Effects of multiple shapes for steady flow with transformer oil+Fe_(3)O_(4)+TiO_(2) between two stretchable rotating disks

In this study,we examine the effects of various shapes of nanoparticles in a steady flow of hybrid nanofluids between two stretchable rotating disks.The steady flow of hybrid nanofluids with transformer oil as the base fluid and Fe_(3)O_(4)+TiO_(2)as the hybrid nanofluid is considered.Several shapes of Fe_(3)O_(4)+TiO_(2)hybrid nanofluids,including sphere,brick,blade,cylinder,and platelet,are studied.Every shape exists in the same volume of a nanoparticle.The leading equations(partial differential equations(PDEs))are transformed to the nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs)with the help of similarity transformations.The system of equations takes the form of ODEs depending on the boundary conditions,whose solutions are computed numerically by the bvp4c MATLAB solver.The outputs are compared with the previous findings,and an intriguing pattern is discovered,such that the tangential velocity is increased for the rotation parameter,while it is decreased by the stretching values because of the lower disk.For the reaction rate parameter,the concentration boundary layer becomes shorter,and the activation energy component increases the rate at which mass transfers come to the higher disk but have the opposite effect on the bottom disk.The ranges of various parameters taken into account are Pr=6.2,Re=2,M=1.0,φ_(1)=φ_(2)=0.03,K=0.5,S=-0.1,Br=0.3,Sc=2.0,α_(1)=0.2,γ=0.1,E_(n)=2.0,and q=1.0,and the rotation factor K is within the range of 0 to 1.

Change in internal energy of thermal diffusion stagnation point Maxwell nanofluid flow along with solar radiation and thermal conductivity

This paper concerns the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in upper convected Maxwell fluid flow over a linear stretching sheet with solar radiation,viscous desperation and temperature based viscosity.After boundary layer approximation,the governing equations are achieved(namely Maxwell,upper convected material derivative,thermal and concentration diffusions).By using the self-similarity transformations the governing PDEs are converted into nonlinear ODEs and solved by RK-4 method in combination with Newton Raphson(shooting technique).The effects of developed parameters on velocity,temperature,concentration,fraction factor,heat and mass diffusions are exemplified through graphs and tabular form and are deliberated in detail.Numerical values of fraction factor,heat and mass transfer rates with several parameters are computed and examined.It is noticed that the temperature is more impactable for higher values of radiative heat transport,thermal conductivity and viscous dissipation.The comparison data for some limiting case are acquired and are originated to be in good agreement with previously published articles.

Crystal Structure Analysis of 1-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one Isolated from Ajuga bracteosa Root Extract and Its Biological Studies

The structure of 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-9 H-xanthen-9-one isolated from chloroform extract of Ajuga bracteosa root was analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), ABTS(2,2?-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities(RSA) and Fe2+ chelating activities were carried out to determine the antioxidant potential of the compound. RSA values for the compound were 96%, 96% and 96% for all the three activities respectively at maximum concentration of the compound(100 μ gmL-1) with the IC50 values of 3.40, 4.86 and 0.10(μ gmL-1). Antidiabetic activities including antiglycation and α-glucosidase inhibition were also performed where the antiglycation activity was performed using two techniques including spectrofluorometric as well as spectrophotometric technique. Spectrofluorometric technique provided 97% antiglycation potential while 92% antiglycation potential was observed by spectrophotometric technique for the isolated compound. The compound at a concentration of 10 μ gmL-1 exhibited 31% α-glucosidase inhibitory potential with IC50 of 15.56 μ gmL-1. Antimicrobial activity data showed that the compound was active against all the studied pathogenic bacteria.

WiMA:Towards a Multi-Criterion Association in Software Defined Wi-Fi Networks

Despite the planned installation and operations of the traditional IEEE 802.11 networks,they still experience degraded performance due to the number of inefficiencies.One of the main reasons is the received signal strength indicator(RSSI)association problem,in which the user remains connected to the access point(AP)unless the RSSI becomes too weak.In this paper,we propose a multi-criterion association(WiMA)scheme based on software defined networking(SDN)in Wi-Fi networks.An association solution based on multi-criterion such as AP load,RSSI,and channel occupancy is proposed to satisfy the quality of service(QoS).SDNhaving an overall view of the network takes the association and reassociation decisions making the handoffs smooth in throughput performance.To implementWiMA extensive simulations runs are carried out on Mininet-NS3-Wi-Fi network simulator.The performance evaluation shows that the WiMA significantly reduces the average number of retransmissions by 5%–30%and enhances the throughput by 20%–50%,hence maintaining user fairness and accommodating more wireless devices and traffic load in the network,when compared to traditional client-driven(CD)approach and state of the art Wi-Balance approach.

