Extraction of Fat and Fatty Acid Composition from Slaughterhouse Waste by Evaluating Conventional Analytical Methods

To attain maximum recovery of useful compounds from slaughterhouse waste (Suet, Tongue, Pancreas) of selected ruminant (cow, goat, lamb, and bull), the fat extraction efficiency of popular methods was compared along with fatty acid (FAs) composition. Four selected methods including Soxhlet (SOX), acid hydrolysis, Bligh & dyer (B&D), and Folch (FOL) were assessed. After methylation, extracted lipids were analyzed by Gas chromatography for FA composition. Data indicated that all selected methods were significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other, particularly higher differences were noticed for low lipid-containing products (Tongue, Pancreas) as well as their respective FA Composition. Based on Analysis of Variance and Principal component analysis, the effective method for lipid and FA Composition analysis was the FOL method. The Soxhlet method was only effective for samples with high-fat content i.e., suet, while the B&D method gave comparatively low lipid content in analyzed samples. Hence based on the results, excellent fat and fatty acid extraction was achieved with the FOL method.

Use of Sewage Sludge After Liming as Fertilizer for Maize Growth

农业土地上的污水污泥的使用为它的处理提供一种选择。因此，现在的学习的目的是评估使用在巴基斯坦生产的工业污水污泥的可行性，作为农业化肥。与 250 g kg 修改的农业土壤 ? 1 污水污泥与或没有石灰处理被用于普通本地谷类罪的生长，玉米(Zea 玉米) 。在污泥样品的踪迹和有毒的金属的活动性被使用一个修改 BCR 顺序的抽取过程估计。单个抽取过程由温和提炼之物(CaCl2 ) 和水的申请组成，为容易可溶的金属部分的比例的评价。为了在顺序的抽取过程的每步检查分析结果，踪迹的集中和有毒的金属的精确，被总结并且与全部的金属集中相比。植物可得到的金属满足，由 deionized 水和 0.01 摩尔 L 显示了? 1 CaCl2 答案抽取部分和顺序的抽取的可交换的部分，显著地减少了( P < 0.05 )用石灰申请因为在更高的 pH 的减少的金属可获得性，除了在 Cd 和 Cu 的情况中，其活动性是，稍微增加了。污泥改正提高了玉米的干燥重量收益，增加为有石灰处理的土壤是更明显的。施用石灰污水污泥在谷物纸巾减少了踪迹和有毒的金属内容除了 Cu 和 Cd，它在这些金属的可允许的限制下面。现在的实验证明施用石灰是在在修改污泥的土壤便于玉米的生长的一个重要因素。

Comparison of Different Extraction Approaches for Heavy Metal Partitioning in Sediment Samples

Three extraction methods, ultrasonic assisted extraction (USE), microwave assisted extraction (MSE), and conventional single extraction (CSE), in conjunction with the modified three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure (SEP) were applied to examine the contents of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn from lake sediment samples, to know whether these techniques can reduce extraction time and improve reproducibility. The SEP and developed alternative single extrac- tion methods were validated by the analysis of certified reference material BCR 601. By the use of optimized sonication and microwave conditions, steps 1, 2 and 3 of the BCR sequential extraction methods (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3, which was not performed with sonication and microwave) could be completed in 15-30 min and 60- 150 s, respectively. The recoveries of total extractable metal contents in BCR 601, obtained by three single extractions ranged from 93.3%-102%, 88.9%-104% and 81.2%-96.2% for CSE, USE and MSE, respectively. The precision of the single extraction methods was found in the range of 3.7%-9.4% for all metals (n = 6).

