Recent updates on nano-phyto-formulations based therapeutic intervention for cancer treatment

Cancer is a leading cause of death globally,with limited treatment options and several limitations.Chemotherapeutic agents often result in toxicity which long-term conventional treatment.Phytochemicals are natural constituents that are more effective in treating various diseases with less toxicity than the chemotherapeutic agents providing alternative therapeutic approaches to minimize the resistance.These phytoconstituents act in several ways and deliver optimum effectiveness against cancer.Nevertheless,the effectiveness of phyto-formulations in the management of cancers may be constrained due to challenges related to inadequate solubility,bioavailability,and stability.Nanotechnology presents a promising avenue for transforming current cancer treatment methods through the incorporation of phytochemicals into nanosystems,which possess a range of advantageous characteristics such as biocompatibility,targeted and sustained release capabilities,and enhanced protective effects.This holds significant potential for future advancements in cancer management.Herein,this review aims to provide intensive literature on diverse nanocarriers,highlighting their applications as cargos for phytocompounds in cancer.Moreover,it offers an overview of the current advancements in the respective field,emphasizing the characteristics that contribute to favourable outcomes in both in vitro and in vivo settings.Lastly,clinical development and regulatory concerns are also discussed to check on the transformation of the concept as a promising strategy for combination therapy of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutics that could lead to cancer management in the future.

Formononetin alleviates diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting oxidative stress and upregulating SIRT1 in rats

Objective:To evaluate the effect of formononetin on type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy.Methods:Diabetes was induced by feeding high-fat diet for 2 weeks and administration of 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin in rats.Formononetin was administered at 10,20 and 40 mg/kg for 16 weeks once a day.Plasma glucose,lipid parameters,and cardiac markers in blood samples were measured.Body weight and relative heart weight were recorded.Hemodynamic parameters,oxidative stress parameters and silence information regulator 1(SIRT1)expression in cardiac tissue were estimated.Histopathological changes in cardiac tissue were also observed.Results:Formononetin significantly reduced the levels of glucose,triglycerides,cholesterol,low density lipoprotein,creatine kinaseMB,lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase.In addition,formononetin significantly improved hemodynamic parameters,alleviated oxidative stress and increased SIRT1 expression.Conclusions:The study indicates that formononetin can improve hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia,reduce oxidative stress and increase SIRT1 expression.It can be a potential therapeutic agent for diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Performance Comparison of DCT and VQ Based Techniques for Iris Recognition

Iris recognition enjoys universality, high degree of uniqueness and moderate user co-operation. This makes iris recognition systems unavoidable in emerging security ＆ authentication mechanisms. An iris recognition system based on vector quantization （VQ） techniques is proposed and its performance is compared with the discrete cosine transform （DCT）. The proposed system does not need any pre-processing and segmentation of the iris. We have tested Linde-Buzo- Gray （LBG）, Kekre＇s proportionate error （KPE） algorithm and Kekre＇s fast codebook generation （KFCG） algorithm for the clustering purpose. Proposed vector quantization based method using KFCG requires 99.99% less computations as that of full 2-dimensional DCT. Further, the KFCG method gives better performance with the accuracy of 89.10% outperforming DCT that gives accuracy around 66.10%.

LC and LC–MS/MS studies for the identification and characterization of degradation products of acebutolol

The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate an approach involving use of liquid chromatography(LC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC–MS) to separate, identify and characterize very small quantities of degradation products(DPs) of acebutolol without their isolation from the reaction mixtures. The drug was subjected to oxidative, hydrolytic, thermal and photolytic stress conditions as per International Conference on Harmonization(ICH) guideline Q1 A(R2). Among all the stress conditions the drug was found to be labile in hydrolytic(acidic & basic) and photolytic stress conditions, while it was stable in water-induced hydrolysis, oxidative and thermal stress conditions. A total of four degradation products were formed. A C18 column was employed for the separation of all the DPs on a gradient mode by using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). All the DPs were characterized with the help of their fragmentation pattern and the masses obtained upon LC–MS/MS and MSnanalysis. All the hitherto unknown degradation products were identified as 1-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)-5-(amino)phenyl)ethanone(DP-I), N-(4-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)-3-acetylphenyl)acrylamide(DP-II), 1-(2-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)-5-(hydroxymethylamino)phenyl)ethanone(DP-III) and 1-(6-(2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propoxy)-2,3-dihydro-2-propylbenzo[d]oxazol-5-yl)ethanone(DP-IV). Finally the in-silico carcinogenicity and hepatotoxicity predictions of the drug and all the DPs were performed by using toxicity prediction softwares viz., TOPKAT, LAZAR and Discovery Studio ADMET. The results of in-silico toxicity studies revealed that acebutolol(0.967) and DP-I(0.986) were found to be carcinogenic, while acebutolol(0.490) and DP-IV(0.437) were found to be hepatotoxic.

