水-瓦斯耦合作用下煤岩抗压特性劣化试验研究

闭坑高瓦斯矿井中煤岩体在水和瓦斯的劣化作用下力学特性劣化,这将直接影响其稳定性和安全性。为研究水-瓦斯耦合作用下煤岩抗压特性,基于水-岩-气耦合试验系统,开展了浸泡环境下的全水浸(EW)、半水浸半气浸(WG)及全气浸(EG)煤样和干燥(CZ)煤样的单轴压缩试验,分析了煤样抗压强度及变形破坏特征,并从煤样浸泡前后的组分、宏观结构及破裂断口细观特征的角度,揭示了水-瓦斯耦合作用下煤岩的宏观、细观劣化机制。结果表明,在三种浸泡条件下,煤样抗压强度较干燥煤样均降低,EG组、WG组和EW组煤样抗压强度分别降低了18.92%、38.31%和53.45%,三种浸泡条件下煤样破坏模式由干燥煤样的剪切破坏转变为剪切-拉伸混合式破坏,破坏程度也随之增大,煤样由脆性破坏转变为塑性破坏,导致浸泡后煤样局部化带范围和错动程度增大;煤样在三种浸泡环境中劣化效果主要表现为:1)水和瓦斯的侵入导致煤样内部黏土矿物分解和析出,与CZ组相比,EG组、WG组和EW组煤样平均黏土矿物含量分别降低了3.8%、28.85%和45.94%,煤样孔隙结构发生改变;2)各组煤样浸泡后表面出现劣化效应,EG组表面孔隙发育程度劣于EW组,且EW组煤样表面出现剥落现象,WG组煤样水浸部分孔隙发育程度要胜于气浸部分;3)水和瓦斯的劣化作用使煤样内部孔隙结构发生改变,EW组、WG组和EG组煤样破裂断口平均孔隙率较CZ组分别增加了706.84%、362.95%、147.47%。在三种浸泡环境下煤样初始承载结构被破坏,降低了煤样破坏前储存能量的能力,破坏后煤样内部的剩余弹性能降低,耗散能增加,声发射累计振铃计数降低。上述研究对于认识闭坑高瓦斯矿井中煤岩体的稳定性具有一定的参考意义。

Mineralogical Investigation and Washability Treatment of the Nickeliferous Lateritic Deposit of Nome (Albania)

The Nome nickel laterite deposit is located in the North East of Albania. The ore deposit, developed between ultramafic rocks and limestones during Early Cretaceous to Eocene, represents part of the Albanian Mirdita ophiolite zone. The lateritization of the deposit was observed mainly in three separate areas, the Has-Kukes-Lure in the North, Pogradec-Librazhd in the center and Devoll in the South. The main mineralogical components of the ore are goethite, hematite and quartz, while the secondary ones are chlorite (clinochlore, Ni-chlorite), kaolinite and lizardite. Nickel is mainly found in chlorite. The ore is characterized by the presence of spheroid particles, such as oval, pisoid, peloid and composite spheroid. According to the microscopical examination the ore is characterized in general as allotriomorphic, inequigranular and the texture is oolitic-pisolitic. For the mineral processing gravimetric and magnetic separation are used in the size fractions &#458 + 4 mm, &#454 + 1 mm, &#451 + 0.250 mm and &#450.250 + 0.063 mm. The chemical and mineralogical analyses, as well as the microscopic examination have shown that mineral processing by magnetic separation gives the most satisfactory results for the size fractions &#451 + 0.250 mm and &#450.250 + 0.063 mm.

Development of an In-Situ Composite Doped Coating for Corrosion Protection and Mechanical Properties Enhancements in Process Engineering

Process engineering has been seen as one of the vital tools for improving surface coating phenomena for advance application. In an attempt to improve the mechanical, physical and chemical performance of the steel structure for ex-tended application, Zn-CeO2/ZnCeO2-Al2SiO5 thin film composite was fabri-cated on mild steel using direct electrolytic route. Process variation of Al2SiO5 particulate ranges from 5 to 15 g per litre. The embedded coating was charac-terized using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical effect of the developed alloy was characterized through linear potentiodynamic polarization experiment and the performances of samples were examined in simulated 3.5% sodium chloride. The microhardness verification study proves that there is sig-nificant improvement in hardness trend. The tribological assessment indicated that there is less plastic deformation as a result of the counter body. In all, Zn-CeO2/Zn-CeO2-Al2SiO5 exhibits good stability, with agglomeration and great built up of crystal at the interface.