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Antimicrobial Activity of {[Bis(pyridine-κN)bis(3,5-dinitrosalicylato κ-O,O')Zn(Ⅱ)][bis(pyridine-κN)Zn(Ⅱ)]}

A novel {[bis(pyridine-κN)bis(3,5-dinitrosalicylato κ-O,O')Zn(Ⅱ)][bis(pyridine-κN)Zn(Ⅱ)]}(C_(34)H_(24)N_8O_(14)Zn_2) was synthesized by a self-assemble method at room temperature. The molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2_1/n with a = 12.2156, b = 13.5696, c = 22.5602 ?, β = 90.061o, Z = 4 and V = 3739.6(3) ?~3. The new 1D binuclear coordination polymer {[bis(py-κN)bis(3,5-dinitrosal κ-O,O′) Zn(Ⅱ)][bis(py-κN)Zn(Ⅱ)]} resulted from two different types of moieties. The polymer [bis(py-κN)bis(3,5-dinitrosal κ-O,O′)Zn(Ⅱ)] unit is connected with [bis(py-κN) Zn(Ⅱ)] by zigzag topology. One zinc(Ⅱ) cation has a six-fold coordination environment, in which the metal atom is connected with four oxygen atoms of two 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acids to form equatorial bonds and two nitrogen atoms of pyridine to generate the axial bonds. Other four-fold nucleus contain two Zn–O bonds from different 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acids and two bonds with the Natom of pyridine. Antimicrobial assay results indicated that the compound showed moderate activities against different bacterial and fungal strains.

Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Human Blood Samples of Agro Professionals and Non-Agro Professionals

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pesticide residues in human blood samples of volunteers related to Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas districts, Pakistan. The volunteers of both districts were divided into four groups on the basis of their exposure period to pesticides i.e. Group A-5 to 9 years, Group B-10 to 14 years, Group C-15 to19 years and Group D-above 20 years. Out of total 188 volunteers, 145 volunteers (77.1%) were agro–professionals and 43 volun- teers (32.9%) were non–agro professionals. Chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) and parathion residues were detected in many samples. The predominant pesticides found in blood samples of both district volunteers were chlorpyrifos (with highest mean concentration of 0.37 mg kg-1 in the D group of Mirpurkhas) and endosulfan (with highest mean concentration of 0.30 mg kg-1 in the D group of Hyderabad). The quantity of pesticide residues detected in some blood samples of agro-professionals were found to be at the alarming level.

Interaction between Cadmium and Zinc Levels in the Biological Samples of Type 1 Diabetic Mellitus Children, Reside in Different Areas of Sindh, Pakistan

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the familiar childhood immune-mediated onsets and can lead to early mortalities and morbidities. It can arise at any stage, but the peak of occurrence is reported less than 18 years of age. T1DM cases in Pakistan were less than 2% of the total diabetic population. The current work designed to assess the concentration of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in blood, scalp hair and serum samples of T1DM children, age ranged 1 - 14 years of both genders. For comparison purpose, the age-matched referent subjects of both genders were tested. The microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure was used to determine the elemental analysis in the biological samples of T1DM children and referent subjects. The resulted data of certified reference material of blood, scalp hair, and serum validated the certainty of the designed method. The analysis of Zn was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, while the Cd contents were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. T1DM affected children of both genders have lower Zn level in the blood, scalp hair, and serum samples. Whereas, the levels of Cd were found to be higher in the biological samples of T1DM affected children as compared to referent subjects. The finding of the current study is a significant hypothesis for medical experts, to diagnose the deficiency of essential (Zn) and toxicity of heavy/toxic element (Cd) in the biological specimen of T1DM affected children.

Calcium and Lead Levels in the Biological Samples and Their Effect on the Biochemical Parameters of Indoor and Outdoor Workers of Five Zonal Areas of Coal Mining Field

Workers of the Lakhra coal mining Sindh Pakistan were affected by a multi-factorial exposure of heavy metals. The prevalence of lead (Pb) exposures in work-related symptoms among workers of indoor and outdoor mining of Lakhra coal mining was evaluated in detail. The biological samples (scalp hair and blood) of 270 workers of Lakhra coal mining {official and control subjects} (indoor and outdoor) 18 to 55 years age group and 70 referent subjects of same age-groups were examined. The biological samples (blood and scalp hair) of workers of Lakhra coal mining and referent subjects were analyzed for calcium (Ca) and lead (Pb). Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was applied for the determination of the Ca in digested samples of studied subjects by the microwave oven whereas, the Pb contents were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The validity of the methodology was checked by using the certified human hair material (BCR 397) and lyophilized human blood (Clincheck). The results indicated the higher contents of Pb in biological samples of indoor and outdoor mining workers than referents. However, the levels of Ca were found to be lower in indoor and outdoor mining workers than those of referents. It can be concluded that immediate action should be taken by recommended authorities to improve the ventilation and hygiene practices inside the industries, mines, and other workplaces.

