High-temperature corrosion of sintered RE_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)(RE=Yb and Ho)environmental barrier coating materials by volcanic ash

Rare-earth silicates are promising environmental barrier coatings(EBCs)that can protect SiC_(f)/Si C_(m)substrates in next-genera tion gas turbine blades.Notably,RE_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)(RE=Yb and Ho)shows potential as an EBC due to its coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)compatible with substrates and high resistance to water vapor corrosion.The target operating temperature for next-generation tur bine blades is 1400°C.Corrosion is inevitable during adhesion to molten volcanic ash,and thus,understanding the corrosion behavior o the material is crucial to its reliability.This study investigates the high-temperature corrosion behavior of sintered RE_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)(RE=Yb and Ho).Samples were prepared using a solid-state reaction and hot-press method.They were then exposed to volcanic ash at 1400°C for 224,and 48 h.After 48 h of exposure,volcanic ash did not react with Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)but penetrated its interior,causing damage.Meanwhile Ho_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)was partially dissolved in the molten volcanic ash,forming a reaction zone that prevented volcanic ash melts from penetrating the interior.With increasing heat treatment time,the reaction zone expanded,and the thickness of the acicular apatite grains increased The Ca:Si ratios in the residual volcanic ash were mostly unchanged for Yb_(2)Si_(2)O_(7)but decreased considerably over time for Ho_(2)Si_(2)O_(7).Th Ca in volcanic ash was consumed and formed apatite,indicating that RE^(3+)ions with large ionic radii(Ho>Yb)easily precipitated apatit from the volcanic ash.

Review of solid-state linear transformer driver technology

This paper is a review of recent developments in solid-state linear transformer driver(SSLTD)for applications to pulsed power generation.It summarizes the technological advances reported by previous publications and interprets the experimental progresses.The application of solid-state LTDs has been proved to be an attractive approach to make compact and repetitive pulsed power generators that have been sought by a variety of industrial applications and scientific researches.Their advantages and disadvantages compared with their alternatives are reported and analyzed in this paper.Future technical trends of solid-state LTDs are also discussed.

Towards tailoring basal texture of rolled Mg alloy sheet by recrystallization for high room-temperature formability: A review

Room-temperature(RT) formability is a key factor to broaden the applications of rolled Mg alloy sheets in the industry. However, rolled Mg alloy sheets generally form strong basal texture, where the(0001) poles align parallel to the normal direction(ND). This hinders the activation of(0001) [1120] basal slip, limiting the RT formability. Therefore, texture weakening, i.e., the inclination of the(0001) poles from the ND, plays an important role to improve the RT formability. Recrystallization is crucial to control the textural development in Mg,and currently, the texture weakening is commonly achieved using static recrystallization(SRX). However, the type of slipping and twinning,which are activated during rolling, affect the textural features after SRX. It is also demonstrated that shear bands and preferential grain growth are important factors to tailor the texture during SRX. Indeed, dynamic recrystallization(DRX) easily occurs during rolling in Mg, which also affects the final rolling texture, while the effect of DRX on the textural formation is not extensively studied for the development of RT-formable Mg alloy sheets. Therefore, the effect of these factors on the textural development in rolled Mg is reviewed in this manuscript.Additionally, the ideal microstructure and texture for RT-formable Mg alloy sheets are still controversial. The RT-formability includes stretch forming(biaxial tension), bending(plane strain tension), and deep-drawing. In particular, the stretch forming is commonly used to evaluate the RT-formability of rolled Mg. Although the stretch formability has been improved by recent studies, the further improvement is necessary owing to the relatively low formability of rolled Mg compared with that of rolled Fe and Al. Based on the relationship between the microstructure/texture and stretch formability provided in the literature, the design guidance for high stretch formability is proposed in this review.