Pharmacological and analytical aspects of artemisinin for malaria: Advances and challenges

Malaria remains a major tropical health burden owing to the development of resistance and decreased sensitivity to the frequently used conventional antimalarial drugs. The drug like artemisinin possesses potent antimalarial activities, but has some limitations. Therefore, new strategies are to be implemented for optimal utilization of artemisinin to improve its therapeutic effectiveness and to overcome its limitations. The present review focuses on present scenario of malaria and pharmacological as well as analytical aspects of artemisinin. Data from 2000 to 2018 were collected from NCBI for understanding the various analytical techniques used for estimation of artemisinin. This review will reveal the facts about artemisinin which can be utilized to develop novel drug delivery system either in a combination or as alone for the wellbeing of the patients suffering from malaria.

Effects of Gmelina arborea extract on experimentally induced diabetes

Objective: To study the effects of aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea bark on normoglycemic levels and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. Methods: After single administration of the aqueous extract, plasma glucose level was determined up to 6 h. In subacute study, the aqueous extract was administered for 28 d and plasma glucose level was determined weekly. The diabetes was induced in rats by the intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 55 mg/kg body weight. The diabetic animals were divided into four groups containing six in each: Group 栺 diabetic control, Group 栻 and 栿 treated with the aqueous extract respectively at a dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight once daily and Group 桇 treated with glibenclamide at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg body weight once daily. In acute study, the aqueous extract and glibenclamide were administered orally to rats. Plasma glucose levels were determined at 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min after the administration of the test samples. To study subacute effects, test samples (the aqueous extract and glibenclamide) were administered for 28 d consecutively. The effects of each test sample on plasma glucose level, body weight as well as food and water intake were also monitored weekly. The oral glucose tolerance test and biochemical indicators were estimated on day 28. Results: The aqueous extract did not significantly decrease the plasma glucose level in the normoglycemic rats as shown by the acute and subacute assays. However, after oral administration of the aqueous extract, the plasma glucose level was significantly ( P<0.001) decreased in the diabetic rats in the acute study. The long-term administration of the aqueous extract significantly ( P<0.001) reduced plasma glucose levels of the diabetic rats. Additionally, the aqueous extract also reduced loss of body weight and significantly decreased food and water intake in the diabetic animals. Nevertheless, no effects on biochemical indicators were observed at the selected doses. Conclusions: The aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea bark had antihyperglycemic activity against STZ induced diabetes in rats, after single and subacute oral administration. Moreover, it did not show significant glucose lowering effect in normoglycemic rats.

Formulation development of multi unit particulate system(MUPS) for anti-diabetic drugs

Metformin hydrochloride and sitagliptin phosphate is the common combination among diabetic drugs.Available dosage forms cannot avoid the dose dumping which leads to the complication such as lactic acidosis,gastrointestinal complication,and severe hypoglycemia.Metformin hydrochloride has a very short half-life,i.e.4 hrs,and thus fails to give action for the long period.This leads to the increase number of dosings per day.Single-unit formulations contain the active ingredient within the single tablet or capsule,whereasmultiple-unit dosage forms comprise a number of discrete particles that are combined into one dosage unit.