Efficient Removal of Reactive Orange 107 Dye from Aqueous Media by Shrimp Shell Derived Chitosan Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles

In present work chitosan functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) were successfully prepared and investigated for the removal of Reactive Orange 107 dye (RO 107) from water. The chitosan was extracted from shrimp shells (Penaeus merguiensis) and was characterized by solubility test and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Degree of deacetylation of chitosan was examined by 1H-NMR and potentiometric titration method. Thereafter, the chitosan was used for synthesis of CMNPs. The synthesized CMNPs were characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Effects of various variables such as contact time, pH, stirring speed, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and concentration of electrolyte on extraction efficiency were evaluated. Freundlich isotherm model fits better that shows the removal of RO 107 with CMNPs by multilayer adsorption behaviour. Furthermore, kinetic study showed that adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetic model regulated by chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis explained that adsorption of RO 107 onto CMNPs was endothermic as well as spontaneous. The developed CNMPs were applied to environmental remediation of spiked RO 107 treated waste water samples with 96.20% removal potential, hence, offered an effective sorbent for removal of RO 107 contaminated water samples.

A review:Health benefits and physicochemical characteristics of blended vegetable oils

Oil blending is the method of choice used worldwide to improve oxidative stability and nutritional value.There is no such edible oil/fat that meets all the recommendations from the health point of view.The fatty acid composition of vegetable oils decides the fate of the oil.Pure single oil is unable to provide a balanced amount of fatty acids(FAs)required/recommended on a daily intake basis.Blending oils/fats is an appropriate procedure of physically mixing multiple oils in suitable proportions which may provide functional lipids with improved antioxidant potential and desirable physical and chemical properties.This review piled up the accessible data on the blending of diverse oils/fats in the combination of binary,ternary,quaternary,or other types of oils into a single blended oil.Blending can be found very convincing towards appropriate FA profile,enhancement in physicochemical characteristics,and augmented stability for the period of storage or when used as cooking/frying processes which could ultimately serve as an effectual dietary intervention towards the health protectiveness.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of L-cysteine-capped nickel nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

A simple and efficient microwave-assisted procedure for synthesis of L-cysteine-capped nickel nanoparticles(cyst-Ni NPs) in ethylene glycol solvent was demonstrated. The as-synthesised NPs were characterised by ultraviolet–visible(UV–Vis) spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD). The cyst-Ni NPs are proved to be excellent heterogeneous catalysts for the 100% reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NPh) in the presence of reductant(Na BH4)within reaction time of 40 s. In contrast, Raney nickel in similar sample environments shows only 25.5% reduction.The kinetic and energetic behaviours of cyst-Ni NPs were also studied, and the reduction reaction is determined to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant value of 0.115 s-1 and activation energy of 36.1 kJ·mol-1. In addition to its high catalytic competence, cyst-Ni NPs catalyst exhibits excellent recyclability with negligible catalytic poisoning.

A mini-review on MXenes as versatile substrate for advanced sensors

MXenes have emerged as versatile 2D materials that are already gaining paramount attention in the areas of energy,catalyst,electromagnetic shielding,and sensors.The unique surface chemistry,graphene-like mo rphology,high hydrophilicity,metal-like conductivity with redox capability identifies MXenes,as an ideal material for surface-related applications.This short review summarizes the most recent reports that discuss the potential application of MXenes and their hybrids as a transducer material for advanced sensors.Based on the nature of transducing signals,the discussion is categorized into three sections,which include electrochemical(bio)sensors,gas sensors,and finally,electro-chemiluminescence&fluorescent sensors.The review provides a concise summary of all the analytical merits obtained subsequent to the use of MXenes,followed by endeavors that have been made to accentuate the future perspective of MXenes in sensor devices.