Pruritis with abnormal liver function tests is the classical presentation of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy(ICP),a condition associated with significant fetal complications.Although the etiology of ICP is uncle...Pruritis with abnormal liver function tests is the classical presentation of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy(ICP),a condition associated with significant fetal complications.Although the etiology of ICP is unclear in many cases,certain features of the clinical presentation should alert the practitioner to the possibility of an underlying metabolic defect, which may not only affect subsequent pregnancies, but may be an indicator of more serious subsequent liver disease.We report a kindred of Anglo-Celtic descent,among whom many members present with ICP,gallstones or cholestasis related to use of oral contraception.Genetic studies revealed a novel mutation in the ABCB4 gene,which codes for a phospholipid transport protein.The clinical significance of this mutation and the importance of identifying such patients are discussed.展开更多
AIM:To investigate trefoil factor(TFF) gene copy number,mRNA and protein expression as potential biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma(CCA).METHODS:TFF mRNA levels,gene copy number and protein expression were determined re...AIM:To investigate trefoil factor(TFF) gene copy number,mRNA and protein expression as potential biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma(CCA).METHODS:TFF mRNA levels,gene copy number and protein expression were determined respectively by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(PCR),quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in bile duct epithelium biopsies collected from individuals with CCA,precancerous bile duct dysplasia and from disease-free controls.The functional impact of recombinant human(rh) TFF2 peptide treatment on proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) /mitogenactivated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling was assessed in the CCA cell line,KMBC,by viable cell counting and immunoblotting,respectively.RESULTS:TFF1,TFF2 and TFF3 mRNA expression was significantly increased in CCA tissue compared to disease-free controls,and was unrelated to gene copy number.TFF1 immunoreactivity was strongly increased in both dysplasia and CCA,whereas TFF2 immunoreactivity was increased only in CCA compared to diseasefree controls.By contrast,TFF3 immunoreactivity was moderately decreased in dysplasia and further decreased in CCA.Kaplan-Meier analysis found no association of TFF mRNA,protein and copy number with age,gender,histological subtype,and patient survival time.Treatment of KMBC cells with rhTFF2 stimulated proliferation,triggered phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream extracellular signal related kinase(ERK),whereas co-incubation with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor,PD153035,blocked rhTFF2-dependent proliferation and EGFR/ERK responses.CONCLUSION:TFF mRNA/protein expression is indicative of CCA tumor progression,but not predictive for histological sub-type or survival time.TFF2 is mitogenic in CCA via EGFR/MAPK activation.展开更多
Almost half of infertility cases involve male infertility.Understanding the consequence of a diagnosis of male infertility,as a sole or partial contributor to the couples'infertility,to the mental health of men is...Almost half of infertility cases involve male infertility.Understanding the consequence of a diagnosis of male infertility,as a sole or partial contributor to the couples'infertility,to the mental health of men is required to ensure clinical care meets their psychological needs.The aim of this systematic analysis was to synthesize the evidence regarding whether men diagnosed with male factor infertility experience greater psychological distress than(1)men described as fertile and(2)men in couples with other infertility diagnoses.Online databases were searched using a combination of Medical Subject Headings(MeSH)headings and keywords relating to male infertility and psychological distress.The search yielded 1016 unique publications,of which 23 were included:8 case-control,14 prospective cohort,and 1 data linkage studies.Seven aspects of psychological distress were identified depression,anxiety,self-esteem,quality of life,fertility-related stress,general psychological stress or well-being,and psychiatric conditions.Case-control studies reported that men with male factor infertility have more symptoms of depression,anxiety and general psychological distress,worse quality of some aspects of life,and lower self-esteem than controls.When men with male factor infertility were compared to men in couples with other causes of infertility,there were few differences in the assessed aspects of psychological distress.Despite methodological limitations within the studies,this systematic analysis suggests that the experience of infertility,irrespective of its cause,negatively affects men's mental health and demonstrates the need for assisted reproduction technology(ART)providers to consider men undergoing assisted reproduction as individuals with their own unique support needs.