Separation of Copper and Nickel by Solvent Extraction Using LIX 664N

Separation of copper and nickel by liquid-liquid extraction from aqueous solutions was studied using LIX 664N in kerosene as solvent. Both metals were taken in their sulfate form and ratio of copper to nickel in feed solutions was maintained as 10:1. LIX 664N concentration in kerosene was varied from 10% to 40% (v/v) and its effect was studied on percent extraction of copper and nickel for organic to aqueous (O:A) phase ratio of 2:1 at pH 2. Experimental results showed that at pH 2, copper was selectively extracted from its mixture with nickel. Selectivity for copper extraction was as high as 6000 with 40% LIX 664N. Calculations using extraction isotherm indicate almost complete recovery of copper in two stages with O:A ratio of 1:1 and in one stage with O:A ratio of 2:1. After extraction of copper, the pH of raffinate containing nickel was adjusted to a value of 9 by addition of ammonia solution. The effect of LIX 664N concentration on extraction of nickel was studied. Up to 80% nickel could be extracted with 30% LIX 664N at O:A phase ratio of 2:1. Stripping of copper from the organic phase with 180 g/l sulfuric acid at O:A phase ratio of 1:1 gave 98.5% copper recovery in a two-stage operation.

Extraction and Enrichment of Copper by Liquid Emulsion Membrane Using LIX 664N

Process intensification using liquid emulsion membranes (LEMs) for extraction of copper has been studied in this work. In LEM process the extraction and stripping processes are combined in one stage. The solubility of the solute or the chemical affinity between the solute and carrier reagent in the membrane results in the separation of the solute from the feed mixture. In this work the membrane phase comprised of LIX 664N as the extractant dissolved in kerosene and Span 80 as surfactant. The stripping phase was sulfuric acid with 180 g/l concentration and feed phase had copper concentration of 3.5 g/l. Effect of various process parameters such as batch contact time, speed of agitation, W:O ratio and treat ratio has been experimentally investigated to get better insight of the process. The maximum enrichment of copper in the internal phase obtained was 11.6 times with batch contact time of 10 minutes, agitation speed of 300 rpm and treat ratio of 6:1.

LC,MS^n and LC-MS/MS studies for the characterization of degradation products of amlodipine

In the present study,comprehensive stress testing of amlodipine（AM） was carried out according to International Conference on Harmonization（ICH） Q1A（R2） guideline.AM was subjected to acidic,neutral and alkaline hydrolysis,oxidation,photolysis and thermal stress conditions.The drug showed instability in acidic and alkaline conditions,while it remained stable to neutral,oxidative,light and thermal stress.A total of nine degradation products（DPs） were formed from AM.which could be separated by the developed gradient LC method on a C18 column.The products formed under various stress conditions were investigated by LC-MS/MS analysis.The previously developed LC method was suitably modified for LC-MS/MS studies by replacing phosphate buffer with ammonium acetate buffer of the same concentration（pH 5.0）.A complete fragmentation pathway of the drug was first established to characterize all the degradation products using LC-MS/MS and multi-stage mass（MS^n） fragmentation studies.The obtained mass values were used to study elemental compositions,and the total information helped with the identification of DPs.along with its degradation pathway.

水刺非织造布的水刺工艺流程及其性能

非织造布需具备一定的初始强力以承受固结过程中受到由机械力、热和化学反应等引起的应力作用,最终得到所需强力。水刺工艺是通过一系列高速水针使纤维相互抱合缠结的技术。水刺法能够制备出具有特殊物理、力学和其他功能性的非织造布。综述了水刺法工艺参数设置对非织造布性能的影响,包括水针直径、水针间距、管压力及管数对非织造布结构和性能的影响。

梳棉机速度参数的关键分析

主要研究了刺辊、锡林、盖板和道夫(送纱)速度对纱线质量的影响。通过改变梳棉机速度这一参数,对成纱速度进行测试,并利用AFIS和UT-3测试仪对纱线试样进行性能测试与比较。

纺织品声学性能研究进展

随着新技术的持续发展,尤其是更快、更强的机械设备的崛起,环境噪声日益成为令人关注的问题,人们努力寻求降低噪声的有效手段。概述了织物结构和整理对织物声学性能的影响。

