Analysis of the Spectral Characteristics of Triggered Lightning

The spectra with wavelength range of 390 nm to 660 nm of triggered lightning were observed in Guangdong Area using a slitless spectrograph. The characteristics of the lightning spectra during the initial continuous current and return strokes were analyzed, and the differences between the metal section and air section of the lightning channel were compared. The results showed that the metal spectra were contained in the metal section during the initial continuous current. As for the lightning channel of the return strokes, the line spectra for both the metal section and the air section were identical;neither of the two sections contained the metal spectra, but the relative intensity of its emission spectrum was different. Owing to different radiation mechanisms, the spectral structures and luminance of the two sections were not the same. Combined with the current data, it was found that there was a good positive correlation between the total spectral strength and the transferred charge. The total intensity of the lightning channel spectrum increased with the height of the channel, indicating that the radiation sequence of the lightning channel was different. High temporal resolution observations showed that the spectral line duration could be divided into three categories, in which the lines with higher excitation energy appear first and decay rapidly, while those with lower excitation energy appear later but last longer.

Diagnostic Quantification of the Cloud Water Resource in China during 2000–2019

By using the diagnostic quantification method for cloud water resource(CWR),the three-dimensional(3D)cloud fields of 1°×1°resolution during 2000-2019 in China are firstly obtained based on the NCEP reanalysis data and related satellite data.Then,combined with the Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)products,a 1°×1°gridded CWR dataset of China in recent 20 years is established.On this basis,the monthly and annual CWR and related variables in China and its six weather modification operation sub-regions are obtained,and the CWR characteristics in different regions are analyzed finally.The results show that in the past 20 years,the annual total amount of atmospheric hydrometeors(GM_(h))and water vapor(GM_(v))in the Chinese mainland are about 838.1 and 3835.9 mm,respectively.After deducting the annual mean precipitation of China(P_(s),661.7 mm),the annual CWR is about 176.4 mm.Among the six sub-regions,the southeast region has the largest amount of cloud condensation(C_(vh))and precipitation,leading to the largest GM_(h) and CWR there.In contrast,the annual P_(s),GM_(h),and CWR are all the least in the northwest region.Furthermore,the monthly and interannual variation trends of P_(s),C_(vh),and GM_(h) in different regions are identical,and the evolution characteristics of CWR are also consistent with the hydrometeor inflow(Q_(hi)).For the north,northwest,and northeast regions,in spring and autumn the precipitation efficiency of hydrometeors(PEh)is not high(20%-60%),the renewal time of hydrometeors(RT_(h))is relatively long(5-25 h),and GM_(h) is relatively high.Therefore,there is great potential for the development of CWR through artificial precipitation enhancement(APE).For the central region,spring,autumn,and winter are suitable seasons for CWR development.For the southeast and southwest regions,P_(s) and PE_(h) in summer are so high that the development of CWR should be avoided.For different spatial scales,there are significant differences in the characteristics of CWR.