展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of heat stress(HS)and dietary nano chromium picolinate(nCrPic)on metabolic responses of sheep to an intravenous glucose tolerance test(IVGTT),an intravenous insulin tolerance test(ITT)...This study evaluated the effects of heat stress(HS)and dietary nano chromium picolinate(nCrPic)on metabolic responses of sheep to an intravenous glucose tolerance test(IVGTT),an intravenous insulin tolerance test(ITT)and an intramuscular adrenocorticotropin hormone(ACTH)challenge in sheep.Thirty-six sheep housed in metabolic cages were randomly allocated within 3 dietary groups(0,400 and 800 mg/kg supplemental nCrPic)to either thermoneutral(22℃)or cyclic HS(22 to 40℃)conditions for 3 wk.Basal plasma glucose tended to be increased during HS(P=0.052)and decreased by dietary nCrPic(P=0.013)while plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were decreased(P=0.010)by HS.Di-etary nCrPic reduced the plasma glucose area under the curve(P=0.012)while there were no significant effects of HS on plasma glucose area under the curve in response to the IVGTT.The plasma insulin response over the first 60 min after the IVGTT was decreased by HS(P=0.013)and dietary nCrPic(P=0.022)with the effects being additive.In response to the ITT plasma glucose reached a nadir sooner(P=0.005)in sheep exposed to HS,although there was no effect on the depth of the nadir.Dietary nCrPic decreased(P=0.007)the plasma glucose nadir after ITT.Over the duration of the ITT plasma insulin concentrations were lower in sheep exposed to HS(P=0.013)whereas there was no significant effect of supplemental nCrPic.There was no effect of either HS or nCrPic on cortisol response to ACTH.Dietary nCrPic supple-mentation decreased(P=0.013)mitogen-activated protein kinase-8(JNK)and increased(P=0.050)carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B(CPT1B)mRNA expression in skeletal muscle.Results of this experiment demonstrated that animals under HS and supplemented with nCrPic had greater insulin sensitivity.展开更多
Background Children with rare diseases experience challenges at home and school and frequently require multi-disciplinary healthcare.We aimed to determine health service utilization by Australian children with rare di...Background Children with rare diseases experience challenges at home and school and frequently require multi-disciplinary healthcare.We aimed to determine health service utilization by Australian children with rare diseases and barriers to access-ing healthcare.Methods Parents completed an online survey on health professional and emergency department(ED)presentations,hospi-talization,and barriers to accessing services.Potential barriers to service access included residential location(city,regional,remote)and child health-related functioning,determined using a validated,parent-completed measure-of-function tool.Results Parents of 462 children with over 240 rare diseases completed the survey.Compared with the general population,these children were more likely to be hospitalized[odds ratio(OR)=17.25,95%confidence interval(CI)=15.50-19.20]and present to the ED(OR=4.15,95%CI=3.68-4.68)or a family physician(OR=4.14,95%CI=3.72-4.60).Child functional impairment was nil/mild(31%),moderate(48%)or severe(22%).Compared to children with nil/mild impair-ment,those with severe impairment were more likely to be hospitalized(OR=13.39,95%CI=7.65-23.44)and present to the ED(OR=11.16,95%CI=6.46-19.27).Most children(75%)lived in major cities,but children from regional(OR=2.78,95%CI=1.72-4.55)and remote areas(OR=9.09,95%CI=3.03-25.00)experienced significantly more barriers to healthcare access than children from major cities.Barriers included distance to travel,out-of-pocket costs,and lack of specialist medical and other health services.Conclusions Children with rare diseases,especially those with severe functional impairment have an enormous impact on health services,and better integrated multidisciplinary services with patient-centered care are needed.Access must be improved for children living in rural and remote settings.展开更多
