Minimizing interfacial energy losses in inverted perovskite solar cells by a dipolar stereochemical 2D perovskite interface

Inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have attracted broad research and industrial interest owing to their suppressed hysteresis,cost-effectiveness,and easy-fabrication.However,the issue of non-radiative recombination losses at the n-type interface between the perovskite and fullerene has impeded further improvement of photovoltaic performance.Here,we modify the n-type interface of FAPbI_(3) perovskite films by constructing a stereochemical two-dimensional(2D) perovskite interlayer,in which the organic cations comprise both pyridine and ammonium groups.The pyridine N donor can create stable bonding with the surface-uncoordinated Pb on the perovskite,thereby passivating the shallow-level defects and enhancing the air stability of the film.Furthermore,the pyridine N donor also offers a positive polar interface to decrease the surface work function of the perovskite film,enabling n-type modification.Ultimately,we employ a p-i-n photovoltaic(PV) device with the positive dipole interlayer at perovskite/fullerene contact and achieve remarkable photoelectric conversion efficiency(PCE) of 22.0%.

Nano-capillary induced assemble of quantum dots on perovskite grain boundaries for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

In recent years, perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have propelled into the limelight owing to rapid development of efficiency;however, the abundant defects at the perovskite grain boundaries result in unwanted energy loss and structural degradation. Here, the grain boundaries of perovskite polycrystalline films have been found to act as nanocapillaries for capturing perovskite quantum dots(PQDs), which enable the conformal assemble of PQDs at the top interspace between perovskite grains. The existence of PQDs passivated the surface defects, optimized the interfacial band alignments, and ultimately improved the power conversion efficiency from 19.27% to 22.47% in inverted PSCs. Our findings open up the possibility of selective assembly and structural modulation of the perovskite nanostructures towards efficient and stable PSCs.

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT IN THE SIMULATED HEAT AFFECTED ZONE OF V TREATED HSLA STEELS

The simulated heat affected zone （HAZ） of the high strength low alloy （HSLA） steels containing 0%, 0.047%, 0.097% and 0.151% vanadium, respectively, were studied with Gleeble-2000 thermomechanical simulator to determine the influence of vanadium addition on the mechanical properties of the HAZ. The HAZ simulation involved reheating the samples to 1350℃, and then cooling to ambient temperature at a cooling rate of 5℃/s ranging from 800 to 500℃ （△8/5=60s）. The mechanical properties including tensile strength and -20℃ impact toughness were conducted. The microstructures of the base steel and the simulated HAZs were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope （ SEM ） and transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Based on the systemutic examination, the present work confirmed that about 0.05% vanadium addition to low carbon low alloy steels resulted in expected balance of strength and toughness of the HAZ. And more than 0.10% levels addition led to detrimental toughness of the HAZ SEM study showed that the simulated 0.097% and 0.151%V HAZs consisted of more coarse ferrite plates with greater and more M-A constituents along austenite grain and ferrite plate bound- aries. The impact fracture surfaces of the simulated 0.097% and 0.151%V HAZs showed typically brittle mode with predominant cleavages. The size of the facet in the fracture surface increased with increasing vanadium level from 0.097% to 0.151%.As a result, the simulated 0.151% V HAZ has the lowest impact toughness of the four specimens.

Effects of Rare Earth on Behavior of Precipitation and Properties in Microalloyed Steels

The influence of rare earths on the behavior of precipitation of 14MnNb,X60 and 10MnV steels was studied by STEM, XRD, ICP and thermal simulation method. The main carbonitride precipitates are Nb(C, N),(Nb, Ti)(C, N)and V(C, N). In austenite RE delays the beginning of precipitation, and decreases the rate of precipitation. In ferrite RE promotes precipitation and increases the amount of equilibrium carbonitride precipitation. RE can make precipitates fine, globular and dispersed in the microalloyed steels. With the increase of the amount of RE in steel, the amount of precipitation increases. The promotion effect is weakened with excessive RE. RE has only little influence on the strength of microalloyed steel, but it can improve impact toughness effectively.

Mathematical modeling of electromagnetic dimensionless number for electromagnetic casting of metals and its application

In order to estimate the feasibility of electromagnetic casting (EMC) for different metals, a mathematical model named the electromagnetic dimensionless number (EMDN) was presented, and its validity was proved by the experiments of aluminum and Sn-3%Pb alloy. From the experiment and the analysis of EMDN it can be concluded that the EMC of steel can be attained only when the magnetic flux density is larger than 0.09T, while that required for aluminum is only 0.04T. The mathematical expression of the electromagnetic dimensionless number was given out.

Physico-chemical Characteristics of Wet-milled Ultrafine-granulated Phosphorus Slag as a Supplementary Cementitious Material

The phosphorus slag（PS） can be used as a supplementary cementitious material due to its potential hydrating activity. However, its usage has been limited by its adverse effects, including prolonged setting and lowered early-stage strength. In this study, we achieved ultrafine granulation of PS using wetmilling（reducing d50 to as low as 2.02 μm） in order to increase its activity, and examined the physico-chemical properties of the resulting materials, including particle-size distribution, slurry pH, zeta potential, and activity index, as well as how their replacement level and granularity affect the setting time and mechanical performance of PS-cement mixture systems. The results suggested that as the granularity increases, there are significant boosts in the uniformity of particle sizes, slurry pH, and activity index, and the effects on cement paste, including setting times, and early-and late-stage strengths, are significantly mitigated. When d（50）=2.02 μm, the slurry becomes strongly alkaline（pH=12.16） compared to the initial d（50）=20.75 μm（pH=9.49）, and the activity is increased by 73%; when used at 40% replacement, the PS-cement mixture system can reach a 28 d compressive strength of 93.2 MPa, 36% higher than that of the pure cement control group.

