Spatial transcriptomics reveals that metabolic characteristics define the tumor immunosuppression microenvironment via iCAF transformation in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Tumor progression is closely related to tumor tissue metabolism and reshaping of the microenvironment. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a representative hypoxic tumor, has a heterogeneous internal metabolic environment. To clarify the relationship between different metabolic regions and the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) in OSCC, Single cell (SC) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) sequencing of OSCC tissues were performed. The proportion of TME in the ST data was obtained through SPOTlight deconvolution using SC and GSE103322 data. The metabolic activity of each spot was calculated using scMetabolism,and k-means clustering was used to classify all spots into hyper-, normal-, or hypometabolic regions. CD4T cell infiltration and TGF-βexpression is higher in the hypermetabolic regions than in the others. Through CellPhoneDB and NicheNet cell-cell communication analysis, it was found that in the hypermetabolic region, fibroblasts can utilize the lactate produced by glycolysis of epithelial cells to transform into inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs), and the increased expression of HIF1A in iCAFs promotes the transcriptional expression of CXCL12. The secretion of CXCL12 recruits regulatory T cells (Tregs), leading to Treg infiltration and increased TGF-β secretion in the microenvironment and promotes the formation of a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. This study delineates the coordinate work axis of epithelial cells-iCAFs-Tregs in OSCC using SC, ST and TCGA bulk data, and highlights potential targets for therapy.

The bacterial small RNAs: The new biomarkers of oral microbiotaassociated cancers and diseases

The oral microbiota is a vital part of the human microbiota that functions in various physiological processes and ishighly relevant to cancers and other diseases. With the alterations of host immune competence, the homeostatic balanceexisting between the oral microbiota and host may be disturbed and result in the development of diseases. Numerousobservations have suggested that small RNAs are key regulators of bacterial pathogenesis and bacteria-host interactions.Further, bacterial small RNAs are considered to be promising biomarkers for the development of novel, and efficacioustherapies for oral dysbiosis. Mechanistic insights into how oral pathogens communicate with other bacteria or host cellsin oral cancers via small RNAs are hot topics of research. Current studies also have begun to elucidate the key role oforal microbiota in the development of systemic diseases. This article discusses existing findings and nascent mechanismsgoverning the small RNA-based interactions between oral microbiota and associated diseases. The knowledge of suchinteractions is key in planning approaches to reverse dysbiosis to achieve health.

Autophagy and circadian rhythms:interactions and clinical implications

Autophagy is a widespread biological process that controls cellular growth,survival,development,and death.Circadian rhythm is a recurring reaction of living organisms and behaviors to variations in surrounding brightness and obscurity.Most of the fundamental physiological processes in mammals,such as the sleep-wake pattern and the rhythm of nutrition and energy metabolism,are governed by circadian rhythms.Research has indicated that autophagy exhibits a specific circadian pattern in both normal and abnormal conditions.Autophagy can modulate circadian rhythms by breaking down proteins that regulate the circadian clock.The potential regulatory connection between the two has been a popular subject of clinical and fundamental research.Understanding the interaction between circadian rhythm and autophagy could potentially lead to the development of novel approaches for disease treatment in the future.The present analysis presented a summary of the molecular processes implicated in the interplay between autophagy and circadian rhythm,as well as the pathological importance of the disrupted regulatory association between these two phenomena.

Photodynamic therapy guidelines for the management of oral leucoplakia

With recent developments in photosensitizers and light delivery systems,topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has become the fourth alternative therapeutic approach in the management of oral leucoplakia (OLK) due to its minimally invasive nature,efficacy,and low risk of systemic side effects and disfigurement.This report presents step-by-step guidelines for applying topical ALA-PDT in the management of OLK based on both the clinical experience of the authors and a systematic review of the current literature.Studies using protocols with standardized parameters and randomized clinical trials at multiple centres with adequate sample sizes and both interim and long-term follow-ups are needed before universally applicable guidelines can be produced in this field.