Automated Leukemia Screening and Sub-types Classification Using Deep Learning

Leukemia is a kind of blood cancer that damages the cells in the blood and bone marrow of the human body.It produces cancerous blood cells that disturb the human’s immune system and significantly affect bone marrow’s production ability to effectively create different types of blood cells like red blood cells(RBCs)and white blood cells(WBC),and platelets.Leukemia can be diagnosed manually by taking a complete blood count test of the patient’s blood,from which medical professionals can investigate the signs of leukemia cells.Furthermore,two other methods,microscopic inspection of blood smears and bone marrow aspiration,are also utilized while examining the patient for leukemia.However,all these methods are labor-intensive,slow,inaccurate,and require a lot of human experience and dedication.Different authors have proposed automated detection systems for leukemia diagnosis to overcome these limitations.They have deployed digital image processing and machine learning algorithms to classify the cells into normal and blast cells.However,these systems are more efficient,reliable,and fast than previous manual diagnosing methods.However,more work is required to classify leukemia-affected cells due to the complex characteristics of blood images and leukemia cells having much intra-class variability and inter-class similarity.In this paper,we have proposed a robust automated system to diagnose leukemia and its sub-types.We have classified ALL into its sub-types based on FAB classification,i.e.,L1,L2,and L3 types with better performance.We have achieved 96.06%accuracy for subtypes classification,which is better when compared with the state-of-the-art methodologies.

Lump and travelling wave solutions of a(3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation

In this paper,the(3+1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation is studied analytically.The bilinear form of given model is achieved by using the Hirota bilinear method.As a result,the lump waves and col-lisions between lumps and periodic waves,the collision among lump wave and single,double-kink soliton solutions as well as the collision between lump,periodic,and single,double-kink soliton solutions for the given model are constructed.Furthermore,some new traveling wave solutions are developed by applying the exp(−φ(ξ))expansion method.The 3D,2D and contours plots are drawn to demonstrate the nature of the nonlinear model for setting appropriate set of parameters.As a result,a collection of bright,dark,periodic,rational function and elliptic function solutions are established.The applied strategies appear to be more powerful and efficient approaches to construct some new traveling wave structures for various contemporary models of recent era.

Argemone mexicana extract alleviates gastrointestinal disorders by stimulating muscarinic receptors and blocking voltage-gated L-type calcium channels

Objective:To investigate the pharmacological potential of Argemone mexicana in treating constipation and emesis by using in vitro and in vivo models.Methods:The spasmogenic and spasmolytic effects were evaluated on isolated rabbit jejunum fragments loaded in a tissue organ bath.The response was recorded with an isotonic transducer attached with Power Lab Data Acquisition System.The laxative and antiemetic activities were assessed in BALB-c mice and poultry chicks challenged with carbamylcholine and copper sulphate stimulated emesis,respectively.Results:The total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of the extract were(267.75±5.77)mg GAE/g and(73.86±6.01)mg QE/g,respectively.Argemone mexicana extract exerted spasmogenic effect on isolated rabbit jejunum segments with an EC_(50)value of 0.016 mg/m L,which was blocked by atropine(0.3μM).Argemone mexicana extract exerted spasmolytic effect in atropine treated jejunum fragments with an EC_(50)value of 2.185 mg/mL.Furthermore,Argemone mexicana extract relaxed potassium(80 mM)-induced contractions(EC_(50):9.07 mg/mL),similar to a standard drug verapamil.The calcium channel blocker activity was confirmed by a rightward shift of concentration-response curve of calcium in the presence of Argemone mexicana extract(1-5 mg/mL)and verapamil(0.1-1μM).In addition,the extract increased the distance travelled by a charcoal in the gastrointestinal tract and exhibited antiemetic effect on copper sulphate induced emesis in chicks.Conclusions:Argemone mexicana shows cholinergic agonist and calcium channel blocker activities,as well as antiemetic effect.It may be used as a potential agent for treating gastrointestinal disorders.

