Effect of Stabilizers and Storage Time on the Quality of Tomato Sauce

The experiment was conducted at laboratory of the faculty of Agro-industry,Royal University of Agriculture,locating in Phnom Penh city,commenced from August to October,2023.The single factor CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 6 treatments and 3 replications.While the 7 ingredients were used such as tomato,sugar,salt,onion,bell pepper,sodium benzoate and vinegar,with or without stabilizers.After processing,the sauce was kept in room temperature to observe the self-life and the variation of nutrients contain in 8 weeks.The chemical compositions in the sauce were analyzed to identify the variation during storing in the temperature room.Through the findings showed that the pH value,Total soluble solids and Color(L,A&B)of all treatments has decreased in 8th week comparing to starting point,while the Total acids increased.If comparing among the 6 treatments,after the products have produced(w0),all the chemical compositions in group T0 containing the lowest,exception of Fat and Color(L).When the self-life up to eight weeks,all the composition parameters were statistically different(except for Moisture,Ash,Dry Mass,and Fat).For identification the Bacteria presenting showed that there was no present in first day of self-life until the first week.The present of bacteria were detected from 2nd week to 8th week,excepted T0.The CFU of T0 had the lowest number of colonies,while T3 had the highest once.At the same time,we found that the number of colonies decreases with the age of storage(self-life),which means that at the beginning of growing in the second week,it had higher amount(from 2.10 to 2.69 of CFU as log);while this number decreased with the shelf life up to 8 weeks,which is between 0 to 2.35.

Growth Efficiency of Local Chickens Using Sweet Potato Vine with Concentration Feed as a Basal Diet

The experiment was conducted at the animal experimental station of the Faculty of Animal Sciences,Royal University of Agriculture,commenced from 10 January to 14 March,2022.The CRD(Completely Randomized Design)was used with 5 treatments and 4 replications.The 500 chicks at one-day-old,local bread,were purchased from farmers who run their small scale hatchery farm.The chicks were kept together till 21 days old,and then were allocated randomly into in five diets(treatments),25 chicks per replication.The feed formulas for this study were designed and calculated to maintain a protein content of approximately 17%,dividing into 5 feed formulas(Treatments),such as concentrated feed only(control treatment:T0),plus 10%of fresh sweet potato vine(T1),plus 20%of fresh sweet potato vine(T2),plus 30%of fresh sweet potato vine(T3)and plus 20%of sweet potato vine meal(T4).The results showed that the treatment T1,had a similar final weight with the treatment T4,but was slightly lower than the treatment T0 which used concentrated feed alone.Feed intake and FCR(Feed Conversion Ratio)were not significantly different among those treatments.In conclusion,the average daily weight gain of chickens seemed to decrease with increasing the level of fresh sweet potato vine.Thus,the optimum level of fresh sweet potato vine was 10%,which may have little effect on the growth performance of local chickens.In addition,it was not far different from the positive control treatment and the treatment using sweet potato vine meal.However,the producers can increase the amount of sweet potato vine in feed formula by processing it into meal and mixing with concentrated feed or using as feed ingredients.

Rate of timber production in a tropical rainforest ecosystem of Southwestern Nigeria and its implications on sustainable forest management

Timber harvesting data are very essential for sustainable management of forest resources.These data are very scarce in developing countries.Therefore,we collected and analyzed data on the rate of timber production of the free areas and the forest reserves in Ondo State,Nigeria.The data collected from the State Department of Forestry＇s official records,annual reports and files were on the species,volume and number of different economic timbers exploited on monthly basis between 2003 and 2005.Analyses were done with the student t-test and one-way analysis of variance.Results reveal that the highest numbers of species,families and stems were exploited in the free areas when compared with what was exploited from the reserves for the three-year period.However,the total volume of trees removed from the reserves was significantly higher（p〈0.05） than what was removed from the free areas.A total 60 different indigenous hardwood species in 25 families were exploited from the free areas,and 57 in 23 families from the reserves.The total number of stems exploited from the forest ecosystem of Ondo state during the three-year period stood at 111377 with an estimated volume of 295089.67 m^3.While the mean number of stems and volume exploited per annum is 37125 and 98363.22 m^3,respectively.The monthly average number of stems and volume is 3094 and 8196 m^3,respectively.The t-test results show that there were significant differences（p〈0.05） in number of stems and volume removed from the free areas and the reserves.The ANOVA results reveal a significant increase（p〈0.05） in logging activities between the years of 2003 and 2004 but there was a decline in year 2005.This trend reveals that economic timber species were disappearing from the forests and the ecosystem was seriously disturbed during logging activities.Principles for achieving the goals of sustainable forest management（SFM） and urgent conservation measures to mitigate the consequences of forest degradation were suggested.