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of nano chromium picolinate(nCrPic)during heat stress(HS)in sheep.In the initial study,36 Merino×Poll cross-bred sheep were individually penned and allocated to 3...Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of nano chromium picolinate(nCrPic)during heat stress(HS)in sheep.In the initial study,36 Merino×Poll cross-bred sheep were individually penned and allocated to 3 dietary treatments(0,400 and 800μg/kg nCrPic)for 8 wk.Body composition was determined at the beginning and end of the experiment using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.The sheep remained in their dietary groups but were then placed in metabolic cages and randomly allocated within the dietary group to differing ambient temperature regimes,i.e.,thermo-neutral(TN)(n=18)and HS(n=18),for 3 wk.Dietary nCrPic had no effect on growth performance and body composition during the initial study conducted under TN conditions.Heat stress decreased average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P=0.002)whereas sheep under HS had reduced average daily gain(ADG)and indeed lost weight(P<0.001).Dietary nCrPic increased both ADFI(P=0.041)and ADG(P=0.049)under both TH and HS conditions such that the performance of sheep receiving supplemental nCrPic and exposed to HS was similar to that of control sheep maintained under TN conditions.Heat stress increased rectal temperature(P<0.001)and respiration rate(P<0.001),particularly during the hottest parts of the day as indicated by interactions(P<0.001)between time of day and thermal treatment.Rectal temperature was lower in sheep fed nCrPic(P=0.050),particularly under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and time of day(P<0.001)and dietary nCrPic,thermal treat-ment and time of day(P=0.010).Similarly,respiration rate was lower in sheep fed nCrPic under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and thermal treatment(P<0.001)and dietary nCrPic and time of day(P=0.030).In conclusion,dietary nCrPic can partially ameliorate the negative effects of HS as indicated by the maintenance of ADFI and decreased physiological responses,such as elevations in rectal temperature and respiration rate.展开更多
Pathogenic variants in methyl-Cp G protein 2(MECP2;OMIM300005)result in an X-linked,severe,and progressive epigenetic disorder,Rett syndrome(RTT,OMIM:312750),that predominantly affects females(Rett,1966).Using Neul’s...Pathogenic variants in methyl-Cp G protein 2(MECP2;OMIM300005)result in an X-linked,severe,and progressive epigenetic disorder,Rett syndrome(RTT,OMIM:312750),that predominantly affects females(Rett,1966).Using Neul’s revised diagnostic criteria,affected individuals can be clinically classified as classic or atypical RTT(Neul et al.,2010).展开更多
In some disease systems,the process of waning immunity can be subtle,involving a complex relationship between the duration of immunitydacquired either through natural infection or vaccinationdand subsequent boosting o...In some disease systems,the process of waning immunity can be subtle,involving a complex relationship between the duration of immunitydacquired either through natural infection or vaccinationdand subsequent boosting of immunity through asymptomatic reexposure.We present and analyse a model of infectious disease transmission where primary and secondary infections are distinguished to examine the interplay between infection and immunity.Additionally we allow the duration of infection-acquired immunity to differ from that of vaccine-acquired immunity to explore the impact on long-term disease patterns and prevalence of infection in the presence of immune boosting.Our model demonstrates that vaccination may induce cyclic behaviour,and the ability of vaccinations to reduce primary infections may not lead to decreased transmission.Where the boosting of vaccine-acquired immunity delays a primary infection,the driver of transmission largely remains primary infections.In contrast,if the immune boosting bypasses a primary infection,secondary infections become the main driver of transmission under a sufficiently long duration of immunity.Our results show that the epidemiological patterns of an infectious disease may change considerably when the duration of vaccine-acquired immunity differs from that of infection-acquired immunity.Our study highlights that for any particular disease and associated vaccine,a detailed understanding of the waning and boosting of immunity and how the duration of protection is influenced by infection prevalence are important as we seek to optimise vaccination strategies.展开更多
Objective Previous outcome reports of congenital diaphragmatic hernia(CDH)have described neuroimaging anomalies and neurodevelopmental impairment.However,the link between imaging and outcome has not been described.We ...Objective Previous outcome reports of congenital diaphragmatic hernia(CDH)have described neuroimaging anomalies and neurodevelopmental impairment.However,the link between imaging and outcome has not been described.We aimed to determine whether routine postoperative neonatal neuroimaging in infants with CDH detects later neurodevelopmental impairment.Methods In a prospective cohort study within a clinical service in The Royal Children’s Hospital Newborn Intensive Care.Cerebral ultrasound was performed in 81 children and MRI in 57 children who subsequently underwent neurodevelopmental follow-up after surgery for CDH.MRI scans were analyzed using a scoring system designed to identify injury,maturation and volume loss.Neurodevelopmental assessment occurred at 2 years(48)and neurocognitive assessment at 5 years(26)and/or 8 years(27).Brain imaging scores corrected for gestational age at scan time were correlated with outcome