性诱剂在稻纵卷叶螟测报和诱杀中的应用

为了明确性诱剂在稻纵卷叶螟测报和诱杀中的应用效果,我们比较了性诱剂诱集法和田间赶蛾法在测报上的应用效果,并分析了不同诱捕器对稻纵卷叶螟诱杀效果。结果表明,性诱剂诱集稻纵卷叶螟有明显的主峰,与田间赶蛾法的主峰较为一致,可用于种群变化趋势的监测。稻纵卷叶螟性诱剂水盆式诱捕器比黏板式诱捕器效果好,总诱蛾量高267.33%。

The wheat sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 is a determinant of grain number per spike

Some haplotypes of the sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 are associated with thousand-grain weight(TGW)in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,no mutations have been identified within the gene to test this association.The effects of TaSus1 on grain number per spike(GNS)also are largely unknown.Our previous genome-wide association study identified TaSus-A1 as a candidate gene controlling fertile spikelet number per spike(FSN).In the present study,we generated two independent mutants for the three TaSus1 homoeologs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing.The triple mutants displayed lower FSN,GNS,grain number per spikelet(GNST),and TGW than wild-type plants.In 306 hexaploid wheat accessions,two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TaSus-A1 contributed differently to GNS.Introgression of the two alleles into a wheat genetic background confirmed their effects.The alleles differed in geographical distribution among the accessions.

The Effect of Boron on the Properties of Glucomannan: An Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

The effect of boron on the properties of Konjac Glucomanan （KGM） has been investigated by the method of experiment and molecular dynamic simulation. Upon analysis, the property and structure of KGM are apt to be affected by boron and structural reasons for property change were discussed. In detail, the addition low concentration borax can increase the systematic inherent viscosity, by contrast, high concentration borax has opposite effect on the viscosity. When adding borax, the micropores on KGM film surface decrease or disappear, leading to more compact and uniform on the film surface. The structure of KGM-Boron complex is described as the coordination reaction between KGM and boron. The main reaction points are hydroxyl group on C（6） position of sugar as well as those on C（2） and C（3） positions of mannose with two kinds of complexes formation： B-K2 and KB-K. And KB-K mainly consists of g-b-m.

Researches on the Internal Molecular Weight Uniformity of Chitosan Biomaterials

Uniform molecular weight(Mw)chitosan(CS)is highly demanded in medical biomaterial industry.This present article described heterogeneous degradation of CS in aqueous HCl/ethanol solution,in which progress uniform Mw CS was successfully prepared.The Mw distribution of CS was measured by gel permeation chromatography(GPC)analysis.Moreover,the structure and properties of degraded CS were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(^1H NMR),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and thermogravimetric(TG)analysis.In addition,the biocompatibility of degraded CS was also assessed by hemolysis rate(HR)measurement.The Mw of CS dramatically decreased from 246 KDa to 76 k Da at the initial 30 min,and stabilized at 18 kDa after 24 h.GPC analysis results showed that the degraded CS molecular become homogenization.FT-IR and 1 H NMR analysis confirmed the basic structure of CS molecular backbone was not destroyed during this progress.Besides,the water solubility of CS was not significantly influenced by this reaction.Moreover,the XRD analysis revealed that crystallinity of degraded CS increased from 70.32% to 99.25%with time.The TG analysis showed improved thermal stability of degraded CS.HR measurement demonstrated the degraded CS possessed excellent biocompatibility.This simple and efficient heterogeneous degradation would open up a new route to produce uniform Mw CS.