Formulation and procedure for in situ stress back-analysis from borehole strain changes measured during nearby underground excavation

Estimation of in situ stresses based on back-analysis of measured stress changes and displacements has become an alternative to the direct stress measurement methods.In order to help users conduct own measurement and analysis,this paper presents in detail a field stress back-analysis approach directly from borehole strain changes measured during nearby underground excavation.Essential formulations in major steps and the procedure for the entire analysis process are provided to allow users to follow.The instrument for borehole strain change measurement can be the CSIR or CSIRO stress cells and other borehole strain cells that can measure strains on borehole walls.Strain changes corresponding to the stress changes at a borehole location are calculated in borehole environment.The stress changes due to nearby excavation can be calculated by an analytical model for a single circular opening and simulated by a numerical model for non-circular and multiple openings.These models are based on isotropic,homogeneous and linear elastic assumptions.The analysis of borehole strain changes is accomplished by multiple linear regression based on error minimization and an integrated process provides the best-fit solution directly to the in situ stresses.A statistical technique is adopted for screening outliers in the measurement data,checking measurement compatibility and evaluating the reliability of analysis results.An application example is included to demonstrate the practical application and the analysis procedure.

Analytical study of silane-based and wax-based additives on the interfacial bonding characteristics between natural rubber modified binder and different aggregate types

The modification of asphalt binder with natural rubber latex(NR)significantly improves the rutting and fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures.However,NR-modified binder is prone to low workability and wettability due to its high viscosity.Therefore,this research focuses on examining the influences of silane and wax-based additives on the wettability of natural rubber-modified binders and the binder-aggregates adhesion performances.In this study,experimental and analytical approaches were used.The contact angles of asphalt binder were measured using a goniometer through the sessile drop method with three solvents:deionised water,formamide,and glycerol.The Cþþalgorithm was adopted to compute the surface free energy(SFE)elements of the asphalt binder.Analytical methods were employed to analyse the results based on the Young-Dupre equation,followed by linear regression to establish a correlation between the compatibility ratio(CR)and the SFE components.The results inferred that modified asphalt binders with additives possessed improved moisture resistance,wherein dry work adhesion values were less than 210 mJ/m^(2)under granite interfaces,whereas the limestone interface exhibited higher dry adhesion values of 340 mJ/m^(2)and below.Similar performance results were observed under wet adhesion conditions;with granite wet adhesive values observed below 120 mJ/m^(2),while limestone wet adhesion values were ascertained below 180 mJ/m^(2)for all tested samples and conditions.According to the spread–ability coefficient results,the limestone interface has greater spread-ability than granite interfaces.Meanwhile,compatibility ratio values indicated better compatibility of 1.9 or higher for tested samples under granite interfaces,whereas compatibility values of 1.7 and below were observed under limestone interfaces.

Rheological and physicochemical characteristics of asphalt mastics incorporating lime kiln dust and dolomite powder as sustainable fillers

The filler-bitumen interaction mechanism is one of the most essential phases for comprehending the asphalt mixture's performance.However,despite numerous studies,in-depth knowledge of filler-bitumen reciprocity at a microscale level is yet to be ascertained.The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of the fillerbitumen microscale interaction in terms of the synergy and coaction between the physicochemical and rheological performance of mastics due to filler inclusions.The rheological properties of two sustainable mastics,dolomite powder(DP)and lime kiln dust(LKD),together with a neat PEN 60/70 binder,were analysed based on a temperature sweep at elevated temperature conditions.Meanwhile,frequency sweep and multiple stress creep recovery(MSCR)tests were also conducted at pavement serviceability temperature using the dynamic shear rheometer(DSR).Physicochemical tests using a scanning electron microscope(SEM)and energy dispersive X-rays(EDX)were conducted to analyse the impact of parameters such as particle shape,grain size,texture,and chemical compositions.The DSR test results showcased how the incorporation of fillers in asphalt binder considerably improved the performance of the binder in terms of rutting and fatigue.Likewise,its strain and nonrecoverable compliance parameters were substantially reduced at higher filler and binder concentrations.Physical filler attributes of low rigden voids(R.V),high fineness modulus(FM),and high specific surface area(SSA)led to greater interfacial stiffness and elasticity in LKD mastics compared to DP mastics at different loading frequencies and temperature levels.The SEM/EDX results also indicated that the elemental calcium and carbon composition of each filler component,together with its grain morphology,strongly influenced its rheological performance.