measures,adjusting for known clinical confounders.results Clinically significant findings were identified on MRI of 16(28%)infants.Mean scores were in the normal range for all domains assessed at each age.Language impairment was seen in 23%at 2 years and verbal intellectual impairment in 25%at 8 years.Mean cognitive scores were lower in 2-year-old children with white matter injury on MRI(p=0.03).Mean motor scores were lower in 2-year-old children with brain immaturity(p=0.01).Associations between MRI and 5-year and 8-year assessments were no longer significant when adjusting for known clinical confounders.Conclusions Neuroimaging abnormalities were associated with worse neurodevelopment at 2 years,but not with later neurocognitive outcomes,after accounting for clinical risk factors.展开更多
Maternal urogenital human papillomavirus(HPV)infection may place neonates at risk of HPV acquisition and subsequently lower respiratory infections as HPV can influence development of immunity.The respiratory HPV preva...Maternal urogenital human papillomavirus(HPV)infection may place neonates at risk of HPV acquisition and subsequently lower respiratory infections as HPV can influence development of immunity.The respiratory HPV prevalence is not known in remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants,who are at high risk of respiratory infection and where the population prevalence of urogenital HPV in women is high.These data are necessary to inform HPV vaccination regimens.A retrospective analysis using PCR specific for HPV was performed on 64 stored nasopharyngeal swabs from remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants<6 months of age,with and without hospitalised pneumonia.HPV DNA was not detected in any specimen.Despite the negative result,we cannot exclude a role for HPV in respiratory infections affecting infants in this population;however,our data do not support HPV as an important contributor to acute respiratory infection in remote-dwelling Aboriginal children.展开更多
文摘Pruritis with abnormal liver function tests is the classical presentation of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy(ICP),a condition associated with significant fetal complications.Although the etiology of ICP is unclear in many cases,certain features of the clinical presentation should alert the practitioner to the possibility of an underlying metabolic defect, which may not only affect subsequent pregnancies, but may be an indicator of more serious subsequent liver disease.We report a kindred of Anglo-Celtic descent,among whom many members present with ICP,gallstones or cholestasis related to use of oral contraception.Genetic studies revealed a novel mutation in the ABCB4 gene,which codes for a phospholipid transport protein.The clinical significance of this mutation and the importance of identifying such patients are discussed.
基金Supported by The Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD program(grant PHD/0121/2547 code 5LKK/47/B1 to Kosriwong K and Limpaiboon T)Khon Kaen University Research Affairs(grant 48-03-1-01-03)the Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences(No.06-01), Thailand
文摘AIM:To investigate trefoil factor(TFF) gene copy number,mRNA and protein expression as potential biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma(CCA).METHODS:TFF mRNA levels,gene copy number and protein expression were determined respectively by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(PCR),quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in bile duct epithelium biopsies collected from individuals with CCA,precancerous bile duct dysplasia and from disease-free controls.The functional impact of recombinant human(rh) TFF2 peptide treatment on proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) /mitogenactivated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling was assessed in the CCA cell line,KMBC,by viable cell counting and immunoblotting,respectively.RESULTS:TFF1,TFF2 and TFF3 mRNA expression was significantly increased in CCA tissue compared to disease-free controls,and was unrelated to gene copy number.TFF1 immunoreactivity was strongly increased in both dysplasia and CCA,whereas TFF2 immunoreactivity was increased only in CCA compared to diseasefree controls.By contrast,TFF3 immunoreactivity was moderately decreased in dysplasia and further decreased in CCA.Kaplan-Meier analysis found no association of TFF mRNA,protein and copy number with age,gender,histological subtype,and patient survival time.Treatment of KMBC cells with rhTFF2 stimulated proliferation,triggered phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream extracellular signal related kinase(ERK),whereas co-incubation with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor,PD153035,blocked rhTFF2-dependent proliferation and EGFR/ERK responses.CONCLUSION:TFF mRNA/protein expression is indicative of CCA tumor progression,but not predictive for histological sub-type or survival time.TFF2 is mitogenic in CCA via EGFR/MAPK activation.