The molecular regulatory effect of intracerebroventricular thymulin on endotoxin-mediated NF-<i>k</i>B nuclear translocation and activation <i>in vivo</i>

The nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) is one member of a ubiquitously expressed family of Rel-related transcription factors that serve as critical regulators of proinflammatory genes. The immunomodulatory potential of thymulin and its effect on NF-kB in vivo, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS), is not well characterized. In this study, the role of endotoxin (ET) in regulating NF-kB was unraveled in various compartments of the CNS. Stereotaxic localization reverberated specific intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ET into the CNS, with or without pretreatment with ICV thymulin. Treatment with ET upregulated the expression and nuclear trans-localization of NF-kB1 (p50), NF-kB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB (p68) and c-Rel (p75) in the hippocampus (HC), an effect abrogated by ICV pretreatment with thymulin. Thymulin modulated the phosphorylation of IkB-a in the HC by upregulating the cytosolic accumulation of IkB-a and downregulating its phosphorylation (pIkB-a). Further analysis of the DNA-binding activity revealed an upregulated activity in the HC relative to saline-constitutive expression of the RelA (p65) subunit. ET did not induce the DNA-binding activity of NF-kB in the diencephalon (DE) or substantia nigra (SN) at various time points, when compared with baseline levels of expression. Intraperitoneal (IP) injections of ET in vivo upregulated the expression of NF-kB subunits in the liver and reduced the cytosolic accumulation of IkB-a by inducing pIkB-a. Furthermore, IP pretreatment with thymulin followed by ICV

Crosslink between mutations in mitochondrial genes and brain disorders:implications for mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic interventions

At the present,association of mitochondrial dysfunction and progression of neurological disorders has gained significant attention.Defects in mitochondrial network dynamics,point mutations,deletions,and interaction of pathogenomic proteins with mitochondria are some of the possible underlying mechanisms involved in these neurological disorders.Mitochondrial genetics,defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation machinery,and reactive oxygen species production might share common crosstalk in the progression of these neurological disorders.It is of significant interests to explore and develop therapeutic strategies aimed at correcting mitochondrial abnormalities.This review provided insights on mitochondrial dysfunction/mutations involved in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease,Huntington’s disease,and epilepsy with a special focus on Parkinson’s disease pathology.Along with the deleterious effects of mitochondrial mutations in aforesaid neurological disorders,this paper unraveled the available therapeutic strategy,specifically aiming to improve mitochondrial dysfunction,drugs targeting mitochondrial proteins,gene therapies aimed at correcting mutant mtDNA,peptide-based approaches,and lipophilic cations.

Targeted approaches to improve tomato fruit taste

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is the most valuable fruit and horticultural crop species worldwide.Compared with the fruits of their progenitors,those of modern tomato cultivars are,however,often described as having unsatisfactory taste or lacking f lavor.The f lavor of a tomato fruit arises from a complex mix of tastes and volatile metabolites,including sugars,acids,amino acids,and various volatiles.However,considerable differences in fruit f lavor occur among tomato varieties,resulting in mixed consumer experiences.While tomato breeding has traditionally been driven by the desire for continual increases in yield and the introduction of traits that provide a long shelf-life,consumers are prepared to pay a reasonable premium for taste.Therefore,it is necessary to characterize preferences of tomato f lavor and to define its underlying genetic basis.Here,we review recent conceptual and technological advances that have rendered this more feasible,including multi-omics-based QTL and association analyses,along with the use of trained testing panels,and machine learning approaches.This review proposes how the comprehensive datasets compiled to date could allow a precise rational design of tomato germplasm resources with improved organoleptic quality for the future.

Implications of Olig2 silencing in oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Oligodendrocytes(OLs)are the only myelinforming cells in the central nervous system.Their differentiation from OL precursor cells(OPCs)occurs throughout life and is mediated by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors.OL transcription factor 2(Olig2),a basic helix-loophelix transcription factor,is one of the intrinsic factors that specify the OL lineage.It is expressed by both OPCs and OLs,and no variant of Olig2 has yet been identified in rodents.Although the function of Olig2 in OL maturation and myelination is still under debate.

Developmental exposure to thyroid disruptors:misprogramming of the brain's stem cells in later life?

