AIM： TO study the effects of elenoside, an arylnaphthalene lignan from Justicia hyssopifolia, on gastrointestinal motility in vivo and in vitro in rats. METHODS： Routine in vivo experimental assessments were cathars...AIM： TO study the effects of elenoside, an arylnaphthalene lignan from Justicia hyssopifolia, on gastrointestinal motility in vivo and in vitro in rats. METHODS： Routine in vivo experimental assessments were catharsis index, water percentage of boluses, intestinal transit, and codeine antagonism. The groups included were vehicle control （propylene glycol-ethanolplant oil-tween 80）, elenoside （i.p. 25 and 50 mg/kg）, cisapride （i.p. 10 mg/kg）, and codeine phosphate （intragastric route, 50 mg/kg）. In v/tro approaches used isolated rat intestinal tissues （duodenum, jejunum, and ileum）. The effects of elenoside at concentrations of 3.2 ×10^4, 6.4 ×10^4 and 1.2 ×10^3 mol/L, and cisapride at 10^6 mol/L were investigated. RESULTS： Elenoside in vivo produced an increase in the catharsis index and water percentage of boluses and in the percentage of distance traveled by a suspension of activated charcoal. Codeine phosphate antagonized the effect of 25 mg/kg of elenoside. In vitro, elenoside in duodenum, jejunum and ileum produced an initial decrease in the contraction force followed by an increase. Elenoslde resulted in decreased intestinal frequency in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The in vitro and in vivo effects of elenoside were similar to those produced by cisapride. CONCLUSION： Elenoside is a lignan with an action similar to that of purgative and prokinetics drugs. Elenoside, could be an alternative to cisapride in treatment of gastrointestinal diseases as well as a preventive therapy for the undesirable gastrointestinal effects produced by opioids used for mild to moderate pain.展开更多
Traditionally surgeons learned surgical techniques by training them directly in the patient by imitating the actions of the surgeon with more experience. Today this methodology is difficult to apply, since there are m...Traditionally surgeons learned surgical techniques by training them directly in the patient by imitating the actions of the surgeon with more experience. Today this methodology is difficult to apply, since there are multiple factors that hinder its use. The limited time of training systems, scarcity of resources, patient safety or the need to learn new techniques of minimally invasive surgery, make the training of surgeons require a different learning methodology. This study has designed a new methodology for the learning of surgical techniques that minimizes the impact of all the previous factors on the training of surgeons. Its effectiveness in the teaching of laparoscopic manual intestinal anastomosis is analyzed. It has been asked a group of 24 expert surgeons teaching in intestinal anastomoses, which are the steps that must include the teaching of the technique. The phases evaluated with the highest score were included in the methodology. Once the steps of the methodology were designed, 25 general surgeons were chosen and divided into three groups according to their level of experience (experts, trained and beginners). Each participant performed five training sessions following the new methodology. The technical quality of the anastomosis, the overall development of the operation, as well as the feedback developed between the participants and the instructor was analyzed. After analyzing the results it was observed that structured feedback between the instructor and the participant increases the involvement of the participant in the learning process and reduces the time needed to acquire the competence. With this methodology the inexperienced participants perform the fifth anastomosis with quality parameters close to those obtained by the expert participants. In addition, this methodology allows to individualize the learning according to the needs of each participant.展开更多
文摘AIM： TO study the effects of elenoside, an arylnaphthalene lignan from Justicia hyssopifolia, on gastrointestinal motility in vivo and in vitro in rats. METHODS： Routine in vivo experimental assessments were catharsis index, water percentage of boluses, intestinal transit, and codeine antagonism. The groups included were vehicle control （propylene glycol-ethanolplant oil-tween 80）, elenoside （i.p. 25 and 50 mg/kg）, cisapride （i.p. 10 mg/kg）, and codeine phosphate （intragastric route, 50 mg/kg）. In v/tro approaches used isolated rat intestinal tissues （duodenum, jejunum, and ileum）. The effects of elenoside at concentrations of 3.2 ×10^4, 6.4 ×10^4 and 1.2 ×10^3 mol/L, and cisapride at 10^6 mol/L were investigated. RESULTS： Elenoside in vivo produced an increase in the catharsis index and water percentage of boluses and in the percentage of distance traveled by a suspension of activated charcoal. Codeine phosphate antagonized the effect of 25 mg/kg of elenoside. In vitro, elenoside in duodenum, jejunum and ileum produced an initial decrease in the contraction force followed by an increase. Elenoslde resulted in decreased intestinal frequency in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The in vitro and in vivo effects of elenoside were similar to those produced by cisapride. CONCLUSION： Elenoside is a lignan with an action similar to that of purgative and prokinetics drugs. Elenoside, could be an alternative to cisapride in treatment of gastrointestinal diseases as well as a preventive therapy for the undesirable gastrointestinal effects produced by opioids used for mild to moderate pain.
文摘Traditionally surgeons learned surgical techniques by training them directly in the patient by imitating the actions of the surgeon with more experience. Today this methodology is difficult to apply, since there are multiple factors that hinder its use. The limited time of training systems, scarcity of resources, patient safety or the need to learn new techniques of minimally invasive surgery, make the training of surgeons require a different learning methodology. This study has designed a new methodology for the learning of surgical techniques that minimizes the impact of all the previous factors on the training of surgeons. Its effectiveness in the teaching of laparoscopic manual intestinal anastomosis is analyzed. It has been asked a group of 24 expert surgeons teaching in intestinal anastomoses, which are the steps that must include the teaching of the technique. The phases evaluated with the highest score were included in the methodology. Once the steps of the methodology were designed, 25 general surgeons were chosen and divided into three groups according to their level of experience (experts, trained and beginners). Each participant performed five training sessions following the new methodology. The technical quality of the anastomosis, the overall development of the operation, as well as the feedback developed between the participants and the instructor was analyzed. After analyzing the results it was observed that structured feedback between the instructor and the participant increases the involvement of the participant in the learning process and reduces the time needed to acquire the competence. With this methodology the inexperienced participants perform the fifth anastomosis with quality parameters close to those obtained by the expert participants. In addition, this methodology allows to individualize the learning according to the needs of each participant.