Nanostructured bulk glassy Cu_(60)Zr_(30)Ti_(10) alloy with high strength and good ductility in cast state

The bulk glassy Cu 60 Zr 30 Ti 10 alloy with a diameter up to 4 mm and a length of 70 mm containing nanocrystalline phase was successfully developed by using copper mold casting method. The temperature interval of the supercooled liquid region before crystallization is above 37 K. The glass transition temperature ( T g) and the reduced glass transition temperature ( T g/ T l) of the cast bulk glassy Cu 60 Zr 30 Ti 10 alloy are 713 K and 0.62. The cast bulk glassy alloy, which has high glassy forming ability, shows expected mechanical properties. The elastic modulus, yield strength, fracture strength and elongation including elastic elongation are 114 GPa, 1 785 MPa, 2 150 MPa and 3.3% respectively in compressive deformation, and 112 GPa, 1 780 MPa, 2 000 MPa and 1.9% respectively in tensile deformation. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and nano beam electron diffraction (NBED) studies indicate that the cast metallic bulk glassy Cu 60 Zr 30 Ti 10 alloy consists of nanocrystals with a size of 4 nm embedded in glassy matrix. The nanoparticle is identified as CuZr and has point space group symmetry of pm3m and its lattice parameter is a =0.3 262 nm . The nanocrystalline phase grew up to 10 nm upon annealing at 430 ℃ for 10 min and caused the alloy brittle.

Transient Simulation on Dynamic Response of Liquid Annular Seals

Transient change of the operating parameters has a serious influence on the stability of liquid annular seals.Take the liquid annular seals as a research object,a numerical method based on six-degree-of-freedom(6DOF)to analyze the dynamic response of liquid annular seals under gravity impact load.The variations of the force of liquid seal and pressure as well as the axis trajectory in time history are investigated.The influence of different sealing clearance,different liquid viscosity and different rotor speed is also studied.The results show that the maximum sealing pressure and sealing force of gravity direction will increase greatly in a very short time and then reduce rapidly.When sealing clearance increases,the displacement response amplitudes of axis trajectory,the maximum sealing force of gravity direction and maximum sealing pressure also increase.When liquid viscosity increases,the displacement response amplitudes of axis trajectory,the maximum sealing force of gravity direction and maximum sealing pressure decrease.We also found that different rotor speed has almost no influence on the maximum sealing force of gravity direction and maximum sealing pressure.

Inhibition of Re Du Ning Injection on Enzyme Activities of Rat Liver Microsomes Using Cocktail Method

Objective Re Du Ning Injection （RDN）, a Chinese materia medica injection, is made from the extracts of LoniceraeJaponicae Flos, Gardeniae Fructus, and Artemisiae Annuae Herba. Since last decade, RDN has been widely used in China for the treatment of viral infection, fever, and inflammation. To assess the potential interacting of RDN with co-administered drugs, the inhibitory effects of RDN on the enzyme activities （CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, and CYP3A1/2） of rat liver microsomes were investigated by a cocktail method. Methods A sensitive and specific LC-MS method capable of simultaneous quantification of five metabolites in rat liver microsomes was developed and validated. Then RDN （0.625%-1.0%） was incubated with rat liver microsomes and specific substrates. The enzyme activities were expressed as the formation rate of the specific metabolites of the substrates （pmol- mg. protein-1 . min-1）. Results RDN competitively inhibited the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP2C11, with inhibition constant （/~） values determined to be 0.18% and 0.63%, respectively. RDN exhibited the mixed inhibition on the activity of CYP2D1, with a K1 value of 0.15%. The activities of CYP1A1 and CYP3A1/2 were not markedly inhibited even by 1.0% RDN. Conclusion RDN could inhibit the rat enzyme activities of CYP1A2, 2Cll, and 2D1 in vitro with different inhibition modes, which is worthy of promoting safety and efficacy of RDN.

Reduning Injection prevents carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats by serum and urine metabolomics analysis

Objective:To elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Reduning Injection(RDN)by analyzing the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways of the carrageenan-induced inflammatory model from the overall metabolic level.Methods:Rat inflammatory model was established by carrageenan.UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was used to detect and analyze changes of endogenous metabolites in the serum and urine of carrageenan-induced inflammatory rats.Combined with multivariate analysis and databases analysis,inflammatory-related potential biomarkers were screened and identified to analyze possible metabolic pathways.The reliability and biological significance of these biomarkers was verified by metabolic network analysis and correlation analysis with pharmacodynamic indicators.Results:A total of 16 potential biomarkers were screened and identified by multivariate analysis and metabolite databases,among which 13 species could be adjusted by RDN.The metabolism pathway analysis revealed that histidine metabolism,sphingolipid metabolism,and tyrosine metabolism were greatly disturbed.Their biomarkers involved urocanic acid,sphingosine,and norepinephrine,all of which showed a callback trend after RDN treatment.The three biomarkers had a certain correlation with some known inflammatory-related small molecules(histamine,arachidonic acid,Leukotriene B4,and PGE2)and pharmacodynamic indicators(IL-6,IL-1β,PGE2and TNF-a),which indicated that the selected biomarkers had certain reliability and biological significance.Conclusion:RDN has a good regulation of the metabolic disorder of endogenous components in carrageenan-induced inflammatory rats.And its anti-inflammatory mechanism is mainly related to the regulation of amino acid and lipid metabolism.This research method is conducive to the interpretation of the overall pharmacological mechanism of Chinese medicine.