Introduction:Ever since the discovery of neural stem cells(NSCs)in the adult mammalian brain,scientists have been trying to decipher which signals govern their turnover and lineage commitment to generate neurons and glia.Understanding their role in nervous tissue homeostasis can provide new insights into the etiology of several neurological disorders,and might one day be turned to our advantage to promote endogenous brain injury repair.Others and we have identified thyroid hormone(TH)as a key factor transcriptionally regulating NSC behavior in the largest niche of the adult mammalian brain:the subventricular zone(SVZ).

Functional recovery and muscle atrophy in pre-clinical models of peripheral nerve transection and gap-grafting in mice:effects of 4-aminopyridine

We recently demonstrated a repurposing beneficial effect of 4-aminopyridine(4-AP),a potassium channel blocker,on functional recove ry and muscle atrophy after sciatic nerve crush injury in rodents.However,this effect of 4-AP is unknown in nerve transection,gap,and grafting models.To evaluate and compare the functional recovery,nerve morphology,and muscle atrophy,we used a novel stepwise nerve transection with gluing(STG),as well as 7-mm irreparable nerve gap(G-7/0)and 7-mm isografting in 5-mm gap(G-5/7)models in the absence and presence of 4-AP treatment.Following surgery,sciatic functional index was determined wee kly to evaluate the direct in vivo global motor functional recovery.After 12 weeks,nerves were processed for whole-mount immunofluorescence imaging,and tibialis anterior muscles were harvested for wet weight and quantitative histomorphological analyses for muscle fiber crosssectional area and minimal Feret's diameter.Average post-injury sciatic functional index values in STG and G-5/7 models were significantly greater than those in the G-7/0 model.4-AP did not affect the sciatic functional index recovery in any model.Compared to STG,nerve imaging revealed more misdirected axons and distorted nerve architecture with isografting.While muscle weight,cross-sectional area,and minimal Feret's diameter were significantly smaller in G-7/0 model compared with STG and G-5/7,4-AP treatment significantly increased right TA muscle mass,cross-sectional area,and minimal Feret's diameter in G-7/0 model.These findings demonstrate that functional recovery and muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury are directly related to the intervening nerve gap,and 4-AP exerts diffe rential effects on functional recove ry and muscle atrophy.

Pathology-induced NG2 proteoglycan expression in microglia

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs)and microglia are two very fascinating cell types with a multitude of important but different functions.At a first glance,they appear not to share many cellular properties,nor are directly related to one another or derived from a common ancestor.Despite all differences,emerging data show that both cell types express the protein nerve/glial antigen 2(NG2)after pathological insults(Figure 1).For years,it remained controversial whether microglia really could express NG2 upon injury,with contradictory results reported among different disease models.Addressing this question,we could recently show by using triple transgenic knock-in mice and either an acute injury model(stab wound injury)or the middle cerebral artery occlusion combined with immunohistochemistry that a subset of microglia activates the cspg4 gene in a disease dependent manner leading to a bonafide microglia-specific NG2 protein expression besides OPCs and pericytes.Our data show that the cspg4 gene not only gets transcribed in microglia based on reporter expression after recombination,but also the protein itself is expressed(Huang et al.,2020).