山区公路隧道建设灾害预防与控制技术

以典型山区公路隧道为工程背景,对山区公路隧道在开挖施工、建设过程中所遇到的工程灾害问题进行了系统研究,并对此进行了概述.主要包括4个方面:①建立了公路隧道围岩分级的距离判别分析模型;②研制了能模拟深埋隧道围岩受力情况的组合加载装置,并利用突变理论对洞室屈曲岩爆的发生机理进行了研究;③利用有限差分软件FLAC3D,对富水地段公路隧道进行三维流固耦合分析,在此基础上提出了包括粘贴式集排水系统在内的一系列针对性很强的渗漏水控制技术,并成功地在常吉高速公路相关隧道顺利实施;④提出了推断岩土力学参数概率密度函数的新方法,并对隧道衬砌可靠度进行了相关分析.这些研究内容各自独立又紧密联系,能够在一定程度上对隧道的安全施工和长效运营提供系统的技术保障.

剪切状态下锚杆变形加载角与位移角的关系（英文）

在工程现场中,当锚杆处于剪切加载状态时,其在靠近加载点的位置会产生弯曲变形。在锚杆变形过程中,节理位移相应增大,并在杆体内部诱发法向拉力与横向剪力。本文作者对剪切状态下锚杆变形加载角与位移角的解析关系进行分析,通过考虑锚杆剪切过程中的弹性状态与塑性状态,锚杆段的扭转角可由解析方法导出,因此基于位移角相应求出加载角。通过与文献中实验数据对比,证明了所推导的解析解的正确性与可行性。在实际工程中,可根据锚杆的轴向变形方向确定其加载力方向。

Identification of digital technologies and digitalisation trends in the mining industry

Digitalisation in mining refers to the use of computerised or digital devices or systems and digitised data that are to reduce costs,improve business productivity,and transform mining practices.However,it remains increasingly difficult for mining companies to decide which digital technologies are most relevant to their needs and individual mines.This paper provides an overview of digital technologies currently relevant to mining companies as presented and discussed by mining journals,the media and insight reports of leading consultancy agencies.Relevant technologies were systematically identified using text-mining techniques,and network analyses established the relations between significant technologies.Results demonstrated that currently 107 different digital technologies are pursued in the mining sector.Also,an analysis of the actual implementation of digital technologies in 158 active surface and underground mines reveals a limited uptake of digital technologies in general and that the uptake increases with the run-of-mine production.Large-scale mining operations appear to select and apply digital technologies suitable to their needs,whereas operations with lower production rates do not implement the currently available digital technologies to the same extent.These minor producers may require other digital transformation solutions tailored to their capabilities and needs and applicable to their scale of operations.

Potential of acoustic emissions from three point bending tests as rock failure precursors

Development of failure in brittle materials is associated with microcracks,which release energy in the form of elastic waves called acoustic emissions. This paper presents results from acoustic emission measurements obtained during three point bending tests on Nestos marble under laboratory conditions.Acoustic emission activity was monitored using piezoelectric acoustic emission sensors,and the potential for accurate prediction of rock damage based on acoustic emission data was investigated. Damage localization was determined based on acoustic emissions generated from the critically stressed region as scattered events at stresses below and close to the strength of the material.

GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using numerical risk factor bivariate model and its ensemble with linear multivariate regression and boosted regression tree algorithms