Dental implant treatment for renal failure patients on dialysis:a clinical guideline

Chronic kidney disease （CKD） is a worldwide public health problem that is growing in prevalence and is associated with severe complications. During the progression of the disease, a majority of CKD patients suffer oral complications. Dental implants are currently the most reliable and successful treatment for missing teeth. However, due to complications of CKD such as infections, bone lesions, bleeding risks, and altered drug metabolism, dental implant treatment for renal failure patients on dialysis is more challenging. In this review, we have summarized the characteristics of CKD and previous publications regarding dental treatments for renal failure patients. In addition, we discuss our recent research results and clinical experience in order to provide dental implant practitioners with a clinical guideline for dental implant treatment for renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Long-term clinical performance of flapless implant surgery compared to the conventional approach with flap elevation:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND The conventional implant approach involves flap elevation,which may result in increased soft tissue and bone loss and postoperative morbidity.The flapless surgical technique,aided by three-dimensional medical imaging equipment,is regarded as a possible alternative to the conventional approach to alleviate the above issues.Several studies have been performed regarding the role of flapless implant surgery.However,the results are inconsistent and there is no robust synthesis of long-term evidence to better inform surgeons regarding which type of surgical technique is more beneficial to the long-term prognosis of patients in need of implant insertion.AIM To compare the long-term clinical performance after flapless implant surgery to that after the conventional approach with flap elevation.METHODS PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,and grey literature databases were searched from inception to 23 September 2019.Randomised controlled trials(RCTs)and cohort studies comparing the long-term clinical performance after flapless implant surgery to that after the conventional approach over a follow-up of three years or more were included.Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the odds ratios(ORs)or mean differences(MDs)and their 95%confidence intervals(CIs)between the long-term implant survival rate,marginal bone loss,and complication rate of the flapless and conventional groups.Subgroup analyses were carried out to account for the possible effects of the guided or free-hand method during flapless surgery.RESULTS Ten articles,including four RCTs and six cohort studies,satisfied the eligibility criteria and nine of them were included in the meta-analysis.There was no significant difference between the long-term implant survival rate[OR=1.30,95%CI(0.37,4.54),P=0.68],marginal bone loss[MD=0.01,95%CI(-0.42,0.44),P=0.97],and complication rate[OR=1.44,95%CI(0.77,2.68),P=0.25]after flapless implant surgery and the conventional approach.Moreover,subgroup analyses revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the implant survival rate[guided:OR=1.52,95%CI(0.19,12.35),P=0.70];free-hand:n=1,could not be estimated,marginal bone loss[guided:MD=0.22,95%CI(-0.14,0.59),P=0.23;free-hand:MD=-0.27,95%CI(-1.10,0.57),P=0.53],or complication rate[guided:OR=1.16,95%CI(0.52,2.63),P=0.71;free-hand:OR=1.75,95%CI(0.66,4.63),P=0.26]in the flapless and conventional groups either with use of the surgical guide or by the free-hand method.CONCLUSION The flapless surgery and conventional approach had comparable clinical performance over three years or more.The guided or free-hand technique does not significantly affect the long-term outcomes of flapless surgery.

Therapeutic potential of dental pulp stem cells and their derivatives:Insights from basic research toward clinical applications

For more than 20 years,researchers have isolated and identified postnatal dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)from different teeth,including natal teeth,exfoliated deciduous teeth,healthy teeth,and diseased teeth.Their mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)-like immunophenotypic characteristics,high proliferation rate,potential for multidirectional differentiation and biological features were demonstrated to be superior to those of bone marrow MSCs.In addition,several main application forms of DPSCs and their derivatives have been investigated,including stem cell injections,modified stem cells,stem cell sheets and stem cell spheroids.In vitro and in vivo administration of DPSCs and their derivatives exhibited beneficial effects in various disease models of different tissues and organs.Therefore,DPSCs and their derivatives are regarded as excellent candidates for stem cell-based tissue regeneration.In this review,we aim to provide an overview of the potential application of DPSCs and their derivatives in the field of regenerative medicine.We describe the similarities and differences of DPSCs isolated from donors of different ages and health conditions.The methodologies for therapeutic administration of DPSCs and their derivatives are introduced,including single injections and the transplantation of the cells with a support,as cell sheets,or as cell spheroids.We also summarize the underlying mechanisms of the regenerative potential of DPSCs.