Origin of extension twinning-mediated static recrystallization and unique parallel alignment of(0001) poles to transverse direction in Mg-3Al-0.4Mn(mass%) alloy sheet

The origin of unique parallel alignment of(0001) poles to transverse direction(TD) was investigated using Mg-3Al-0.4Mn(mass%)alloy sheets rolled with different process conditions. When rolling was performed with intermediate reheating, the alloy showed a sluggish static recrystallization(SRX) behavior during post-annealing, facilitating the nucleation and growth of statically recrystallized grains from extension twins. This resulted in the apparent texture component with the parallel alignment of the(0001) poles to the TD, and the sheet exhibited good ductility for both the rolling direction(RD) and TD. In contrast, continuous rolling without intermediate reheating led to the formation of severely deformed regions near double twins. SRX was promoted at such regions, forming a typical basal textural feature with weak RD-split of the(0001) poles. Although extension twins were formed after the continuous rolling, SRX was facilitated at the severely deformed regions with double twins, and the formation of the unique alignment of the(0001) poles to the TD was suppressed. The RD-split texture led to the large elongation to failure along the RD, while it along the TD decreased owing to the narrow distribution of the(0001)poles toward the TD, resulting in the in-plane anisotropy in ductility.

Greenhouse gas reduction of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment system for fish-processing industry: A real-scale case study in Indonesia

This study examined the application of co-benefit-type wastewater treatment technology in the fish-processing industry. Given that there was a dearth of information on fish-processing industrial wastewater in Indonesia, site surveys were conducted. For the entire fish-processing industry throughout the country, the dissemination rate of wastewater treatment facilities was less than 50%. Using a co-benefit approach, a real-scale swim-bed technology (SBT) and a system combining an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with SBT (ABR–SBT) were installed in a fishmeal processing factory in Bali, Indonesia, and the wastewater system process performance was evaluated. In a business-as-usual scenario, the estimated chemical oxygen demand load and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater from the Indonesian fish-processing industry were 33 000 tons per year and 220 000 tons of equivalent CO_(2) per year, respectively. On the other hand, the GHG emissions in the co-benefit scenarios of the SBT system and ABR–SBT system were 98 149 and 26 720 tons per year, respectively. Therefore, introducing co-benefit-type wastewater treatment to Indonesia’s fish-processing industry would significantly reduce pollution loads and GHG emissions.

TiO2-PES Fibrous Composite Material for Ammonia Removal Using UV-A Photocatalyst

This study focused on the development and characterization of TiO2-PES composite fibers with varying TiO2 loading amounts using a phase inversion process. The resulting composite fibers exhibited a sponge-like structure with embedded TiO2 nanoparticles within a polymer matrix. Their photocatalytic performance for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions under UV-A light exposure was thoroughly investigated. The findings revealed that PeTi8 composite fibers displayed superior adsorption capacity compared to other samples. Moreover, the study explored the impact of pH, light intensity, and catalyst dosage on the photocatalytic degradation of ammonia. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms closely followed the Langmuir model, with the results indicating a correlation between qm values of 2.49 mg/g and the porous structure of the adsorbents. The research underscored the efficacy of TiO2 composite fibers in the photocatalytic removal of aqueous under UV-A light. Notably, increasing the distance between the photocatalyst and the light source resulted in de-creased hydroxyl radical concentration, influencing photocatalytic efficiency. These findings contribute to our understanding of TiO2 composite fibers as promising photocatalysts for ammonia removal in water treatment applications.

Synthesis and properties of Cr-Al-Si-N films deposited by hybrid coating system with high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) and DC pulse sputtering

The CrN and Cr-Al-Si-N films were deposited on Si wafer and SUS 304 substrates by a hybrid coating system with high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) and a DC pulse sputtering using Cr and AlSi targets under N2/Ar atmosphere.By varying the sputtering current of the AlSi target in the range of 0-2.5 A,both the Al and Si contents in the films increased gradually from 0 to 19.1% and 11.1% (mole fraction),respectively.The influences of the AlSi cathode DC pulse current on the microstructure,phase constituents,mechanical properties,and oxidation behaviors of the Cr-Al-Si-N films were investigated systematically.The results indicate that the as-deposited Cr-Al-Si-N films possess the typical nanocomposite structure,namely the face centered cubic (Cr,Al)N nano-crystallites are embedded in the amorphous Si3N4 matrix.With increasing the Al and Si contents,the hardness of the film first increases from 20.8 GPa for the CrN film to the peak value of 29.4 GPa for the Cr0.23Al0.14Si0.07 N film,and then decreases gradually.In the meanwhile,the Cr0.23Al0.14Si0.07N film also possesses excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance that is much better than that of the CrN film at 900 or 1000 °C.