文摘Almost half of infertility cases involve male infertility.Understanding the consequence of a diagnosis of male infertility,as a sole or partial contributor to the couples'infertility,to the mental health of men is required to ensure clinical care meets their psychological needs.The aim of this systematic analysis was to synthesize the evidence regarding whether men diagnosed with male factor infertility experience greater psychological distress than(1)men described as fertile and(2)men in couples with other infertility diagnoses.Online databases were searched using a combination of Medical Subject Headings(MeSH)headings and keywords relating to male infertility and psychological distress.The search yielded 1016 unique publications,of which 23 were included:8 case-control,14 prospective cohort,and 1 data linkage studies.Seven aspects of psychological distress were identified depression,anxiety,self-esteem,quality of life,fertility-related stress,general psychological stress or well-being,and psychiatric conditions.Case-control studies reported that men with male factor infertility have more symptoms of depression,anxiety and general psychological distress,worse quality of some aspects of life,and lower self-esteem than controls.When men with male factor infertility were compared to men in couples with other causes of infertility,there were few differences in the assessed aspects of psychological distress.Despite methodological limitations within the studies,this systematic analysis suggests that the experience of infertility,irrespective of its cause,negatively affects men's mental health and demonstrates the need for assisted reproduction technology(ART)providers to consider men undergoing assisted reproduction as individuals with their own unique support needs.
基金funded by the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and Water Resources(Grant#1194374-167).
文摘This study evaluated the effects of heat stress(HS)and dietary nano chromium picolinate(nCrPic)on metabolic responses of sheep to an intravenous glucose tolerance test(IVGTT),an intravenous insulin tolerance test(ITT)and an intramuscular adrenocorticotropin hormone(ACTH)challenge in sheep.Thirty-six sheep housed in metabolic cages were randomly allocated within 3 dietary groups(0,400 and 800 mg/kg supplemental nCrPic)to either thermoneutral(22℃)or cyclic HS(22 to 40℃)conditions for 3 wk.Basal plasma glucose tended to be increased during HS(P=0.052)and decreased by dietary nCrPic(P=0.013)while plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were decreased(P=0.010)by HS.Di-etary nCrPic reduced the plasma glucose area under the curve(P=0.012)while there were no significant effects of HS on plasma glucose area under the curve in response to the IVGTT.The plasma insulin response over the first 60 min after the IVGTT was decreased by HS(P=0.013)and dietary nCrPic(P=0.022)with the effects being additive.In response to the ITT plasma glucose reached a nadir sooner(P=0.005)in sheep exposed to HS,although there was no effect on the depth of the nadir.Dietary nCrPic decreased(P=0.007)the plasma glucose nadir after ITT.Over the duration of the ITT plasma insulin concentrations were lower in sheep exposed to HS(P=0.013)whereas there was no significant effect of supplemental nCrPic.There was no effect of either HS or nCrPic on cortisol response to ACTH.Dietary nCrPic supple-mentation decreased(P=0.013)mitogen-activated protein kinase-8(JNK)and increased(P=0.050)carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B(CPT1B)mRNA expression in skeletal muscle.Results of this experiment demonstrated that animals under HS and supplemented with nCrPic had greater insulin sensitivity.
基金an Australian Research Council Linkage Project grant scheme(No.LP110200277)The funding sources had no role in the study design+5 种基金in the collection,analysis and interpretation of datain the writing of the reportand in the decision to submit the paper for publication.During the period of the research,ZY held a Fellowship from the Sydney Medical School Foundation and LH was funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Senior Research Fellowship(No.1117105)EJE was supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Practitioner Fellowship(No.1021480)a Medical Research Futures Fund Next Generation Fellowship(No.1135959)CJ's Chair in Genomic Medicine is supported by The Royal Children's Hospital Foundation.
