The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of Japan＇s agricultural domestic policy since 1995 in the context of the current international negotiations in the WTO Doha Round, which has as one aim f...The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of Japan＇s agricultural domestic policy since 1995 in the context of the current international negotiations in the WTO Doha Round, which has as one aim further reductions of trade-distorting support among member countries. Apparently, Japan＇s attitude towards agricultural domestic policy reform is one of compliance with the WTO, which requests member countries to reduce their Aggregate Measure of Support （AMS） through trimming trade-distorting （amber box） support and/or transforming traditional-type agricultural subsidies to decoupled-type ones. Japan reduced its amber box support by nearly 80 percent between 1995 and 2000. This drastic reduction is mainly attributable to Japan＇s removal of rice from the amber box in 1998. In addition, following the WTO＇s principle of decoupling, Japan launched an extensive agricultural subsidy reform in 2007. This paper, however, shows the ironical realities of Japanese agricultural policy. Neither a sharp reduction of amber box support nor Japan＇s 2007 reform necessarily means there will be a reduction of trade-distorting effects. On the contrary, the 2007 reform may in fact stimulate domestic rice production.展开更多
Based on the design of the fluorescent site of a fluorescent probe,we have created a unique system that changes its twisting response to sugar.Two probes were synthesized,in which phenylboronic acid and two kinds of a...Based on the design of the fluorescent site of a fluorescent probe,we have created a unique system that changes its twisting response to sugar.Two probes were synthesized,in which phenylboronic acid and two kinds of aromatic fluorescent site(pyrene or anthracene)were conjugated by an amide bond.In the fluorescence measurement of pyrene-type probe 1,dimer fluorescence was observed at high pH.In induced circular dichroism(ICD)experiments,a response was observed only in the presence of glucose and γ-cyclodextrin,and no response was seen with fructose.On the other hand,in the fluorescence measurement of anthracene-type probe 2,dimer fluorescence was observed in the presence of both glucose and galactose,and the fluorescence was different from the case of fructose.When the ICD spectra of these inclusion complexes were measured,an inversion of the Cotton effect,which indicates a change in the twisted structure,was observed in galactose and glucose.These differences in response to monosaccharides may originate in the interaction between the fluorescent site and the cyclodextrin cavity.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of Japan＇s agricultural domestic policy since 1995 in the context of the current international negotiations in the WTO Doha Round, which has as one aim further reductions of trade-distorting support among member countries. Apparently, Japan＇s attitude towards agricultural domestic policy reform is one of compliance with the WTO, which requests member countries to reduce their Aggregate Measure of Support （AMS） through trimming trade-distorting （amber box） support and/or transforming traditional-type agricultural subsidies to decoupled-type ones. Japan reduced its amber box support by nearly 80 percent between 1995 and 2000. This drastic reduction is mainly attributable to Japan＇s removal of rice from the amber box in 1998. In addition, following the WTO＇s principle of decoupling, Japan launched an extensive agricultural subsidy reform in 2007. This paper, however, shows the ironical realities of Japanese agricultural policy. Neither a sharp reduction of amber box support nor Japan＇s 2007 reform necessarily means there will be a reduction of trade-distorting effects. On the contrary, the 2007 reform may in fact stimulate domestic rice production.
基金financially supported by Grants-in Aid for Scientific Research(C)(Grant Nos.15K05548 and 18K05180)from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(A)(Grant No.26248038)from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology,Japan.
文摘Based on the design of the fluorescent site of a fluorescent probe,we have created a unique system that changes its twisting response to sugar.Two probes were synthesized,in which phenylboronic acid and two kinds of aromatic fluorescent site(pyrene or anthracene)were conjugated by an amide bond.In the fluorescence measurement of pyrene-type probe 1,dimer fluorescence was observed at high pH.In induced circular dichroism(ICD)experiments,a response was observed only in the presence of glucose and γ-cyclodextrin,and no response was seen with fructose.On the other hand,in the fluorescence measurement of anthracene-type probe 2,dimer fluorescence was observed in the presence of both glucose and galactose,and the fluorescence was different from the case of fructose.When the ICD spectra of these inclusion complexes were measured,an inversion of the Cotton effect,which indicates a change in the twisted structure,was observed in galactose and glucose.These differences in response to monosaccharides may originate in the interaction between the fluorescent site and the cyclodextrin cavity.
