Interactions between myoblasts and macrophages under high glucose milieus result in inflammatory response and impaired insulin sensitivity

BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle handles about 80% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and become the major organ occurring insulin resistance(IR).Many studies have confirmed the interactions between macrophages and skeletal muscle regulated the inflammation and regeneration of skeletal muscle.However,despite of the decades of research,whether macrophages infiltration and polarization in skeletal muscle under high glucose(HG)milieus results in the development of IR is yet to be elucidated.C2C12 myoblasts are well-established and excellent model to study myogenic regulation and its responses to stimulation.Further exploration of macrophages'role in myoblasts IR and the dynamics of their infiltration and polarization is warranted.AIM To evaluate interactions between myoblasts and macrophages under HG,and its effects on inflammation and IR in skeletal muscle.METHODS We detected the polarization status of macrophages infiltrated to skeletal muscles of IR mice by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining.Then,we developed an in vitro co-culture system to study the interactions between myoblasts and macrophages under HG milieus.The effects of myoblasts on macrophages were explored through morphological observation,CCK-8 assay,Flow Cytometry,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The mediation of macrophages to myogenesis and insulin sensitivity were detected by morphological observation,CCK-8 assay,Immunofluorescence,and 2-NBDG assay.RESULTS The F4/80 and co-localization of F4/80 and CD86 increased,and the myofiber size decreased in IR group(P<0.01,g=6.26).Compared to Mc group,F4/80+CD86+CD206-cells,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα),inerleukin-1β(IL-1β)and IL-6 decreased,and IL-10 increased in McM group(P<0.01,g>0.8).In McM+HG group,F4/80+CD86+CD206-cells,monocyte chemoattractant protein 1,TNFα,IL-1βand IL-6 were increased,and F4/80+CD206+CD86-cells and IL-10 were decreased compared with Mc+HG group and McM group(P<0.01,g>0.8).Compered to M group,myotube area,myotube number and E-MHC were increased in MMc group(P<0.01,g>0.8).In MMc+HG group,myotube area,myotube number,E-MHC,GLUT4 and glucose uptake were decreased compared with M+HG group and MMc group(P<0.01,g>0.8).CONCLUSION Interactions between myoblasts and macrophages under HG milieus results in inflammation and IR,which support that the macrophage may serve as a promising therapeutic target for skeletal muscle atrophy and IR.

English Sports News Vocabulary Translation From the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory

With the widespread development of international sports events, more and more people pay attention to the international sports games by reading sports news or watching sports videos. Since English is the universal language, the news of these sports events is mostly reported in English. However,English sports news could bring some reading difficulties for Chinese readers. In the author's view, words are the basic elements of the English sports news language. It is of significance to study English sports news lexis. Under the guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory,this study attempts to explore the lexical features of English sports news and to analyze some useful lexical translation strategies. The results of the study show that Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory is applicable to the lexical translation of English sports news. It is recommended that translators follow Nida's equivalence theory during the translation.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaves in Rice White Stripe Mutant 6001 During Senescence Process

Physiological, biochemical and electron microscopy analyses were used to investigate the photosynthetic performance of flag leaves in rice white stripe mutant 6001 during the senescence process. Results showed that the chlorophyll content at the heading and milk-ripe stages in rice mutant 6001 were about 34.78% and 3.00% less than those in wild type 6028, respectively. However, the chlorophyll content at the fully-ripe stage in rice mutant 6001 was higher than that in wild type 6028. At the heading stage, the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） in rice mutant 6001 was lower than that in wild type 6028. Rice mutant 6001 also exhibited a significantly slower decrease rate of Pn than wild type 6028 during the senescence progress, especially at the later stage. Furthermore, Ca2^-ATPase, Mg~^-ATPase and photophosphorylation activities exhibited the similar trends as the Po. During the senescence process, the 68 kDa polypeptide concentrations in the thylakoid membrane proteins exhibited a significant change, which was one of the critical factors that contributed to the observed change in photosynthesis. We also observed that the chloroplasts of rice mutant 6001 exhibited higher integrity than those of wild type 6028, and the chloroplast membrane of rice mutant 6001 disintegrated more slow during the senescence process. In general, rice mutant 6001 had a relatively slower senescence rate than wild type 6028, and exhibited anti-senescence properties.