In this study, a novel approach of the landslide numerical risk factor(LNRF) bivariate model was used in ensemble with linear multivariate regression(LMR) and boosted regression tree(BRT) models, coupled with radar remote sensing data and geographic information system(GIS), for landslide susceptibility mapping(LSM) in the Gorganroud watershed, Iran. Fifteen topographic, hydrological, geological and environmental conditioning factors and a landslide inventory(70%, or 298 landslides) were used in mapping. Phased array-type L-band synthetic aperture radar data were used to extract topographic parameters. Coefficients of tolerance and variance inflation factor were used to determine the coherence among conditioning factors. Data for the landslide inventory map were obtained from various resources, such as Iranian Landslide Working Party(ILWP), Forestry, Rangeland and Watershed Organisation(FRWO), extensive field surveys, interpretation of aerial photos and satellite images, and radar data. Of the total data, 30% were used to validate LSMs, using area under the curve(AUC), frequency ratio(FR) and seed cell area index(SCAI).Normalised difference vegetation index, land use/land cover and slope degree in BRT model elevation, rainfall and distance from stream were found to be important factors and were given the highest weightage in modelling. Validation results using AUC showed that the ensemble LNRF-BRT and LNRFLMR models(AUC = 0.912(91.2%) and 0.907(90.7%), respectively) had high predictive accuracy than the LNRF model alone(AUC = 0.855(85.5%)). The FR and SCAI analyses showed that all models divided the parameter classes with high precision. Overall, our novel approach of combining multivariate and machine learning methods with bivariate models, radar remote sensing data and GIS proved to be a powerful tool for landslide susceptibility mapping.

Coal waste management practices in the USA:an overview

This paper provides an overview of coal waste management practices with two case studies and an estimate of management cost in 2010 US dollars.Processing of as-mined coal typically results in considerable amount of coarse and fine coal processing wastes because of in-seam and out-of-seam dilution mining.Processing plant clean coal recovery values run typically 50%-80%.Trace metals and sulfur may be present in waste materials that may result in leachate water with corrosive characteristics.Water discharges may require special measures such as liner and collection systems,and treatment to neutralize acid drainage and/or water quality for trace elements.The potential for variations in coal waste production and quality depends upon mining or processing,plus the long-term methods of waste placement.The changes in waste generation rates and engineering properties of the coal waste during the life of the facility must be considered.Safe,economical and environmentally acceptable management of coal waste involves consideration of geology,soil and rock mechanics,hydrology,hydraulics,geochemistry,soil science,agronomy and environmental sciences.These support all aspects of the regulatory environment including the design and construction of earth and rock embankments and dams,as well as a wide variety of waste disposal structures.Development of impoundments is critical and require considerations of typical water-impounding dams and additional requirements of coal waste disposal impoundments.The primary purpose of a coal waste disposal facility is to dispose of unusable waste materials from mining.However,at some sites coal waste impoundments serve to provide water storage capacity for processing and flood attenuation.

纳米二氧化硅填料量对LDPE复合材料局部放电特性的影响(英文)

Partial discharges(PDs) due to artificial void in samples of LDPE nanocomposite sheet have been investigated in this work.PDs may cause the degradation of insulating materials and may affect the lifetime of high-voltage apparatus. An experimental work using sphere ball-plane electrode system(CIGRE MethodⅡ) and a 1.0 mm LDPE composite sheet was carried out.Different weight percentages of nanosilica(0%,2%,4%,6%and 8%) were used. PD experimental results,such as PD magnitude and PD number(both PD pulse polarities),as functions of the applied stress duration at a specified applied voltage were compared.The surface morphology of specimens was also presented and this conforms to the PD findings.The experimental results show that the PD characteristics of the LDPE generally improve with the introduction of nanosilica,the composite with the highest content of filler,namely the 8%(wt) nanosilica sample has the least partial discharge activities.

Control mechanism of a cable truss system for stability of roadways within thick coal seams

Cable truss systems have been widely applied in roadways with complicated conditions, such as the large cross-sections of deep wells, and high tectonic stress. However, they are rarely applied to roadways with extremely thick coal seams because the control mechanism of the system for the deformation of the roof and the separation between coal rock segments is not completely understood. By using the relationship between the support system and the roof strata, a mechanical model was established to calculate the deformation of the roof in a thick coal seam with bedding separation under different support conditions: with an anchor truss support and without support. On this basis, the research was used to deduce a method for computing the minimum pre-tightening forces in the anchor truss, the maximum amounts of subsidence and separation with, and without, anchor truss support under the roof, and the maximum subsidence and the decreasing amounts of the separation before and after adopting the anchor truss. Additionally, mechanical relationships between the minimum pre-tightening force and the anchoring force in the anchor were analyzed. By taking a typical roadway with thick coal roof as an example, the theoretical results mentioned above were applied in the analysis and testing of a roof supporting project in a roadway field to verify the accuracy of the theory: favorable experimental results were achieved. In addition, the relationships among other parameters were analyzed, including the minimum pre-tightening forces applied by the anchor truss, the angle of inclination of the anchor cable, and the array pitch. Meanwhile, the changing characteristics of the amounts of roof separation and subsidence with key parameters of the support system(such as array pitch, pre-tightening force, and inclination angle) were also analyzed. The research results revealed the acting mechanism of the anchor truss in control of roadway stability with a thick coal seam, providing a theoretical basis of its application in coal mining.

