Major-effect candidate genes identified in cultivated strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesis,key polyphenolic compounds

Strawberries are rich in polyphenols which impart health benefits when metabolized by the gut microbiome,including anti-inflammatory,neuroprotective,and antiproliferative effects.In addition,polyphenolic anthocyanins contribute to the attractive color of strawberry fruits.However,the genetic basis of polyphenol biosynthesis has not been extensively studied in strawberry.In this investigation,ripe fruits from three cultivated strawberry populations were characterized for polyphenol content using HPLC-DAD-MSn and genotyped using the iStraw35k array.GWAS and QTL analyses identified genetic loci controlling polyphenol biosynthesis.QTL were identified on four chromosomes for pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside,pelargonidin-3-O-acetylglucoside,cinnamoyl glucose,and ellagic acid deoxyhexoside biosynthesis.Presence/absence of ellagic acid deoxyhexoside and pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside was found to be under the control of major gene loci on LG1X2 and LG6b,respectively,on the F.×ananassa linkage maps.Interrogation of gene predictions in the F.vesca reference genome sequence identified a single candidate gene for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside biosynthesis,while seven malonyltransferase genes were identified as candidates for pelargonidin-3-O-malonylglucoside biosynthesis.Homologous malonyltransferase genes were identified in the F.×ananassa‘Camarosa’genome sequence but the candidate for ellagic acid deoxyhexoside biosynthesis was absent from the‘Camarosa’sequence.This study demonstrated that polyphenol biosynthesis in strawberry is,in some cases,under simple genetic control,supporting previous observations of the presence or absence of these compounds in strawberry fruits.It has also shed light on the mechanisms controlling polyphenol biosynthesis and enhanced the knowledge of these biosynthesis pathways in strawberry.The above findings will facilitate breeding for strawberries enriched in compounds with beneficial health effects.

Advances by Selective Breeding for Aquatic Species: A Review

During the last 40 years it has been shown that well planned family-based breeding programs yield high rates of genetic improvement for aquatic species. The genetic gain has been greater than 12% per generation for growth rate and for disease resistance when challenge tests are applied. The main reasons for the large genetic gains observed for aquatic species are their relatively high fertility and the natural existence of broad genetic variation for economically important traits, both of which allows a very high selection intensity to be applied. However, the genetic improvement of species grown in aquaculture is far behind that achieved for animals and plants. In 2010 less than 10% of aquaculture production was based on genetically improved stocks. Breeding programs for aquatic species should be family based and include new biotechnologies like genomic selection.

Bacteria on Meat Abattoir Process Surfaces after Sanitation:Characterisation of Survival Properties of Listeria monocytogenes and the Commensal Bacterial Flora

Contamination of food with spoilage bacteria and pathogens from food processing environment remains a challenge for the food industry. Bacteria able to persist in such environments over time must survive several hygienic hurdles. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria surviving practical disinfection and compare their survival abilities with representative isolates of the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Bacteria isolated from processing surfaces after cleaning and disinfection in a meat abattoir were identified. Selected isolates of the most frequently isolated bacterial genera along with eight meat associated L. monocytogenes were further characterized with regard to biofilm formation abilities at 12℃ and 20℃, tolerance to desiccation (stainless steel at 70% RH at 12℃) and bactericidal effects of recommended in-use-concentrations of four commercial disinfectants on stainless steel surface. The most dominating bacterial genera based on counts on non-selective agar were Aerococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Staphylococcus. Isolates of Citrobacter. Enterobacter and Serratia dominated on agar plates selective for Enterobacteriaceae. In general, Gram negative bacteria formed more biofilm than Gram positives, especially at 12℃ with the best biofilm formers being Acinetobacter, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas. Listeria monocytogenes were poor biofilm formers. Gram positives survived better air drying than Gram negatives. Strains of L. monocytogenes were more sensitive to desiccation than the other Gram positives;Aerococcus, Kocuria and Staphylococcus. Two disinfectants containing peracetic acid and a disinfectant containing alkylaminoacetate had limited or no antibacterial effect against bacteria dried on stainless steel. A quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant provided >2 log reductions of Aerococcus, Acinetobacter and Listeria. Only 0.5 log reductions were obtained against Staphylococcus and no bactericidal effect against Serratia. In this study the dominating flora in a meat abattoir was isolated and identified. Several of these bacteria were better biofilm formers and more resistant to desiccation and disinfection than L. monocytogenes. The disinfectants tested had limited bactericidal activity against surface associated bacteria.

CFD Analysis of Can Heating Process

In this work,the thermal sterilization process in food cans has been analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD).STAR CCM+software has been used in order to develop a numerical model to study the heating process of standard and the recently proposed toroidal shaped cans.The model has been validated comparing the results with the ones obtained experimentally and numerically that can be found in the literature.A good agreement between the obtained numerical results and the experimental ones has been obtained.The results also agree with other numerical models previously developed in the literature.Once the model has been validated,taking advance of the possibility to easily introduce movement in the simulations,new variables have been analyzed in the system using this model,such as rotational movement of the can.The model developed has been used to study the efficiency of the sterilization process with the two types of cans by means of calculating the temperature inside the systems and calculating the F0 parameter.It can be seen that the efficiency of the sterilization process is better in the toroidal cans.It has been also checked that CFD models can be very helpful in analyzing the temperature profiles inside the cans and making sure that the correct temperature has been obtained inside the can and the sterilization process has been correctly carried out.