文摘Background Children with rare diseases experience challenges at home and school and frequently require multi-disciplinary healthcare.We aimed to determine health service utilization by Australian children with rare diseases and barriers to access-ing healthcare.Methods Parents completed an online survey on health professional and emergency department(ED)presentations,hospi-talization,and barriers to accessing services.Potential barriers to service access included residential location(city,regional,remote)and child health-related functioning,determined using a validated,parent-completed measure-of-function tool.Results Parents of 462 children with over 240 rare diseases completed the survey.Compared with the general population,these children were more likely to be hospitalized[odds ratio(OR)=17.25,95%confidence interval(CI)=15.50-19.20]and present to the ED(OR=4.15,95%CI=3.68-4.68)or a family physician(OR=4.14,95%CI=3.72-4.60).Child functional impairment was nil/mild(31%),moderate(48%)or severe(22%).Compared to children with nil/mild impair-ment,those with severe impairment were more likely to be hospitalized(OR=13.39,95%CI=7.65-23.44)and present to the ED(OR=11.16,95%CI=6.46-19.27).Most children(75%)lived in major cities,but children from regional(OR=2.78,95%CI=1.72-4.55)and remote areas(OR=9.09,95%CI=3.03-25.00)experienced significantly more barriers to healthcare access than children from major cities.Barriers included distance to travel,out-of-pocket costs,and lack of specialist medical and other health services.Conclusions Children with rare diseases,especially those with severe functional impairment have an enormous impact on health services,and better integrated multidisciplinary services with patient-centered care are needed.Access must be improved for children living in rural and remote settings.
基金This research was primarily funded by the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and Water Resources.
文摘Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of nano chromium picolinate(nCrPic)during heat stress(HS)in sheep.In the initial study,36 Merino×Poll cross-bred sheep were individually penned and allocated to 3 dietary treatments(0,400 and 800μg/kg nCrPic)for 8 wk.Body composition was determined at the beginning and end of the experiment using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.The sheep remained in their dietary groups but were then placed in metabolic cages and randomly allocated within the dietary group to differing ambient temperature regimes,i.e.,thermo-neutral(TN)(n=18)and HS(n=18),for 3 wk.Dietary nCrPic had no effect on growth performance and body composition during the initial study conducted under TN conditions.Heat stress decreased average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P=0.002)whereas sheep under HS had reduced average daily gain(ADG)and indeed lost weight(P<0.001).Dietary nCrPic increased both ADFI(P=0.041)and ADG(P=0.049)under both TH and HS conditions such that the performance of sheep receiving supplemental nCrPic and exposed to HS was similar to that of control sheep maintained under TN conditions.Heat stress increased rectal temperature(P<0.001)and respiration rate(P<0.001),particularly during the hottest parts of the day as indicated by interactions(P<0.001)between time of day and thermal treatment.Rectal temperature was lower in sheep fed nCrPic(P=0.050),particularly under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and time of day(P<0.001)and dietary nCrPic,thermal treat-ment and time of day(P=0.010).Similarly,respiration rate was lower in sheep fed nCrPic under peak HS conditions during the afternoon as indicated by the interactions between dietary nCrPic and thermal treatment(P<0.001)and dietary nCrPic and time of day(P=0.030).In conclusion,dietary nCrPic can partially ameliorate the negative effects of HS as indicated by the maintenance of ADFI and decreased physiological responses,such as elevations in rectal temperature and respiration rate.
基金supported by the Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support ProgramResearch Training Program scholarship(to S.K.)+2 种基金supported by Italian Ministry of Health Young Investigator(GR-2011-02347754 to E.L.)Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca PediatricaeCittàdella Speranza(18-04 to E.L.)supported by the Australian NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Speech and Language Neurobiology(CRE-SLANG)(1116976)
文摘Pathogenic variants in methyl-Cp G protein 2(MECP2;OMIM300005)result in an X-linked,severe,and progressive epigenetic disorder,Rett syndrome(RTT,OMIM:312750),that predominantly affects females(Rett,1966).Using Neul’s revised diagnostic criteria,affected individuals can be clinically classified as classic or atypical RTT(Neul et al.,2010).