Association of Physical Activity, Screen Time and Sleep with Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents

Little is known on the association between movement behaviors including physical activity(PA),screen time(ST)and sleep(SLP)with depression in adolescents.This study aimed to explore the associations of PA,ST and SLP with depressive symptoms in adolescents.A total of 1,331 middle school students participated in this survey and provided valid data pertaining to the study variables.Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect information on participants’sociodemographic parameters.The Health Behavior in School-aged Children Questionnaire was used to assess the PA(days for moderate to vigorous PA),ST(daily hours of ST)and SLP(daily hours of SLP).Study participants’depressive symptoms were assessed using the Children’s Depression Inventory.Generalized linear models were used to estimate the associations of PA,ST and SLP with depressive symptoms.Of all the 1331 study participants,boys accounted for 51.31%and percentage of 7th,8th and 9th graders were 52.44%,23.22%and 24.34%,respectively.After controlling for sex,body mass index,grade,ethnicity,residence,siblings,perceived family affluence,father and mother educational level,only ST was positively associated with depressive symptoms(beta=0.17,p=0.005).This study suggests that excessive ST would be detrimental to depressive symptoms in adolescents.It may be effective to reduce ST for depression intervention or prevention.Future studies are encouraged to use an improved study design to confirm or negate this study’s researchfindings.

Food Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years from Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Purpose:Little is known about the role of food insecurity(FIS)on depressive symptoms among adolescents.Thus,this study aimed to explore the association between FIS and depressive symptoms among adolescents aged 12–15 years from low-and middle-income countries across the world.Methods:Data from the Global school-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 51,702 adolescents[mean(SD)age 13.8(1.0)years;49.3% girls].Self-reported measures assessed depressive symptoms during the past 12 months,and food insecurity.Partici-pants reporting yes for depressive symptoms.FIS was categorized intofive levels,including‘never’,‘rarely’,‘some-times’,‘most of the time’and‘always’.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed,and a country-wise meta-analysis was undertaken to compare country difference in the associations between FIS and depressive symptoms.Results:The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 30.0%,respectively.Compared with those reporting never for FIS,adolescents with increased severity of FIS were more likely to report depressive symptoms regardless of gender.Country-wise meta-analysis demonstrated that having FIS versus not having FIS was asso-ciated with 60%greater odds for depressive symptoms(OR=1.60;95%CI:1.52–1.69)but with a moderate between-country heterogeneity(I^(2)=12.7%).Conclusion:The current study indicates that alleviating FIS may be an effective prevention against depressive symptoms among adolescents from LMICs.Future studies should adopt improved study design to confirm or negate our researchfindings,which informs more efficient public mental health interventions.

Extinction or Salvation： the Archetype Character Analysis in Lord of the Flies

The book Lord of the Flies was not popular at home before 1983. The pattern of researches has changed dramatically as William Golding received the Nobel Prize in Literature. However, Chinese scholars mostly focused on digging out this book from the perspective of the darkness of human nature in the past, which was lack of novelty and innovation. In addition, the book itself was a classic work that it fused with shallow and deep implications as well as smooth and obscure language. Therefore the complexity, profundity and diversity of this book made domestic scholars' researches more difficult. So far, the study of book has no progress in domestic. The recent situation is also not encouraging abroad for several years, and some obscure interpretations of the book hinder the study of a large number of foreign researchers. The paper, breaking out the view of inertia, analyzes the most mysterious Simon and the most intelligent Piggy from the Archetype Character perspective to probe into a deeper meaning. This essay will apply Frye's archetype to make a breakthrough in finding out the far-reaching meanings of the Christ archetypal Simon and wise old man archetypal Piggy.

