Effect of endogenous hydrogen utilization on improved methane production in an integrated microbial electrolysis cell and anaerobic digestion： Employing catalyzed stainless steel mesh cathode

Improving the production of methane, while maintaining a significant level of process stability, is the main challenge in the anaerobic digestion process. Recently, microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) has become a promising method for CO_2 reduction produced during anaerobic digestion(AD) and leads to minimize the cost of biogas upgrading technology. In this study, the MEC-AD coupled reactor was used to generate and utilize the endogenous hydrogen by employing biocompatible electrodeposited cobalt-phosphate as catalysts to improve the performance of stainless steel mesh and carbon cloth electrodes. In addition, the modified version of ADM1 model(ADM1 da) was used to simulate the process. The result indicated that the MEC-AD coupled reactor can improve the CH_4 yield and production rate significantly. The CH_4 yield was enhanced with an average of 48% higher than the control. The CH_4 production rate was also increased 1.65 times due to the utilization of endogenous hydrogen.The specific yield, flow rate, content of CH_4, and p H value were the variables that the model was best at predicting(with indexes of agreement: 0.960/0.941, 0.682/0.696, 0.881/0.865, and 0.764/0.743) of the process with SSmeshes 80/SS-meshes 200, respectively. Employing the catalyzed SS mesh cathode, in the MEC-AD coupled reactor, could be an effective approach to generate and facilitate the utilization of endogenous hydrogen in anaerobic digestion of CH_4 production technology, which is a promising and feasible method to scale up to the industrial level.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Effect, and Essential Oil Extract from the Leaf of Artemisia afra against on Selected Pathogens

Background: Artemisia afra is an indigenous plant used in Africa. It is used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infections. As a result, developing innovative therapeutic methods using natural ingredients to combat pathogenic germs is critical. Methodology: Artemisia afra leaves were extracted using maceration extraction utilizing three solvents (petroleum ether, ethanol, and dichloromethane). Fresh leaves were extracted using hydrodistillation. The agar well diffusion method was used to test the crude extract and essential oil leaves of Artemisia afra against different human pathogenic bacteria strains (E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and K. pneumonia) at different concentrations in the presence of a positive (ciprofloxacin 5.0 μg) and negative (DMSO) control. Results: Artemisia afra revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, coumarins, phenolic quinones, cardiac glycosides, and steroids. It showed that the highest antibacterial activity given by the ethanol extract had highly inhibition zones against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil extract was effective against all tested bacteria. Conclusion: Plant crude extracts and essential oils may have antibacterial properties due to the synergistic activity of two or more active secondary metabolites.

Causative Constructions in Afaan Oromoo:Formal and semantic perspectives

The main objective of this study is to give descriptions of formal and functional aspects of causative constructions in Afaan Oromoo.To achieve the objective,written texts,native speaker informants and introspections are predominantly used as sources of data.The findings reveal that the three structural aspects of causatives-morphological,lexical and syntactic-are used in the language.Morphological causatives are highly productive,and affixes with-s and-i in several combinations as well as-eess are employed for such purposes.Causative Morphemes are detected to derive causatives of basic verb stems of different semantic categories and to involve causations in word-class changing.There are also simple and complex causations in which there are several causatives suffixes,causers and micro-events indicated morphologically and syntactically.Semantically,direct,indirect,and assistive/cooperative causatives are identified.Pseudo-causatives are uncovered as peculiar futures of the language too.There are,even,structures with explicit causative affixes which are called subjectless causatives,but they do not show any causal relations between the participants in the structure.

Survival and Its Predictors among Tuberculosis Patients on Treatment in Selected Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Although different strategies have been designed and implemented to combat it, it has continuously increased in the past five years, resulting in 10 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths. This study aims to estimate survival and predictors among tuberculosis patients on treatment in selected health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study employed a retrospective cohort design where data were collected by reviewing medical records of tuberculosis patients who were registered from May 2016 to May 2017 on treatment in 20 selected health centers in Addis Ababa. Independent predictors were identified, and the strength of association between dependent and independent predictors was determined using the Weibull regression model. Before computing Weibull regression analysis, Cox proportional assumption, model diagnosis, and fitness were checked. The hazard ratio was calculated to indicate the strength of association. Of 371 TB patients, about 136 (36.7%) died during the treatment period. Most TB deaths occurred during the intensive phase, and the overall estimated median survival time was 157 days. In the multivariable Weibull model, age (HR = 0.98), baseline weight (HR = 0.96, P = 0.03), tuberculosis treatment phase (continuation phase, HR = 0.48), and tuberculosis type (pulmonary negative TB, HR = 19.92) were found to be independent predictors of time to death of tuberculosis patients. Finally, the study concluded that the survival time to death of the patients is high. The health care providers should give special attention and follow up for pulmonary negative and underweight TB patients.

The Response of Consumer Food Price Index(CFPI)due to the Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 on Indian Agriculture Sector

India is an agricultural country and a core source of income for the world population.The Indian economy is greatly depending on agriculture that is decrease day by day due to pandemic COVID-19.India is a major exporter of many crop foods.India,Thailand,and Vietnam are the major exports of rice if these stopped exports it reduces the economy up to 15%.A related circumstance is built up with diverse yields too like wheat,sunflower whose fare has been stationary by Kazakhstan,Serbia individually.In India,the end of April is the main source of income to farmers because they sell their rabi crops(wheat,mustard,maize,lentil,chilies,gram,tomatoes)in the market drastically decreases of CFPI may lead to the distress of Indian agricultural economy.The change over time in the price of options on wheat futures reveals increased price volatility in response to growing uncertainty about the COVID-19 impacts.