Effects of Pumping Height and Repeated Pumping in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pumping height and repeated pumping on the generalized stress response and gross injuries in harvest sized Atlantic salmon. Fish pumped from a net pen at either high (5.2 m) or low (3.6 m) pumping heights showed an elevated, but not severe physiological stress response (pH, pCO2, lactate, potassium, haematocrit, and sodium) compared to fish netted (not pumped), while effects of different pumping heights were overall not demonstrated. Repeated pumping (either 3 or 6 times) also caused an increase in stress response (pH, pCO2, pO2, lactate, potassium and sodium) compared to control fish, and a positive dose-response relationship was found for lactate. No fish died as a result of pumping, nor were injuries observed that could exclusively be attributed to pumping. In conclusion, although elevated from the control groups, the stress response following increasing pumping height and repeated pumping as conducted in these experiments were not indicative of causing severe stress or injuries.

A corpus-based approach to understanding market access in fisheries and aquaculture international business research:A systematic literature review

Although fisheries and aquaculture studies might seem marginal to international business(IB)studies in general,fisheries and aquaculture IB(FAIB)management is currently facing increasing pressure to meet global demand and consumption for fish in the next coming decades.In part address to this challenge,the purpose of this systematic review of literature(SLR)study is to investigate the use of the term‘market access’in its context of use in the generic literature and business sector discourse,in comparison to the more specific literature and discourse in fisheries,aquaculture and seafood.This SLR aims to uncover the knowledge/interest gaps between the academic subject discourses and business sector practices.Corpus driven in methodology and using a triangulation method of three different text analysis softwares including AntConc,VOSviewer and Web of Science(WoS)analytics,the SLR results indicate a gap in conceptual knowledge and business practices in how market access is conceived,studied and managed in the pharmaceutical and healthcare marketing industry in comparison to fisheries and aquaculture.FAIB's complexity is directly acknowledged in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Zero Hunger.And while the product orientation of different business sectors might differ,this SLR study works with the assumption that both business sectors are international in orientation,and complex in their operations from product to market.To that extent,research scholars and practitioners in FAIB will need to broaden their efforts in understanding the multiplicity of forces that influences fisheries and aquaculture and its international orientation towards both emerging as well as mature markets.This SLR suggests a conceptual model in understanding the challenges,the potential barriers as well as avenues for solutions to developing market access for FAIB.

Heterosis and combining ability evaluation for growth traits of blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)when crossbreeding three strains

The blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala)is a major aquaculture species in the Chinese freshwater polyculture system.In this study,complete diallel crossing of three strains(i.e.,Liangzi[LZ],Poyang[PY]and Yuni[YN])was used to evaluate the combining ability and heterosis effect of intraspecific crossbreeding on the growth performance(i.e.,body weight,total length,body length,body height,and Fulton’s coefficient of condition).The offspring produced from the three strains were reared in a communal pond for 20 months,and nine microsatellites were used to assess their pedigree.Of the749 offspring,708(94.53%)could be assigned directly to a single parental pair.Significant differences were observed in body weight(BW)among the different combinations,indicating that the combining ability of BW from each strain was significantly different.The general combining ability(GCA)of BW from the sire was much higher than that from the dam.The GCA for the dam and sire of the LZ and YN were the largest and the smallest,respectively.The special combining ability of YN$9 PY#was the largest,and YN$9 PY#showed significantly positive heterosis effects on all F1growth traits,except for Fulton’s condition coefficient(K)(P\0.05).In addition,significant positive linear correlations were found between the mean BW of corresponding progeny and the H E of the parental generation(y=600.7x-29.472,r=0.8651,P=0.0026),H O(y=1206.9x-518.14,r=0.7436,P=0.0216),and the polymorphism information content(y=1021.3x-331.31,r=0.8245,P=0.0063)as determined by a correlative test.The findings obtained from the study will be important for future considerations of M.amblycephala stock improvement programs.

Prediction and Validation of Promoters Involved in the Abscisic Acid Response in Physcomitrella patens

Detection of cis-regulatory elements, such as transcription factor binding sites （TFBS）, through utilization of ortholog conservation is possible only if genomic data from closely related organisms are available. An alternative approach is the detection of TFBS based on their overrepresentation in promoters of co-regulated genes. However, this approach usually suffers from a high rate of false-positive prediction. Here, we have conducted a case study using promoters of genes known to be strongly induced by the phytohormone abscisic acid （ABA） in the model plant Physcomitrella patens, a moss. Putative TFBS were detected using three de novo motif detection tools in a strict consensus approach. The resulting motifs were validated using data from microarray expression profiling and were able to predict ABA-induced genes with high specificity （90.48%） at mediocre sensitivity （33.33%）. In addition, 27 genes predicted to contain ABA-responsive TFBS were validated using real-time PCR. Here, a total of 37% of the genes could be shown to be induced upon ABA treatment, while 70% were found to be regulated by ABA. We conclude that the consensus approach for motif detection using coregulation information can be used to identify genes that are regulated under a given stimulus. In terms of evolution, we find that the ABA response has apparently been conserved since the first land plants on the level of families involved in transcriptional regulation.