纱线结构参数对毛巾织物吸水性的影响

毛巾织物可用于浴室、海滩、桑拿等诸多场所,因此,毛巾织物的舒适性成为众多学者的研究重点。毛巾的结构和绒经纱特性对其最终用途至关重要。探讨了纱线的特性及其对毛巾织物性能的影响。试验以地经纱、纬纱和绒经纱的粗梳、精梳、袜绒和转杯纱为原料。在毛圈织机上制备试样,进行了滴水试验和喷雾试验以探讨绒经的捻度、毛圈高度和织物面密度对织物吸收性能的影响。与其他样品相比,编号为TRA9133ZB0P(经纱为29.5tex双股普梳纱,纬纱为49.2tex转杯纱,绒经为24.6tex袜绒纱,绒经捻度为4.5捻/cm,绒地比为6.78,毛圈高度为6.3mm)织物的吸水高达约95%。

捻向对双股线拉伸性能的影响

研究表明双股线的性能不仅由捻度决定,而且受捻向的影响。论证了捻向对双股线拉伸性能的影响。

纺丝后处理对PET全拉伸丝性能的影响

纺丝后处理工艺对纤维牵伸后的强度和伸长率有显著影响。在恒定温度下,牵伸速率的变化会对纤维拉伸力学行为产生不同影响。当牵伸速率较低时,聚合物在牵伸力的作用下有足够的时间进行松弛并表现出微形变行为。随着牵伸速率的增大,纤维产生细颈形变从而使材料得以继续牵伸。当牵伸速率非常高时,材料来不及产生松弛,累积的弹性应力会导致其产生脆性断裂。按照相关标准设置牵伸工艺参数,然后通过改变牵伸力对牵伸工艺进行优化,并检查其对聚酯长丝强度和伸长率的影响。结果显示,随着牵伸力的增大,纤维强度从1.85 cN/dtex增大到2.58 cN/dtex,纤维伸长率则逐渐降低。

Potential of herbal constituents as new natural leads against helminthiasis: A neglected tropical disease

The WHO reports that billions of people and animals in tropical and subtropical regions are affected by helminthiasis as neglected tropical disease. It is predominant in underdeveloped areas;nevertheless, the increase in the number of travelers and migrants has made this infection more common. The current mass drug treatment produces severe side effects and many strains of helminths are resistant to them. None of the chemotherapeutic drugs meets the ideal requirements of anthelmintics, such as broad spectrum of activity, single dose cure, free from side effect and cost-effectiveness. Today, many researchers are screening the traditional herbal system in search of the anthelmintic herbal constituents which overcome all the problems of synthetic drugs. Several researchers proclaim anthelmintic activity of herbal medicines by using different experimental models. The present review demonstrates natural product drug discovery, outlining potential of herbal constituents from natural sources as natural leads against helminthiasis.

加工过程中纱线横截面形状的变化

由于纱线的可压缩性质,纱线的横截面因纵向和横向的应力应变可产生许多变化。纱线截面形状对最终纺织品的力学性能和外观起着重要的作用。最初的纱线截面形状取决于多种因素:纺纱方法、纤维的性能,以及工艺参数如粗纱的线密度、捻度、张力等。纱线截面的物理测量是非常繁琐的过程,并且是不稳定的。研发的微观测试方法,即环绕纱线表面每隔3.6°测试其直径,利用得到的数据建立纱线的横截面的形状图。

调整钢丝圈质量——控制纱线品质与断头率的有效措施

为优化钢丝圈的号数(质量),分别采用不同质量的钢丝圈,纺制3种不同线密度(21.6、11.4和9.6 tex)纱线。其中,纺21.6 tex纱线采用2、3、4号钢丝圈;纺11.4 tex纱线采用3/0、4/0、5/0号钢丝圈;纺9.6 tex纱线采用5/0、6/0、7/0号钢丝圈,并对3种纱线的不匀率、条干CV值、毛羽指数、疵点数、断裂长度、断裂伸长及断头率进行测试。试验结果表明:纺21.6 tex的纱线时,选用3号钢丝圈可取得最优结果;纺11.4 tex的纱线时,采用5/0号钢丝圈的效果最好;纺9.6 tex的纱线时,6/0号钢丝圈效果最好。试验结果还表明:钢丝圈太重或者太轻都会影响纱线的断头率,且较高的纱线断头率将会降低纱线的品质。

气动与磁力紧密纺纱线的性能比较

紧密纺纱技术可获得比环锭纺质量更好的纱线。随着紧密纺纱系统的不断发展,纺纱的后续工艺有了实质性的改进。纺纱机制造商也在逐步提供不同的技术以确保紧密纺纱线的质量。