Risk Assessment of Veterinary Drug Residues： The Dietary Exposure Assessment of Benzylpenicillin and Tetracycline Residues in Pork Consumed on Filipino Market

Biological, physical and chemical agents, recognized as food safety hazards, cause potential risks in modem food productions. Although the use of antibiotics in intensive animal productions is impossible to avoid the presence and remaining amount of their residues in food, it is possible to reduce them by using the principles of good veterinary, good manufacturing practices, and continuous control of food and risk assessment approach. This study was conducted to determine exposure risk to antibiotic drug residues in pork consumed in the Philippines and aimed to estimate dietary exposure of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline residues by age and gender groups. Dietary modeling, validated method used, combines food consumption data with food chemical concentration data to estimate dietary exposure to food chemicals. The results had shown that the dietary exposure of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline residues for children from 1 to 〈 3 years old had the highest exposure followed by adolescents, adults and infants while males were significantly lower than females （P 〈 0.05）. This is the initial study to determine risk assessment of dietary exposure to antibiotic residue of different population of Filipino groups.

A Quantitative Factorial Component Analysis to Investigate the Recent Changes of Japan’s Weight-Based Food Self-Sufficiency Ratio

We investigate the weight-based food self-sufficiency ratio (WSSR) for Japan over a 50-year period (1961-2011) by applying factorial component analysis technique in order to measure the changes of the WSSR quantitatively. Quantitative data analysis is employed to determine the drivers of those changes. Numerical results show that Japan experienced a drastic decline in its food self-sufficiency ratio (FSSR) during the above period. The factorial component analysis shows that such a decline was caused by the changes in the FSSR of the food groups/items, not in the quantity of the food supply. A number of characteristics of those changes are presented and a list of major food groups that have major impacts on the changes is constructed. The findings in this paper reiterate the alarming food security problem in Japan and provide clear insight into the causes of this problem. The findings in this study pick up where previous studies have left off, aid the food-related policy-making process and identify new ideas for future food research.

Condition of Local Cattle at Slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh City,Cambodia

The survey was conducted four times between September 2015 and June 2016 with an interval of three months.Each survey lasted for 7 days at two main slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh city:Chroy Chongva and Beung Salang slaughterhouses.The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of cattle traders on their business and the BCS(Body Condition Score)of cattle arriving slaughterhouses.Results have shown that the interviewed traders started their business between 1995 and 2013.Most of them bought 3 to 4 cattle per time and slaughtered one head of cattle each day with an interval of one day transit.The buying of cattle relied on collectors and during of the time of study cattle were purcahsed from 13 different provinces.The supply of cattle was high from July to August and low from March to April.When arriving gathering areas nearby slaughterhouse,cattle were sent to slaughterhouse within one day and could be maintained with one week.Beef was mostly sold by themselves and to their relatives for retailing.They also sold beef to outside retailer,distributor and sold at market.The price of beef was high from March to April.High percentage of male cattle were found in slaughterhouses than female cattle with the age of 3 to 6 years old.High distribution of cattle were found to have BCS between 2 and 3 scores,and it is found that male cattle had higher BCS than female cattle.The amount of meat varies with BCS,e.g.up to 57.56%of total liveweight when BCS was 4 scores.The price of live cattle varies with cattle BCS and meat proportion of animal.

Impact of Forage Programme on Cattle Body Condition Score of Smallholder Farmers in Cambodia

The survey was conducted in the target provinces,Kampong Cham and Pursat province,of Beef for Market Project funded by ACIAR,Australia,in January and July 2016.Survey was designed with three different types of farmers such as adopted farmer,exposed farmers and non-exposed farmers.The objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of the introducing forage on cattle production of smallholder farmers supported by the project.The adopted farmers,who have involved in the project,planted the forage to supplement their cattle,got higher BCS(Body Condition Scoring)and total income than exposed and non-exposed farmers.However,the BCS varied with season and gender of cattle as well,when in the raining season male cattle produced higher BSC than dry season and female cattle respectively.However,further study on impact of converting cropland into forage planting should be deeply analyzed,since there was competition of land use.