Nuclear PLD1 combined with NPM1 induces gemcitabine resistance through tumorigenic IL7R in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Objective:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a highly malignant gastrointestinal cancer with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%.Of PDAC patients,15%-20%are eligible for radical surgery.Gemcitabine is an important chemotherapeutic agent for patients with PDAC;however,the efficacy of gemcitabine is limited due to resistance.Therefore,reducing gemcitabine resistance is essential for improving survival of patients with PDAC.Identifying the key target that determines gemcitabine resistance in PDAC and reversing gemcitabine resistance using target inhibitors in combination with gemcitabine are crucial steps in the quest to improve survival prognosis in patients with PDAC.Methods:We constructed a human genome-wide CRISPRa/dCas 9 overexpression library in PDAC cell lines to screen key targets of drug resistance based on sgRNA abundance and enrichment.Then,co-IP,ChIP,ChIP-seq,transcriptome sequencing,and qPCR were used to determine the specific mechanism by which phospholipase D1(PLD1)confers resistance to gemcitabine.Results:PLD1 combines with nucleophosmin 1(NPM1)and triggers NPM1 nuclear translocation,where NPM1 acts as a transcription factor to upregulate interleukin 7 receptor(IL7R)expression.Upon interleukin 7(IL-7)binding,IL7R activates the JAK1/STAT5 signaling pathway to increase the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein,BCL-2,and induce gemcitabine resistance.The PLD1 inhibitor,Vu0155069,targets PLD1 to induce apoptosis in gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells.Conclusions:PLD1 is an enzyme that has a critical role in PDAC-associated gemcitabine resistance through a non-enzymatic interaction with NPM1,further promoting the downstream JAK1/STAT5/Bcl-2 pathway.Inhibiting any of the participants of this pathway can increase gemcitabine sensitivity.

Use of a rat model to characterize 35 arterial pulse wave parameters in a comparative study of isoflurane and Zoletil/ xylazine anesthesia and the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus extract

Background : Information obtained from arterial pulse waveforms (APW) can be usefulfor characterizing the cardiovascular system. To achieve this, it is necessary to know thedetailed characteristics of APWs in different states of an organism, which would allowAPW parameters (APW- Ps) to be assigned to particular (patho)physiological conditions.Therefore, our work aimed to characterize 35 APW- Ps in rats under the influence ofisoflurane (ISO) and Zoletil/xylazine (ZO/XY) anesthesia and to study the effect of rootextract from Acanthopanax senticosus (ASRE) in these anesthetic conditions.Methods : The right jugular vein of anesthetized rats was cannulated for the administrationof ASRE and the left carotid artery for the detection of APWs from which 35APW- Ps were evaluated.Results : We obtained data on 35 APW- Ps, which significantly depended on the anesthesia,and thus, they characterized the cardiovascular system under these two conditions.ASRE transiently modulated all 35 APW- Ps, including a transient decrease insystolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate or increases in pulse BP, d P /d t max , and systolic and diastolic areas. Whereas the transient effects of ASRE weresimilar, the extract had prolonged disturbing effects on the cardiovascular system inrats under ZO/XY but not under ISO anesthesia. This negative effect can result fromthe disturbance caused by ZO/XY anesthesia on the cardiovascular system.Conclusions : We characterized 35 APW- Ps of rats under ISO and ZO/XY anesthesiaand found that ASRE contains compounds that can modulate the properties of thecardiovascular system, which significantly depended on the status of the cardiovascularsystem. This should be considered when using ASRE as a nutritional supplementby individuals with cardiovascular problems.

TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 2 regulates grain size in rice

Grain size,characterized by a combination of grain length,width,and thickness,is one of the major determinants of yield in rice.The present study identified TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 2(TAF2)as an essential component regulating transcription and determining grain size in rice.Map-based cloning showed that a G/T substitution in TAF2 resulted in a naturally occurring mutant called reduced grain size and plant height 1(rgh1).The mutants,with weak edited rgh1 alleles,exhibited a small grain phenotype with reduced grain length and width,while the severe knockout mutant(rgh1-2s)was dwarf and completely sterile.Allelic test performed between rgh1 and several edited alleles confirmed that the mutation in TAF2 caused the rgh1 phenotype.GUS staining showed that TAF2 was mainly expressed in the vascular bundles of roots,stems,leaves,and grains.The cytological analysis revealed that reduced cell division in the glumes resulted in the small grain phenotype of rgh1.Further RNA-sequencing detected altered expression of genes involved in the basic biological processes in rgh1 mutant.These findings provide novel insights into the TAF2-mediated genetic mechanism regulating grain size in rice.