Improvement in the mechanical properties of Al/SiC nanocomposites fabricated by severe plastic deformation and friction stir processing

Severely deformed aluminum sheets were processed by friction stir processing(FSP) with Si C nanoparticles under different conditions to improve the mechanical properties of both the stir zone and the heat affected zone(HAZ).In the case of using a simple probe and the same rotational direction(RD) of the FSP tool between passes,at least three FSP passes were required to obtain the appropriate distribution of nanoparticles.However,after three FSP passes,fracture occurred outward from the stir zone during transverse tensile tests;thus,the strength of the specimen was significantly lower than that of the severely deformed base material because of the softening phenomenon in the HAZ.To improve the mechanical properties of the HAZ,we investigated the possibility of achieving an appropriate distribution of nanoparticles using fewer FSP passes.The results indicated that using the threaded probe and changing the RD of the FSP tool between the passes effectively shattered the clusters of nanoparticles and led to an acceptable distribution of Si C nanoparticles after two FSP passes.In these cases,fracture occurred at the HAZ with higher strength compared to the specimen processed using three FSP passes with the same RD between the passes and with the simple probe.The fracture behaviors of the processed specimens are discussed in detail.

Enhancing strength and creep resistance of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy by substituting Mn for Zr

The age-hardening behavior and mechanical properties of the extruded Mg-2Gd-1.2Y-0.5Zn(at.%)alloy with Zr or Mn additions were investigated.The results show that Mn added alloy exhibits more remarkable age-hardening response than Zr added alloy,which is attributed to the fact that partitioning of Mn into the β'phases,β'precipitates and long period stacking ordered(LPSO)phases leads to the decrement in(G d+Y)concentrations in the second phases,facilitating the precipitation during aging treatment.Both peak-aged alloys show bimodal microstructure comprising the fine DRXed grains with nano-sized β phases pinned at DRXed grain boundaries as well as coarse worked grains with strong fiber texture.High strength and good thermal stability were obtained in both peak-aged Mn and Zr added alloys.While the peak-aged Mn added alloy shows higher strength and superior creep resistance due to its denser β'precipitates,thin LPSO phases and γ'precipitates and higher area fraction of worked grains with strong fiber texture.The 0.2% tensile proof stress and ultimate tensile strength of peak-aged Mn added alloy reach up to 454 MPa and 508 MPa,respectively,with elongation of 3.2%at room temperature.The minimum creep rate of the peak-aged Mn added alloy at 250℃/150 MPa is 2.4 × 10^-8 s^-1,which is superior than previously reported extruded Mg-Gd based alloys.

Microstructure and properties of alumina-silicon carbide nanocomposites fabricated by pressureless sintering and post hot-isostatic pressing

Al2O3/5%SiC nanocomposites were fabricated by pressureless sintering using MgO as a sintering aid and then post hot-isostatic pressed (HIP), which can subsequently break through the disadvantage of hot-pressing process. The MgO additive was able to promote the densification of the composites, but could not induce the grain growth of Al2O3 matrix due to the grain growth inhibition by nano-sized SiC particles. After HIP treatment, Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites achieved full densification and homogeneous distribution of nano-sized SiC particles. Moreover, the fracture morphology of HIP treated specimens was identical with that of the hot-pressed Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites showing complete transgranular fracture. Consequently, high fracture strength of 1 GPa was achieved for the Al2O3/5%SiC nanocomposites by pressureless sintering and post HIP process.

Effect of intermetallic compounds on the fracture behavior of dissimilar friction stir welding joints of Mg and Al alloys

Joining Mg to Al is challenging because of the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the formation of intermetallic compounds(IMCs) at the Mg/Al interface. This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of welded samples by preventing the fracture location at the Mg/Al interface. Friction stir welding was performed to join Mg to Al at different rotational and travel speeds. The microstructure of the welded samples showed the IMCs layers containing Al12Mg17(γ) and Al3Mg2(β) at the welding zone with a thickness(< 3.5 μm). Mechanical properties were mainly affected by the thickness of the IMCs, which was governed by welding parameters. The highest tensile strength was obtained at 600 r/min and 40 mm/min with a welding efficiency of 80%. The specimens could fracture along the boundary at the thermo-mechanically affected zone in the Mg side of the welded joint.

