evaluated effectiveness and acceptance of a new hospital-based reproductive endocrinology curriculum among Iranian medical students. A voluntary, anonymous questionnaire was used to compare two teaching methods as applied to junior medical students at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Students were randomly assigned to one of two clinical teaching settings;no student experienced both modules. Coursework for the pilot (experimental) group (n = 19) utilized a teaching approach comprising lectures, genetics laboratory, pelvic ultrasound, small group sessions, and opportunities to observe advanced reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization, ICSI, and embryo transfer. A control group (n = 34) received reproductive endocrinology instruction by the ‘traditional curriculum’, consisting mainly of lectures. Students were sampled at baseline and again atthe conclusion of their reproductive endocrinology session. Pre- and post-test data were analyzed for both groups;post-test differences between groups were also compared. No significant differences in mean age or gender mix were identified between the two study groups. Overall, the ques- tionnaire did not identify any significant intergroup differences for any parameter investigated. Although student acceptance rate appeared similar for both educational modules, the ratio of students having a “favorable regard” for reproductive medicine declined only among students randomized to the control group (41.2% vs. 32.3%). This report offers the first data on teaching reproductive endocrinology to medical students in Iran. Both traditional and innovative approaches to teaching reproductive endocrinology were well-accepted by students, although negative post-test responses were more common among students in the control group. While periodic quality assessments for existing clinical teaching methods are necessary, introduction of alternative teaching approaches is also important. Additional studies are planned to evaluate the impact this initiative may have on results on standardized tests measuring reproductive endocrinology knowledge, as well as election of further specialization in training.

Relationship between effort-reward imbalance, job satisfaction, and intention to leave the profession among the medical staff of Qom University of Medical Sciences

Objective: The effort–reward imbalance(ERI) model claims that work that has the characteristics of high effort and low reward has a mutual defect between input and output and this imbalance may result in sustained and long-lasting results. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the intention to leave the profession(ILP) and ERI and job satisfaction among the medical staff in Qom Province.Methods: A descriptive-correlative study was conducted on 202 medical staff in Qom Province based on random sampling in 2018. Demographics checklist, standard ILP, job satisfaction, and Siegrist’s ERI questionnaires were used for data collection. The chisquared test, independent t-test, and one-way Analyses of Variance(ANOVA) were used to analyze data.Results: The mean age of employees was 32.04 ± 7.9 years, and 165(87.1%) of the employees were women. The results showed that the medical staff was willing to leave their profession at a moderate level(40.7 ± 10.3). There was no significant relationship between demographics and ILP. Nevertheless, a significant and inverse relationship was observed between ERI(r:0.318, P < 0.01) and ILP(r: 0.197, P < 0.01). Leave the profession(LP) had a negative correlation with the dimensions of job descriptive index(JDI) such as job, manager, coworker and wage score(P < 0.01, r:-0.147, r:-0.262, r:-0.292, r:-0.271, r:-0.396).Conclusions: According to the results, managers need to make sure that their working staff is rewarded as they deserve. According to the results, managers need to ensure that the reward factor is observed for the staff, while an ERI imbalance may contribute to ILP of the staff. On the other hand, it leads to job satisfaction.

Early Detection of Thyroid Gland Disorders for Students in the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences

In this study 70 male students were participated to determine the thyroid disorder through ultrasonography. Thyroid scan was done in 70 students prospectively with no indicative of thyroid disease (age of 19 - 23 yrs). Thyroid scan for students who participated the study took place in the department of Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University by using an IU 22 Philips ultrasound machine with a 5 - 12 MHz linear transducer. Among the total number of the subjects, 26% was found with abnormal ultrasound findings, 17% of them with cystic nodule, while solid and mixed nodule represented 4% for each. The high rate of abnormal findings of thyroid gland in the study suggested that screening using ultrasound scan was useful in detecting early thyroid disorders.

Development,growth,and future of the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences&Peking Union Medical College:65 years tackling medical research paradigms

The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences(IBMS)is a global leader in biomedical research and advanced medical education.This year(2023)marks the 65^(th)anniversary of its foundation at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)and School of Basic Medicine(SBM)of the Peking Union Medical College(PUMC).In the beginning,the IBMS and SBM incorporated the premedical departments of the PUMC,which was established by the Rockefeller Foundation in 1917.Since then,these departments have been committed to undertakingrstrate medical science research in China.