Lipolysis supports bone formation by providing osteoblasts with endogenous fatty acid substrates to maintain bioenergetic status

Bone formation is a highly energy-demanding process that can be impacted by metabolic disorders.Glucose has been considered the principal substrate for osteoblasts,although fatty acids are also important for osteoblast function.Here,we report that osteoblasts can derive energy from endogenous fatty acids stored in lipid droplets via lipolysis and that this process is critical for bone formation.As such,we demonstrate that osteoblasts accumulate lipid droplets that are highly dynamic and provide the molecular mechanism by which they serve as a fuel source for energy generation during osteoblast maturation.Inhibiting cytoplasmic lipolysis leads to both an increase in lipid droplet size in osteoblasts and an impairment in osteoblast function.The fatty acids released by lipolysis from these lipid droplets become critical for cellular energy production as cellular energetics shifts towards oxidative phosphorylation during nutrient-depleted conditions.In vivo,conditional deletion of the ATGL-encoding gene Pnpla2 in osteoblast progenitor cells reduces cortical and trabecular bone parameters and alters skeletal lipid metabolism.Collectively,our data demonstrate that osteoblasts store fatty acids in the form of lipid droplets,which are released via lipolysis to support cellular bioenergetic status when nutrients are limited.Perturbations in this process result in impairment of bone formation,specifically reducing ATP production and overall osteoblast function.

Characterization of PetM cytochrome b6f subunit 7 domain-containing protein in tomato

In recent years,multiple advances have been made in understanding the photosynthetic machinery in model organisms.Knowledge transfer to horticultural important fruit crops is challenging and time-consuming due to restrictions in gene editing tools and prolonged life cycles.Here,we characterize a gene encoding a PetM domain-containing protein in tomato.The CRISPR/Cas9 knockout lines of the PetM showed impairment in the chloroplastic electron transport rate(ETR),reduced CO_(2) assimilation,and reduction of carotenoids and chlorophylls(Chl)under several light conditions.Further,growth-condition-dependent elevation or repression of Chl a/b ratios and de-epoxidation states were identified,underlining possible impairment compensation mechanisms.However,under low light and glasshouse conditions,there were basal levels in CO_(2) assimilation and ETR,indicating a potential role of the PetM domain in stabilizing the cytochrome b6f complex(Cb6f)under higher light irradiance and increasing its quantum efficiency.This suggests a potential evolutionary role in which this domain might stabilize the site of the Cb6f regulating ratios of cyclic and linear electron transport and its potential importance during the conquest of terrestrial ecosystems during which plants were exposed to higher irradiance.Finally,the results are discussed with regard to metabolism and their implication to photosynthesis from an agronomic perspective.

Cucumber malate decarboxylase,CsNADP-ME2,functions in the balance of carbon and amino acid metabolism in fruit

Central metabolism produces carbohydrates and amino acids that are tightly correlated to plant growth and thereby crop productivity.Malate is reported to link mitochondrial respiratory metabolism with cytosolic biosynthetic pathways.Although the function of malate metabolism-related enzymes in providing carbon has been characterized in some plants,evidence for this role in the fleshy fruit of cucumber is lacking.Here,radiolabeled bicarbonate fed into the xylem stream from the cucumber roots was incorporated into amino acids,soluble sugars,and organic acids in the exocarp and vasculature of fruits.The activities of decarboxylases,especially decarboxylation from NADP-dependent malic enzyme(NADP-ME),were higher in cucumber fruit than in the leaf lamina.Histochemical localization revealed that CsNADP-ME2 was mainly located in the exocarp and vascular bundle system of fruit.Radiotracer and gas-exchange analysis indicated that overexpression of CsNADP-ME2 could promote carbon flux into soluble sugars and starch in fruits.Further studies combined with metabolic profiling revealed that the downregulation of CsNADP-ME2 in RNA interference(RNAi)lines caused the accumulation of its substrate,malate,in the exocarp.In addition to inhibition of glycolysis-related gene expression and reduction of the activities of the corresponding enzymes,increased amino acid synthesis and decreased sugar abundance were also observed in these lines.The opposite effect was found in CsNADP-ME2-overexpressing lines,suggesting that there may be a continuous bottom-up feedback regulation of glycolysis in cucumber fruits.Overall,our studies indicate that CsNADP-ME2 may play potential roles in both central carbon reactions and amino acid metabolism in cucumber fruits.