Experimental Study of Effect of Temperature Variations on the Impedance Signature of PZT Sensors for Fatigue Crack Detection

Structural health monitoring(SHM)is recognized as an efficient tool to interpret the reliability of a wide variety of infrastructures.To identify the structural abnormality by utilizing the electromechanical coupling property of piezoelectric transducers,the electromechanical impedance(EMI)approach is preferred.However,in real-time SHM applications,the monitored structure is exposed to several varying environmental and operating conditions(EOCs).The previous study has recognized the temperature variations as one of the serious EOCs that affect the optimal performance of the damage inspection process.In this framework,an experimental setup is developed in current research to identify the presence of fatigue crack in stainless steel(304)beam using EMI approach and estimate the effect of temperature variations on the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric sensors.A regular series of experiments are executed in a controlled temperature environment(25°C–160°C)using 202 V1 Constant Temperature Drying Oven Chamber(Q/TBXR20-2005).It has been observed that the dielectric constantð"33 TÞwhich is recognized as the temperature-dependent constant of PZT sensor has sufficiently influenced the electrical impedance signature.Moreover,the effective frequency shift(EFS)approach is optimized in term of significant temperature compensation for the current impedance signature of PZT sensor relative to the reference signature at the extended frequency bandwidth of the developed measurement system with better outcomes as compared to the previous literature work.Hence,the current study also deals efficiently with the critical issue of the width of the frequency band for temperature compensation based on the frequency shift in SHM.The results of the experimental study demonstrate that the proposed methodology is qualified for the damage inspection in real-time monitoring applications under the temperature variations.It is capable to exclude one of the major reasons of false fault diagnosis by compensating the consequence of elevated temperature at extended frequency bandwidth in SHM.

An Efficient Image Cipher Based on 2D Scrambled Image and Random Numbers

Security of images plays an import role in communication in current era due to the popularity and high usage ofmultimedia content in the Internet.Image security is described as applying an encryption algorithm over the given plaintext images to produce cipher images that can be transmitted safely over the open channel,the Internet.The problem which plagues these image ciphers is that they are too much time consuming,and that do not meet the dictates of the present times.In this paper,we aim to provide an efficient image cipher.The previous studies employed many constructs like Langton’s Ant,15 puzzle game and Castle in the 2D scrambled image based image ciphers,which had grave implications related to the high execution time of the ciphers.The current study directly made use of the 2D scrambled image to realize the purpose.Moreover,no compromise has been made over the security of the proposed image cipher.Random numbers have been generated by triggering the Intertwining Logistic Chaotic map.The cipher has been subjected to many important validation metrics like key space,information entropy,correlation coefficient,crop attack and lastly time complexity to demonstrate its immunity to the various attacks,and its realworld application.In this paper,our proposed image cipher exhibits an encryption speed of 0.1797 s,which is far better than many of the existing encryption ciphers.

Fabrication of Amorphous Silver Nanowires by Helium Ion Beam Irradiation

Amorphous silver nanowires （a-Ag NWs） are fabricated from crystalline Ag NWs by using 5 MeV helium （He＋） ion beam irradiation. At low dose （5 × 1015 ion/cm2）, few defects are created in Ag NWs. As dose increases, more damage to the crystalline structure of Ag NWs is observed. Finally at high dose （8 × 1016 ion/cm2）, the face-centered cubic structure of Ag NWs is transformed into the amorphous structure with similar morphology as Ag NWs. Phase transformation of crystalline Ag NWs upon irradiation with 5 MeV He＋ ions is observed through high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Synthesis of large scale amorphous metal nanowires and metal nanowire alloy systems are discussed.

Manufacturing of high-performance light-weight mortar through addition of biochars of millet and maize

Agricultural wastes are environmental hazards,as these wastes can catch fire,resulting in the loss of human and animal lives and properties.Alternatively,the wastes are dumped in large spaces,which are already limited.Cementitious composites are quasi-brittle and develop cracks at the micro and nano level,which affect their strength,durability,and esthetics.Transforming agricultural wastes to biochar and using it as fibers in cementitious materials for crack arresting and enhancing fracture toughness is an environment-friendly approach.In this research,nano to microscale carbonaceous inert fibers(biochar)of millet and maize were prepared through pyrolysis followed by ball milling.The X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)revealed that 82.08%and 86.89%of the carbon content was retained in millet and maize,respectively.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)confirmed the presence of angular,flaky,and needle-like particles in the carbonaceous inerts,which may enhance the strength and the fracture response of the cementitious materials.These inerts were added individually to mortar specimens at dosage levels of 0,0.025%,0.05%,0.08%,0.2%and 1%by mass of cement.The dispersion of the synthesized nano inerts was ensured by UV–VIS spectroscopy.The compressive strength,flexural strength,porosity,and fracture toughness of cement mortar were evaluated.The carbonized nano intrusions reduced the porosity and density of the mortar specimens.The minimum porosity was noted with 1%and 0.08%dosages of millet and maize,respectively,whereas the minimum density was observed at 1%dosage for both.An increase in compressive and flexural strengths was also noticed.The compressive strength increased by 32%and 28%with 0.2%and 0.5%millet and maize,respectively.An increase of 168%and 114%in fracture toughness was noticed at optimized dosages of 0.5%and 1%of maize and millet,respectively.It is concluded that the addition of carbonaceous inert fibers of millet and maize resulted in light-weight porous mortars with enhanced strength and fracture toughness.The fracture toughness increases with dosage as the nanoparticles enhance the tortuosity.