生物医用植入体钛基合金及其表面生物活性氧化层的制备:机遇与挑战

钛及其合金因其优异的力学性能和良好的生物相容性,长期以来一直被用作植入材料。尽管如此,研究人员和行业仍在积极寻求更好的合金,因为仍有一些迫切的问题需要关注,包括:(1)由于种植体材料与人体骨组织的弹性模量不匹配而导致的应力屏蔽问题;(2)Ti合金长期使用后有害离子的释放问题;(3)钛合金表面生物活性低而导致愈合过程延长。为了解决这些问题,很多研究工作致力于寻找含有更强生物相容性相成分的新一代钛合金,并对其表面进行改性,使其从天然的生物惰性转变为生物活性。本文回顾了最近报道的钛合金制备方面的工作,并基于所做的调查,强调弹性模量和使用无毒金属元素来提高生物相容性的重要性。在钛合金的表面改性方面,大量研究发现在表面生长的纳米氧化层有利于提高钛合金的生物活性,使其在植入后能够快速修复组织。本文全面地综述并重点考察适合用于生物医用植入体新型钛合金的相和成分,并强调制备和表面改性方法。

航空航天用脉冲激光焊接5052-H32铝合金薄板的外观、显微组织和力学性能（英文）

制备0.6 mm厚的AA5052-H32铝合金薄板,研究符合航空航天工业AWS D17.1规范的脉冲激光焊接工艺的最佳参数,如激光脉冲电流、脉冲频率和脉冲持续时间。研究焊缝的显微组织和力学性能,确定参数与焊缝几何形状的关系。在高脉冲能量(25 J)、高平均峰值功率(4.2 kW)和低脉冲能量(17.6 J)、低平均峰值功率(2.8 kW)两种条件下可获得满足AWSD17.1要求的无凝固裂纹的优质焊缝。在较低热量输入下形成的焊缝具有更细小的枝晶结构,且焊缝中Mg的蒸发和硬质相化合物(Al_(0.5)Fe_3Si_(0.5))的形成减少。因此,与在较高热量输入下形成的焊件相比,在较低热量输入下形成的焊件的抗拉强度(168MPa)提高1.15倍,但其接头处的硬度(111HV_(0.1))下降约29%。总之,为了获得满足AWS D17.1要求的0.6 mm厚AA5052-H32脉冲激光焊接接头,选择合适的参数至关重要。

Layout and support design of a coal roadway in ultra-close multiple-seams

A roadway within ultra-close multiple-seams(RUCMSs) is one of the most difficult supported coal roadways to deal with in underground coal mines. This is usually due to the unknown stress distributions, improper roadway layout, and unreasonable support parameters. In order to solve this support problem and effectively save RUCMSs from frequent and abrupt disasters(such as serious deformation of the surrounding rock, roof cave ins, and coal side collapse), a comprehensive method is adopted here which includes theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring. A mechanical model was constructed to determine the stress distribution in the coal pillar after two sides of a longwall panel had been mined. Based on this model, the horizontal, vertical, and tangential stress equations for the plane below the floor of the upper-left coal pillar were deduced. In addition, a typical coal mine(the Jinggonger colliery, located in Shuozhou city, Shanxi province, China) with an average distance between its 9# and 11# coal seams of less than 8.0 was chosen to conduct research on the proper layout and reasonable support required for a typical coal roadway located within coal seam 11#. Using FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) numerical software, eight schemes were designed with different horizontal distances(d) between the center lines of the coal pillar and the roadway in the lower coal seam(RLCS). The simulations and detailed analysis indicate that the proper distances required are between 22.5 and 27.5 m. A total of 20 simulation schemes were used to investigate the factors influencing the support provided by the key bolts(bolt length, spacing, distance between two rows, installation angle, and pre-tightening force). The results were analyzed and used to determine reasonable values for the support parameters. Field results show that the stability and strength of the RLCS can be effectively safeguarded using a combination of researched stress distribution characteristics, proper layout of the RLCS, and correct support parameters.