Development of a high-strength Mg alloy with superior ductility through a unique texture modification from equal channel angular pressing

In the current study,a homogenous ultra-fine grained microstructure with average grain size of 1.0μm is achieved in the Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn alloy through the reduplicative equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)at 300℃,and the mechanical properties are remarkably improved,with room-temperature yield strength of 269.6 MPa and elongation of 22.7%.The twinning deformation results in a discontinuous recrystallization behavior in the initial stage of ECAP.With further deformation,the continuously dynamic recrystallization contributes to an obvious grain refinement effect.The activation of non-basal slip system leads to the formation of a unique basal texture,which is related to the elevated ECAP temperature and the decreased grain size.Both grain refinement and texture modification derived from ECAP process result in the increase of yield strength,while the cracked secondary phase particles are beneficial to the enhanced ductility,through reducing the stress concentration and hindering premature failure.

Effects of trace Gd concentration on texture and mechanical properties of hot-rolled Mg-2Zn-xGd sheets

The effects of Gd concentration(0.1,0.3,0.7 wt%)on the microstructure,texture and mechanical properties of rolled and annealed Mg-2Zn-xGd sheets have been investigated aiming to develop low cost and high ductile Mg-Zn-Gd sheets.Dynamic recrystallization,static recrystallization and grain growth during hot rolling process and annealing process were delayed with increase of Gd concentration,leading to fine grain microstructure.The rolled 0.1 wt%Gd sheet showed strong basal texture which remained stable after annealing process and exhibited medium elongation of about 25%.In contrast,the rolled 0.3 wt%Gd sheet had weak basal texture which transformed to non-basal texture with double peaks tilted about±48°to the transverse direction due to the static recrystallization during annealing process.Consequently,the annealed sheets exhibited higher elongation of 40%along the rolling direction and 50%along the transverse direction due to the existence of non-basal texture.It is suggested that the minimum effective concentration for texture randomization in the Mg-2Zn-xGd alloy is about 0.3 wt%.

Reducing the tension-compression yield asymmetry of extruded Mg-Zn-Ca alloy via equal channel angular pressing

The influence of equal channel angular pressing on the tension-compression yield asymmetry of extruded Mg-5.3 Zn-0.6 Ca(weight percent)alloy has been investigated.The microstructure was obviously refined by the large strain during the equal channel angular pressing,accompanied with very fine Ca_(2)Mg_(6)Zn_(3) phases with average diameter of 70 nm.The weak tension-compression yield asymmetry after equal channel angular pressing is mainly attributed to the reduced volume fraction of extension twinning during the compression,because the slope(k)of twinning in Hall-Petch relationship is higher than that of dislocation slip,and the twinning deformation is difficult to take place with decreasing grain size.The basal slip is more active in the alloy after equal channel angular pressing,due to the non-basal texture components,which hinders the twinning activation and reduces the yield asymmetry.Furthermore,the presence of fine precipitate restricts the twinning activation,which also contributes to the reduction of yield asymmetry.

Improvement of strength and ductility synergy in a room-temperature stretch-formable Mg-Al-Mn alloy sheet by twin-roll casting and low-temperature annealing

Strength and ductility synergy in an Mg-3mass%Al-Mn(AM30)alloy sheet was successfully improved via twin-roll casting and annealing at low-temperature.An AM30 alloy sheet produced by twin-roll casting,homogenization,hot-rolling,and subsequent annealing at 170℃ for 64 h exhibits a good 0.2%proof stress of 170 MPa and a large elongation to failure of 33.1%along the rolling direction.The sheet also shows in-plane isotropic tensile properties,and the 0.2%proof stress and elongation to failure along the transverse direction are 176 MPa and 35.5%,respectively.Though the sheet produced by direct-chill casting also shows moderate strengths if the annealing condition is same,the direct-chill casting leads to the deteriorated elongation to failure of 23.9%and 30.0%for the rolling and transverse directions,respectively.As well as such excellent tensile properties,a high room-temperature stretch formability with an Index Erichsen value of 8.3 mm could be obtained in the twin-roll cast sheet annealed at 170℃ for 64 h.The annealing at a higher temperature further improves the stretch formability;however,this results in the decrease of the tensile properties.Microstructure characterization reveals that the excellent combination of strengths,ductility,and stretch formability in the twin-roll cast sheet annealed at the low-temperature annealing is mainly attributed to the uniform recrystallized microstructure,fine grain size,and circular distribution of(0001)poles away from the normal direction of the sheet.