Carbonized nano/microparticles for enhanced mechanical properties and electromagnetic interference shielding of cementitious materials

In the present work, carbon nano/microparticles obtained by controlled pyrolysis of peanut （PS） and hazelnut （HS） shells are presented. These materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and field emissionscanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM）. When added to cement paste, up to 1 wt%, these materials led to an increase of the cement matrix flexural strength and of toughness. Moreover, with respect to plain cement, the total increase in electromagnetic radiation shielding effect when adding 0.5 wt% of PS or HS in cement composites is much higher in comparison to the ones reported in the literature for CNTs used in the same content.

Energy-Efficient Scheduling for a Cognitive IoT-Based Early Warning System

Flash floods are deemed the most fatal and disastrous natural hazards globally due to their prompt onset that requires a short prime time for emergency response.Cognitive Internet of things(CIoT)technologies including inherent characteristics of cognitive radio(CR)are potential candidates to develop a monitoring and early warning system(MEWS)that helps in efficiently utilizing the short response time to save lives during flash floods.However,most CIoT devices are battery-limited and thus,it reduces the lifetime of the MEWS.To tackle these problems,we propose a CIoTbased MEWS to slash the fatalities of flash floods.To extend the lifetime of the MEWS by conserving the limited battery energy of CIoT sensors,we formulate a resource assignment problem for maximizing energy efficiency.To solve the problem,at first,we devise a polynomial-time heuristic energyefficient scheduler(EES-1).However,its performance can be unsatisfactory since it requires an exhaustive search to find local optimum values without consideration of the overall network energy efficiency.To enhance the energy efficiency of the proposed EES-1 scheme,we additionally formulate an optimization problem based on a maximum weight matching bipartite graph.Then,we additionally propose a Hungarian algorithm-based energy-efficient scheduler(EES-2),solvable in polynomial time.The simulation results show that the proposed EES-2 scheme achieves considerably high energy efficiency in the CIoT-based MEWS,leading to the extended lifetime of the MEWS without loss of throughput performance.

Optimizing Steering Angle Predictive Convolutional Neural Network for Autonomous Car

Deep learning techniques,particularly convolutional neural networks(CNNs),have exhibited remarkable performance in solving visionrelated problems,especially in unpredictable,dynamic,and challenging environments.In autonomous vehicles,imitation-learning-based steering angle prediction is viable due to the visual imagery comprehension of CNNs.In this regard,globally,researchers are currently focusing on the architectural design and optimization of the hyperparameters of CNNs to achieve the best results.Literature has proven the superiority of metaheuristic algorithms over the manual-tuning of CNNs.However,to the best of our knowledge,these techniques are yet to be applied to address the problem of imitationlearning-based steering angle prediction.Thus,in this study,we examine the application of the bat algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm for the optimization of the CNN model and its hyperparameters,which are employed to solve the steering angle prediction problem.To validate the performance of each hyperparameters’set and architectural parameters’set,we utilized the Udacity steering angle dataset and obtained the best results at the following hyperparameter set:optimizer,Adagrad;learning rate,0.0052;and nonlinear activation function,exponential linear unit.As per our findings,we determined that the deep learning models show better results but require more training epochs and time as compared to shallower ones.Results show the superiority of our approach in optimizing CNNs through metaheuristic algorithms as compared with the manual-tuning approach.Infield testing was also performed using the model trained with the optimal architecture,which we developed using our approach.