Overview of microbes in hypertension

High blood pressure(BP),known as hypertension,is a major contributing factor to the development of cardiovascular disease.The development and pathogenesis of hypertension involve a wide array of factors including genetics,environment,hormones,hemodynamics,and inflammation.There is a significantly positive association between higher levels of colonization by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans,Porphyromonas gingivalis,Tannerella forsythia,and Treponema denticola(etiologic bacterial burden)below the gum line,and the presence of hypertension.The use of antibiotics during pregnancy,which is likely indicative of bacterial infections severe enough to require antibiotic treatment,is associated with a slight increase in average arterial BP.Cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for heightened arterial BP and acts as a co-factor in the development of aortic atherosclerosis.The relationship between hypertension and coronavirus disease 2019 involves endothelial dysfunction and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system.The effects of gut microbiota on BP,whether beneficial or harmful,are influenced by multiple factors including genetics,epigenetics,lifestyle choices,and antibiotic usage.These variables collectively contribute to overall BP levels and the control of hypertension.Several reports have examined the BP levels of patients infected with the Zika virus.In regions with a high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma,hypertension has been linked to a higher risk of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation.Also,a potential causal link has been found between malaria and elevated BP.Also,the elevated prevalence of hypertension among dengue patients during their initial visit suggests that relying solely on BP measurements to predict severe infection may not be clinically reliable.

Promoter replacement of ANT1 induces anthocyanin accumulation and triggers the shade avoidance response through developmental, physiological and metabolic reprogramming in tomato

The accumulation of anthocyanins is a well-known response to abiotic stresses in many plant species.However,the effects of anthocyanin accumulation on light absorbance and photosynthesis are unknown.Here,we addressed this question using a promoter replacement line of tomato constitutively expressing a MYB transcription factor(ANTHOCYANIN1,ANT1)that leads to anthocyanin accumulation.ANT1-overexpressing plants displayed traits associated with shade avoidance response:thinner leaves,lower seed germination rate,suppressed side branching,increased chlorophyll concentration,and lower photosynthesis rates than the wild type.Anthocyanin-rich leaves exhibited higher absorbance of light in the blue and red ends of the spectrum,while higher anthocyanin content in leaves provided photoprotection to high irradiance.Analyses of gene expression and primary metabolites content showed that anthocyanin accumulation produces a reconfiguration of transcriptional and metabolic networks that is consistent with,but not identical to those described for the shade avoidance response.Our results provide novel insights about howanthocyanins accumulation affects the trade-off between photoprotection and growth.

Plant regeneration in the new era:from molecular mechanisms to biotechnology applications

Plants or tissues can be regenerated through various pathways.Like animal regeneration,cell totipotency and pluripotency are the molecular basis of plant regeneration.Detailed systematic studies on Arabidopsis thaliana gradually unravel the fundamental mechanisms and principles underlying plant regeneration.Specifically,plant hormones,cell division,epigenetic remodeling,and transcription factors play crucial roles in reprogramming somatic cells and reestablishing meristematic cells.Recent research on basal non-vascular plants and monocot crops has revealed that plant regeneration differs among species,with various plant species using distinct mechanisms and displaying significant differences in regenerative capacity.Conducting multi-omics studies at the single-cell level,tracking plant regeneration processes in real-time,and deciphering the natural variation in regenerative capacity will ultimately help understand the essence of plant regeneration,improve crop regeneration efficiency,and contribute to future crop design.