A Local-Global Attention Fusion Framework With Tensor Decomposition for Medical Diagnosis

Dear Editor,In this letter,a novel hierarchical fusion framework is proposed to address the imperfect data property in complex medical image analysis(MIA)scenes.In particular,by combining the strengths of convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and transformers,the enhanced feature extraction,spatial modeling,and sequential context learning are realized to provide comprehensive insights on the complex data patterns.Integration of information in different level is enabled via a multi-attention fusion mechanism,and the tensor decomposition methods are adopted so that compact and distinctive representation of the underlying and high-dimensional medical image features can be accomplished[1].It is shown from the evaluation results that the proposed framework is competitive and superior as compared with some other advanced algorithms,which effectively handles the imperfect property of inter-class similarity and intra-class differences in diseases,and meanwhile,the model complexity is reduced within an acceptable level,which benefits the deployment in clinic practice.MIA has assumed a pivotal role in numerous critical clinical scenarios,where sophisticated image analysis techniques have proven instrumental in augmenting medical decision-making,facilitating individualized therapeutic interventions,and enhancing patient prognostication[2]−[4].

Hydrogen sulfide responsive nanoplatforms: Novel gas responsive drug delivery carriers for biomedical applications

Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)is a toxic,essential gas used in various biological and physical processes and has been the subject of many targeted studies on its role as a new gas transmitter.These studies have mainly focused on the production and pharmacological side effects caused by H_(2)S.Therefore,effective strategies to remove H_(2)S has become a key research topic.Furthermore,the development of novel nanoplatforms has provided new tools for the targeted removal of H_(2)S.This paper was performed to review the association between H_(2)S anddisease,relatedH_(2)S inhibitory drugs,aswell as H_(2)S responsive nanoplatforms(HRNs).This review first analyzed the role of H_(2)S in multiple tissues and conditions.Second,common drugs used to eliminate H_(2)S,as well as their potential for combination with anticancer agents,were summarized.Not only the existing studies on HRNs,but also the inhibition H_(2)S combined with different therapeutic methods were both sorted out in this review.Furthermore,this review provided in-depth analysis of the potential of HRNs about treatment or detection in detail.Finally,potential challenges of HRNs were proposed.This study demonstrates the excellent potential of HRNs for biomedical applications.

Comparative evaluation of artificial intelligence systems'accuracy in providing medical drug dosages:A methodological study

BACKGROUND Medication errors,especially in dosage calculation,pose risks in healthcare.Artificial intelligence(AI)systems like ChatGPT and Google Bard may help reduce errors,but their accuracy in providing medication information remains to be evaluated.AIM To evaluate the accuracy of AI systems(ChatGPT 3.5,ChatGPT 4,Google Bard)in providing drug dosage information per Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine.METHODS A set of natural language queries mimicking real-world medical dosage inquiries was presented to the AI systems.Responses were analyzed using a 3-point Likert scale.The analysis,conducted with Python and its libraries,focused on basic statistics,overall system accuracy,and disease-specific and organ system accuracies.RESULTS ChatGPT 4 outperformed the other systems,showing the highest rate of correct responses(83.77%)and the best overall weighted accuracy(0.6775).Disease-specific accuracy varied notably across systems,with some diseases being accurately recognized,while others demonstrated significant discrepancies.Organ system accuracy also showed variable results,underscoring system-specific strengths and weaknesses.CONCLUSION ChatGPT 4 demonstrates superior reliability in medical dosage information,yet variations across diseases emphasize the need for ongoing improvements.These results highlight AI's potential in aiding healthcare professionals,urging continuous development for dependable accuracy in critical medical situations.

Study of tree shrew biology and models: A booming and prosperous field for biomedical research

The tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri)has long been proposed as a suitable alternative to non-human primates(NHPs)in biomedical and laboratory research due to its close evolutionary relationship with primates.In recent years,significant advances have facilitated tree shrew studies,including the determination of the tree shrew genome,genetic manipulation using spermatogonial stem cells,viral vector-mediated gene delivery,and mapping of the tree shrew brain atlas.However,the limited availability of tree shrews globally remains a substantial challenge in the field.Additionally,determining the key questions best answered using tree shrews constitutes another difficulty.Tree shrew models have historically been used to study hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection,myopia,and psychosocial stress-induced depression,with more recent studies focusing on developing animal models for infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.Despite these efforts,the impact of tree shrew models has not yet matched that of rodent or NHP models in biomedical research.This review summarizes the prominent advancements in tree shrew research and reflects on the key biological questions addressed using this model.We emphasize that intensive dedication and robust international collaboration are essential for achieving breakthroughs in tree shrew studies.The use of tree shrews as a unique resource is expected to gain considerable attention with the application of advanced techniques and the development of viable animal models,meeting the increasing demands of life science and biomedical research.

Teaching Reform and Practice of Functional Experiment Based on the Cultivation of Excellent Medical Talents

In order to cultivate excellent clinical medical talents with a solid foundation, strong literacy, refined skills, excellent communication abilities, innovative thinking, and a strong focus on practicality, functional experiments have undergone a series of reforms in areas such as constructing new curriculum systems, improving teaching content, updating teaching equipment, introducing new teaching models, and enhancing teaching evaluation systems.