A Probe into College English Oral Test

As one part of the oral education,oral test plays an important role in improving the students’oral ability.This paper is a survey into status quo of oral tests in our country and thereafter offers some suggestions on how to organize the oral tests with high validity and reliability.

Evening exercise is associated with lower odds of visual field progression in Chinese patients with primary open angle glaucoma

Background:Exercise is widely known to lower intraocular pressure and increase ocular blood flow,which may be beneficial for glaucoma management.However,there are few studies that have reported on the relationship between exercise and glaucoma progression.The aim of our study was to investigate the exercise habits of those with primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)and its association with the progression of visual field(VF)loss.Methods:Daily physical activity(PA)was monitored by an accelerometer(ActiGraph wGT3x-BT)which patients wore for more than 10 h of being awake on their right wrists for 1 week.Results:Seventy-one non-progressive and 27 progressive patients were enrolled in the study.24-h moderate to vigorous physical activity(MVPA)exercise showed that POAG patients had similar variation trends consisting of 3 wave peaks and 2 wave hollows.Minutes spent in MVPA was 19.89±15.81 and 21.62±15.10 during 07:00–09:00 h(p=0.204),15.40±14.49 and 15.67±12.43 during 15:00–17:00 h(p=0.822)and 17.26±21.11 and 11.42±11.58 during 18:00–20:00 h(p=0.001)in the non-progressive and progressive group,respectively.Univariate analysis indicated that 10 min of MVPA(18:00–20:00 h)[odds ratio,OR(95%CI)=0.82(0.73,0.92)],average mean arterial pressure[OR(95%CI)=0.96(0.94,0.98)],age[OR(95%CI)=1.06(1.03,1.08)],male[OR(95%CI)=0.67(0.48,0.96)],spherical equivalent[OR(95%CI)=1.14(1.07,1.22)]and IOP-lowering medications[OR(95%CI)=1.54(1.16,2.05)]were significantly correlated with having progressive VF damage.Multivariable analysis showed that 10 min of MVPA(18:00–20:00 h)[OR(95%CI)=0.85(0.75,0.97)]was associated with progressive VF loss even after adjusting for other risk factors.Conclusions:Evening exercise may lower the odds of VF progression,suggesting that exercise habits possibly play an important role in glaucoma progression.

Effect of Dual-Tasks Walking on Human Gait Patterns

A human gait pattern conformed to the law of the inverted pendulum and could be described by the movement of its center of mass(COM).A sinusoidal function based on an inverted pendulum was used to plan the COM trajectory of humanoid robots for gait control.Therefore,studying the human dual-tasks gait pattern is essential for improving the gait adaptability of humanoid robots.Many well-known humanoid robot prototypes can complete stable walking,running,jumping,and other movements closely mimicking human beings.This study provides a theoretical reference for the gait planning and design of humanoid robots by comparing differences in the stride time,cadence,step length,step width,stride length,walking speed and COM movement during single-and dual-tasks walking.Results showed no significant difference in the time parameters.In dual-tasks walking,the walking speeds decreased(P=0.001)and the COM sidewise movement increased,indicating an enhancement in the automatic motion rhythm in cognitive tasks.Humans can easily select new different speeds to better adapt to the competition of attention resources.To enhance the adaptability of humanoid robots to the COM offset,the independent motion of the hip joint separated from the trunk and lower limbs must be considered in the robot design.

Acupuncture Skills and Its Evidence-based Assessment

Acupuncture originated in China several thousand years ago, and this therapeutic approach has been shown to be an effective treatment of many diseases and the maintenance of health in China and other countries all over the world. However, there is little study into how the important skills of acupuncture should optimally be taught and how competence at this skill should be evaluated. The current competency assessment of acupuncture skills is primarily based on evaluations by experts, which can be subjective with large variations and potentially inaccurate. Developing evidence-based assessment standards for acupuncture skills is required to move the assessment of the clinical practice of acupuncture forward, and this performance evaluation could be based on standardized expert evaluation, computer-based measurements such as motion analysis , and high-fidelity simulators or standardized patients.