基金Tiffany Leung is supported by a Melbourne International Research Scholarship from the University of Melbourne and a National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC)funded Centre for Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases Modelling to Inform Public Health Policy(1078068).
文摘In some disease systems,the process of waning immunity can be subtle,involving a complex relationship between the duration of immunitydacquired either through natural infection or vaccinationdand subsequent boosting of immunity through asymptomatic reexposure.We present and analyse a model of infectious disease transmission where primary and secondary infections are distinguished to examine the interplay between infection and immunity.Additionally we allow the duration of infection-acquired immunity to differ from that of vaccine-acquired immunity to explore the impact on long-term disease patterns and prevalence of infection in the presence of immune boosting.Our model demonstrates that vaccination may induce cyclic behaviour,and the ability of vaccinations to reduce primary infections may not lead to decreased transmission.Where the boosting of vaccine-acquired immunity delays a primary infection,the driver of transmission largely remains primary infections.In contrast,if the immune boosting bypasses a primary infection,secondary infections become the main driver of transmission under a sufficiently long duration of immunity.Our results show that the epidemiological patterns of an infectious disease may change considerably when the duration of vaccine-acquired immunity differs from that of infection-acquired immunity.Our study highlights that for any particular disease and associated vaccine,a detailed understanding of the waning and boosting of immunity and how the duration of protection is influenced by infection prevalence are important as we seek to optimise vaccination strategies.
文摘Objective Previous outcome reports of congenital diaphragmatic hernia(CDH)have described neuroimaging anomalies and neurodevelopmental impairment.However,the link between imaging and outcome has not been described.We aimed to determine whether routine postoperative neonatal neuroimaging in infants with CDH detects later neurodevelopmental impairment.Methods In a prospective cohort study within a clinical service in The Royal Children’s Hospital Newborn Intensive Care.Cerebral ultrasound was performed in 81 children and MRI in 57 children who subsequently underwent neurodevelopmental follow-up after surgery for CDH.MRI scans were analyzed using a scoring system designed to identify injury,maturation and volume loss.Neurodevelopmental assessment occurred at 2 years(48)and neurocognitive assessment at 5 years(26)and/or 8 years(27).Brain imaging scores corrected for gestational age at scan time were correlated with outcome measures,adjusting for known clinical confounders.results Clinically significant findings were identified on MRI of 16(28%)infants.Mean scores were in the normal range for all domains assessed at each age.Language impairment was seen in 23%at 2 years and verbal intellectual impairment in 25%at 8 years.Mean cognitive scores were lower in 2-year-old children with white matter injury on MRI(p=0.03).Mean motor scores were lower in 2-year-old children with brain immaturity(p=0.01).Associations between MRI and 5-year and 8-year assessments were no longer significant when adjusting for known clinical confounders.Conclusions Neuroimaging abnormalities were associated with worse neurodevelopment at 2 years,but not with later neurocognitive outcomes,after accounting for clinical risk factors.
基金This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC,GNT1023781)HSV was supported by the NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Lung Health in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children(GNT1079557)+2 种基金ABC is funded by a NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship(1154302)ACC was supported by a Career Development Fellowship(1068732)We wish to thank the families who participated in these studies.We thank Victor Oguoma for assistance with statistical analysis.
文摘Maternal urogenital human papillomavirus(HPV)infection may place neonates at risk of HPV acquisition and subsequently lower respiratory infections as HPV can influence development of immunity.The respiratory HPV prevalence is not known in remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants,who are at high risk of respiratory infection and where the population prevalence of urogenital HPV in women is high.These data are necessary to inform HPV vaccination regimens.A retrospective analysis using PCR specific for HPV was performed on 64 stored nasopharyngeal swabs from remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants<6 months of age,with and without hospitalised pneumonia.HPV DNA was not detected in any specimen.Despite the negative result,we cannot exclude a role for HPV in respiratory infections affecting infants in this population;however,our data do not support HPV as an important contributor to acute respiratory infection in remote-dwelling Aboriginal children.