Chinese Medicine Pattern Diagnosis Could Lead to Innovation in Medical Sciences

Chinese medicine （CM） pattern diagnosis （Bianzheng or syndrome differentiation）, as another patient classification approach, has been incorporated with biomedicine diagnosis in clinical practice in China, and the clinical experience has proven that the integration of biomedicine and CM is better in the treatment of many diseases. CM pattern diagnosis is completely different from the diagnosis in biomedicine, and it must take an active role in innovation for medical sciences. This paper is trying to discuss how CM pattern diagnosis lead to innovations in basic research, clinical research and new drug discovery. Scientific basis of CM pattern in innovation of basic research, clinical efficacy and safety, CM pattern based clinical trial design, CM pattern and clinical practice guideline in innovation of clinical study, CM pattern based indication finding, and CM pattern based network pharmacology in innovation of new drug discovery have been discussed.

Regulation of immune-related diseases by multiple factors: a meeting report of 2017 International Workshop of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine on Tumor Immunology

Immune cells play key roles in cancer and chronic inflammatory disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms and risks will help develop novel target therapies. At the 2017 International Workshop of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine on Tumor Immunology held in Beijing, China, on May 12, 2017, a number of speakers reported new findings and ongoing studies on immune-related diseases such as cancer, fibrotic disease, diabetes, and others. A considerably insightful overview was provided on cancer immunity, tumor microenvironments,and new immunotherapy for cancer. In addition, chronic inflammatory diseases were discussed. These findings may offer new insights into targeted immunotherapy.

Epidemiology of sports injuries referring to Kashan University of Medical Sciences Trauma Research Center from 2005 to 2011

损害打的 ObjectiveAmong，运动组成指医学中心的病人的一个可观的比例。这研究被进行检验从 2005 ～ 2011 .MethodsThis 指医药科学损伤研究中心的 Kashan 大学的运动相关的损害的频率是从医药科学损伤研究中心的 Kashan 大学的数据银行的存在数据在被采用的回顾的研究。数据被社会科学统计套装软体版本 16.0 从主要来源提取。象年龄，教育，职业和性那样的变量最高是 analyzed.ResultsThe 损害的比例在工人(11.8%) 跟随的学生(59.4%) 被观察。上面、更低的极限最通常被伤害。最经常的损害是紧张(35.4%) ，由这研究的 .ConclusionThe 结果显示出的扭伤(27.7%) 列在后面在学生的运动损伤 occurrs 的多数；因此，他们关于运动损害需要更多的注意。预防措施象象增加 students&rsquo; 一样通知客车和教师那样关于损害风险的了解能减少运动损害的发生。

Comparison of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress of nurses with physicians and medical students after caring of COVID‑19 patients

Objectives:The present study compared the prevalence and psychosocial factors affecting posttraumatic growth(PTG),posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD),and psychological distress in nurses,physicians,and medical students.Materials and Methods:In a cross‑sectional study,three groups of medical staff including nurses(n=57),physicians(n=40),and medical students(n=34)who were responsible for the care/treatment of COVID‑19 patients admitted to a general hospital for 4 months responded to Posttraumatic Growth Inventory,Brief Symptom Inventory‑18,Resilience Questionnaire,PTSD Screen,and Social Capital‑Integrated Questionnaire.Results:After the exposure of medical staff to at least 4 months of treatment/care of COVID‑19 patients,PTG prevalence was higher than PTSD(38.2%vs.14.6%),but they experienced some degrees of psychological distress(65.5%).The nurses had 8.33(confidence interval[CI]:2.5–26.7)times higher PTG rate than medical students(P<0.001).Physicists also experienced 5.00(CI:1.4–26.7)times higher PTG than medical students(P<0.001).PTG was aided by age,married status,strong resilience,and high social capital,but gender had no influence.Resilience played an important protective role to prevent the incidence of psychological distress in nurses,medical students,and physicians.Conclusion:Despite the fact that the PTSD and psychological distress were same in the three groups of medical staff,the nurses had a greater rate of PTG than physicians and medical students.

Origin of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Cuba in the 19th Century from Its Main Exponents and Some Notable Medical Descendants in the 20th Century

The Cuban people are made up of three major migratory currents, the Chinese are one of them. They brought their culture, the methods, and procedures of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in the 19th century. Few were able to return and so they created families in Cuba;some of their descendants dedicated themselves to medicine. In order to investigate the practices that were predecessors of TCM in Cuba in the 19th century, a qualitative phenomenological research was carried out, reviewing what was published by various sources, applying documentary analysis, logical historical analysis, abstraction, synthesis, and systematization of the results on the regularities of the work and human behavior of Chinese doctors in the Cuban 19th and 20th centuries. This made it possible to identify six Chinese doctors in the 19th century in Cuba who gave rise to the beginning of some practices of TCM in Cuba, and five from the 20th century, descendants of coolies who dedicated themselves to other specialties of medicine. It was found that despite their geographical and time disperse, they were all notorious for their outstanding professional and human behavior, with a trail of accumulated successes in achieving “almost the impossible” with the patient. They have left their mark on Cuban culture.