Temperature-controlled fabrication of hydrophilic manganese oxide microspheres as high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors

The supercapacitive properties of manganese oxides(MnO_(x))are strongly affected by their crystal structure.Nevertheless,the relationship between the crystal structure and supercapacitive performance of Mn O_(x)is elusive.Herein,a temperature-controlled fabrication method was developed to achieve MnO_(2),Mn_(3)O_(4),MnO and Mn_(2)O_(3)microspheres with various crystal structure as electrode materials tunable for supercapacitors.The detailed material and electrochemical characterizations revealed the structureactivity relationship of Mn O_(x)microspheres by systematically investigating the effect of valence state,specific surface area,conductivity and morphology on supercapacitive performance.Among these MnO_(x)materials,nanoneedle-like Mn O_(2)delivered a relatively high specific capacitance of 274.1 F/g at 1 A/g due to a high Mn valence state of+4,a large specific surface area of 113.4 m^(2)/g and a desirable electronic conductivity of 1.73×10^(-5)S/cm.Furthermore,MnO_(2)presented a remarkable cycle stability with 115%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles owing to the enhancement of wettability.This work not only provides a facile strategy to modulate MnO_(x)crystal structure,but also offers a deep understanding of structure-dependent supercapacitive performance of MnO_(x).

New soliton wave solutions of a(2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation

In this work,we studied a(2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation(SKE).This model depicts non-linear wave processes in shallow water,fluid dynamics,ion-acoustic waves in plasmas and other phe-nomena.A couple of well-established techniques,the Bäcklund transformation based on the modified Kudryashov method,and the Sardar-sub equation method are applied to obtain the soliton wave solution to the(2+1)-dimensional structure.To illustrate the behavior of the nonlinear model in an appealing fashion,a variety of travelling wave solutions are formed,such as contour,2D,and 3D plots.The pro-posed approaches are proved more convenient and dominant for getting analytical solutions and can also be implemented to a variety of physical models representing nonlinear wave phenomena.

On some new travelling wave structures to the(3+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli model

In this article,the(1/G')-expansion method,the Bernoulli sub-ordinary differential equation method and the modified Kudryashov method are implemented to construct a variety of novel analytical solutions to the(3+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli model representing the wave propagation through incompressible fluids.The linearization of the wave structure in shallow water necessitates more critical wave capacity conditions than it does in deep water,and the strong nonlinear properties are perceptible.Some novel travelling wave solutions have been observed including solitons,kink,periodic and rational solutions with the aid of the latest computing tools such as Mathematica or Maple.The physical and analytical properties of several families of closed-form solutions or exact solutions and rational form function solutions to the(3+1)-dimensional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli model problem are examined using Mathematica.

Elemental composition of rice using calibration free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

In this paper, we apply laser induce breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to determine the elemental composition of different parts(root, stem and seed) of the rice plant and determine their weighted concentration using calibration free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) technique. Ca, Fe and K are identified as major elements, while C, Ti, Mg, Si, Li, Ba, Sr, Cr, Na and Al as minor elements. We also detect the H-alpha line of hydrogen in the spectrum and determine the electron number density. The electron number density and its behavior as a function of laser energy, laser wavelength and the detector position are investigated. The plasma temperatures of samples are determined, and the validity of the assumption of the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) is discussed.

Investigation of soliton solutions with different wave structures to the(2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain equation

The principal objective of this article is to construct new and further exact soliton solutions of the(2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain equation which investigates the nonlinear dynamics of magnets and explains their ordering in ferromagnetic materials.These solutions are exerted via the new extended FAN sub-equation method.We successfully obtain dark,bright,combined bright-dark,combined dark-singular,periodic,periodic singular,and elliptic wave solutions to this equation which are interesting classes of nonlinear excitation presenting spin dynamics in classical and semi-classical continuum Heisenberg systems.3D figures are illustrated under an appropriate selection of parameters.The applied technique is suitable to be used in gaining the exact solutions of most nonlinear partial/fractional differential equations which appear in complex phenomena.

Dust-Lower-Hybrid Surface Waves in Classical and Degenerate Plasmas

The dispersion relation for general dust low frequency electrostatic surface waves propagating on an interface between a magnetized dusty plasma region and a vacuum is derived by using specular reflection boundary conditions both in classical and quantum regimes. The frequency limit ωωci ωce is considered and the dispersion relation for the Dust-Lower-Hybrid Surface Waves(DLHSW's) is derived for both classical and quantum plasma half-space and analyzed numerically. It is shown that the wave behavior changes as the quantum nature of the problem is considered.