Effect of hot extrusion on microstructure and mechanical properties of quasicrystal-reinforced Mg-Zn-Yalloy

The microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast and as-extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloy （Mg-11%Zn-0.9%Y, mass fraction） containing Mg3YZn6 quasicrystal were studied. The eutectic icosahedral quasicrystal phase （I-phase） is broken and almost distributes along the extrusion direction, and fine I-phase with nano-size is precipitated during the extrusion. The α-Mg matrix grains are refined due to recrystallization occuring during the hot extrusion. Some {1012} twins are observed in the extruded ZW1101 alloy. And {0002}〈1010〉 fiber texture is formed in matrix alloys after hot extrusion. The extruded alloy exhibits high strength in combination with large elongation at room temperature. The strengthening mechanism of the as-extruded alloy was discussed.

MICROMECHANICS OF THE DAMAGE-INDUCED CELLULAR MICROSTRUCTURE IN SINGLE CRYSTAL Ni-BASED SUPERALLOYS

An analytical method to investigate the morphological evolution of the cellular mi-crostructure is explored and proposed. The method is essentially based on the Es-helby 's micromechanics theory, and it is extended so as to be applied for a material system containing inclusions with high volume fraction, by employing the average stress field approximation by Mori and Tanaka. The proposed method enables us to discuss a stable shape of precipitate in the material system, which must be influenced by many factors: e.g., volume fraction of precipitate; Young's modulus ratio and lattice misfit between matrix and precipitate; external stress field in multiaxial state; and heterogeneity of plastic strain between matrix and precipitate. A series of numerical calculations were summarized on stable shape maps. The application of the method to predict the γ' rafting in superalloys during creep showed that the heterogeneity of plastic strain between matrix and precipitates may play a significant role in the shape stability of the precipitate. Furthermore, it was shown that the method was successfully applied to estimate the morphology of the cellular microstructure formed in CMSX-4 single crystal Ni-based superalloy.

FEM analysis for hot rolling process of AM60 alloy

<正>The rolling of AM60 sheets for 50%reduction was analyzed with DEFORM to investigate the hot deformation process. The simulated results show that the sheet velocities at the entrance(21 mm/s) and at the exit(37 mm/s) are less and larger than roll velocity,respectively.From the entrance to the neutral point,the velocity at the sheet surface is greater than that at the middle point of sheet in thickness,while that from the neutral point to the exit shows the opposite pattern.The effective strain of the sheet increases from the entrance to the exit due to the continuous reduction in thickness.In addition,the effective strain at the sheet surface reaches to 1.0 and is larger than that of 0.8 at the middle point of sheet.The difference of effective strain in thickness direction has a much stronger effect on the recrystallized fraction than on the recrystallized grain size.The minimum temperature of 347℃is obtained at the surface contacting directly with roll and the maximum temperature 388℃at the middle point of sheet in thickness.

Three-dimensional machining of insulating ceramics materials with electrical discharge machining

The insulating ceramics were processed with sinking and wire cut electrical discharge machining(EDM). The new technology was named as the assisting electrode method. In the machining, the electrical conductive material was adhered on the surface of insulating workpiece as the starting point of electrical discharge. As the processing operated in oil, the electrical conductive product composed of decomposition carbon element from working oil adhered on the workpiece during discharge. The discharges generated continuously with the formation of the electrical conductive layer. So, the insulating ceramics turn to the machinable material by EDM. We introduced the mechanism and the application of the machining of insulating ceramics such as Si3N4 and ZrO2.

Numerical Analysis of MHD Accelerator with Non-Equilibrium Air Plasma

Magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） accelerator is proposed as a next generation propulsion system. It can be used to increase the performance of a propulsion system. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of MHD accelerator using non-equilibrium air plasma as working gas. In this study, the fundamental performance of MHD accelerator such as flow performance and electrical performance is evaluated at different levels of applied magnetic field using I-D numerical simulation. The numerical simulation is developed based on a set of differential equations with MHD approximation. To solve this set of differential equations the MacCormack scheme is used. A specified channel designed and developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Centre is used in the numerical simulation. The composition of the simulated air plasma consists of seven species, namely, N2, N, O2, O, NO, NO＋, and e-. The performance of the non-equilibrium MHD accelerator is also compared with the equilibrium MHD accelerator.