Dynamic strength of rock with single planar joint under various loading rates at various angles of loads applied

Intact rock-like specimens and specimens that include a single, smooth planar joint at various angles are prepared for split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） testing. A buffer pad between the striker bar and the incident bar of an SHPB apparatus is used to absorb some of the shock energy. This can generate loading rates of 20.2-4627.3 GPa/s, enabling dynamic peak stresses/strengths and associated failure patterns of the specimens to be investigated. The effects of the loading rate and angle of load applied on the dynamic peak stresses/strengths of the specimens are examined. Relevant experimental results demonstrate that the failure pattern of each specimen can be classified as four types： Type A, integrated with or without tiny flake-off; Type B, slide failure; Type C, fracture failure; and Type D, crushing failure. The dynamic peak stresses/strengths of the specimens that have similar failure patterns increase linearly with the loading rate, yielding high correlations that are evident on semi-logarithmic plots. The slope of the failure envelope is the smallest for slide failure, followed by crushing failure, and that of fracture failure is the largest. The magnitude of the plot slope of the dynamic peak stress against the loading rate for the specimens that are still integrated after testing is between that of slide failure and crushing failure. The angle of application has a limited effect on the dynamic peak stresses/strengths of the specimens regardless of the failure pattern, but it affects the bounds of the loading rates that yield each failure pattern, and thus influences the dynamic responses of the single jointed specimen. Slide failure occurs at the lowest loading rate of any failure, but can only occur in single jointed specimen that allows sliding.Crushing failure is typically associated with the largest loading rate, and fracture failure may occur when the loading rate is between the boundaries for slide failure and crushing failure.

Mechanical and degradation behaviour of biodegradable magnesium-zinc/hydroxyapatite composite with different powder mixing

Magnesium-based biomaterials have recently gained great attention as promising candidates for the new generation of biodegradable implants.This study investigated the mechanical performance and biodegradation behaviour of magnesium-zinc/hydroxyapatite(Mg-Zn/HA)composites fabricated by different powder mixing techniques.A single step mixing process involved mechanical alloying or mechanical milling techniques,while double step processing involved a combination of both mechanical alloying and mechanical milling.Optimum mechanical properties of the composite were observed when the powders were prepared using single step processing via mechanical alloying technique.However,Mg-Zn/HA composite fabricated through single step processing via mechanical milling technique was found to have the most desirable low degradation rate coupled with highest bioactivity.The composite achieved the lowest degradation rate of 0.039×10^−3 mm/year as measured by immersion test and 0.0230 mm/year as measured by electrochemical polarization.Ca:P ratio of the composite also slightly more than enough to aid the initial bone mineralization,that is 1:1.76,as the required Ca:P ratio for initial bone mineralization is between 1:1 and 1:1.67.

Integrated model for earthquake risk assessment using neural network and analytic hierarchy process:Aceh province,Indonesia

Catastrophic natural hazards,such as earthquake,pose serious threats to properties and human lives in urban areas.Therefore,earthquake risk assessment(ERA)is indispensable in disaster management.ERA is an integration of the extent of probability and vulnerability of assets.This study develops an integrated model by using the artificial neural network–analytic hierarchy process(ANN–AHP)model for constructing the ERA map.The aim of the study is to quantify urban population risk that may be caused by impending earthquakes.The model is applied to the city of Banda Aceh in Indonesia,a seismically active zone of Aceh province frequently affected by devastating earthquakes.ANN is used for probability mapping,whereas AHP is used to assess urban vulnerability after the hazard map is created with the aid of earthquake intensity variation thematic layering.The risk map is subsequently created by combining the probability,hazard,and vulnerability maps.Then,the risk levels of various zones are obtained.The validation process reveals that the proposed model can map the earthquake probability based on historical events with an accuracy of 84%.Furthermore,results show that the central and southeastern regions of the city have moderate to very high risk classifications,whereas the other parts of the city fall under low to very low earthquake risk classifications.The findings of this research are useful for government agencies and decision makers,particularly in estimating risk dimensions in urban areas and for the future studies to project the preparedness strategies for Banda Aceh.