Development and validation of a risk model for noninvasive detection of cancer in oral potentially malignant disorders using DNA image cytometry

Objective:To elucidate whether DNA aneuploidy was an independent discriminator for carcinoma within oral potentially malignant disorders(OPMDs),and further establish and validate a risk model based on DNA aneuploidy for the detection of oral cancer.Methods:A total of 810 consecutive patients with OPMD were prospectively enrolled from March 2013 to December 2018,and divided into a training set(n=608)and a test set(n=202).Brushing and biopsy samples from each patient were processed by DNADNA image cytometry and histopathological examination,respectively.Results:DNA aneuploidy of an outside DNA index≥3.5 in OPMD was an independent marker strongly associated with malignant risk[adjusted odds ratio:13.04;95%confidence interval(CI):5.46-31.14].In the training and test sets,the area under the curve(AUC)was 0.87(95%CI:0.82-0.91)and 0.77(95%CI:0.57-0.97),respectively,for detecting carcinoma in OPMD patients.The independent risk factors of lateral/ventral tongue and non-homogenous type combined with a risk model built with a multivariate logistic regression revealed a more favorable diagnostic efficacy associated with the training set(AUC:0.93;95%CI:0.91-0.96)and test set(AUC:0.94;95%CI:0.90-0.98).The sensitivity and specificity of carcinoma detection within OPMD was improved to 100%and 88.1%,respectively.Conclusions:This large-scale diagnostic study established a risk model based on DNA aneuploidy that consisted of a noninvasive strategy with lateral/ventral tongue and non-homogenous features.The results showed favorable diagnostic efficacy for detecting carcinoma within OPMD,irrespective of the clinical and pathological diagnoses of OPMD.Multicenter validation and longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate community practices and clinical applications.

Magnesium alloys in tumor treatment:Current research status, challenges and future prospects

Cancer is a major threat to human life worldwide. Traditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and surgery, have major limitations and can cause irreversible damage to normal tissues while killing the cancer cells. Magnesium(Mg) alloys are widely reported novel potential biomedical materials with acceptable mechanical properties and good osteogenic and angiogenic properties. In this review, we summarize the Mg alloys for antitumor applications, including pure Mg and Mg alloys(Mg-Ag, Mg-Gd, Mg-Li-Zn, Mg-Ca-Sr-Zn, et al.) fabricated by casting and extruding, selective laser melting methods. Mg alloys can exhibit antitumor effect on bone tumor, breast cancer, and liver tumor,etal. What's more, after tumor tissue is eliminated, Mg alloys prevent tumor recurrence, fill tissue defects and promote tissue regeneration.The antitumor effects of Mg alloys are mainly due to their degradation products. Overall, Mg alloys show great potential in tumor treatments due to the dual function of antitumor and tissue regeneration.

Micromechanical interlocking structure at the filler/resin interface for dental composites: a review

Dental resin composites(DRCs)are popular materials for repairing caries or dental defect,requiring excellent properties to cope with the complex oral environment.Filler/resin interface interaction has a significant impact on the physicochemical/biological properties and service life of DRCs.

Extracellular vesicles:Emerged as a promising strategy for regenerative medicine

Cell transplantation therapy has certain limitations including immune rejection and limited cell viability,which seriously hinder the transformation of stem cellbased tissue regeneration into clinical practice.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)not only possess the advantages of its derived cells,but also can avoid the risks of cell transplantation.EVs are intelligent and controllable biomaterials that can participate in a variety of physiological and pathological activities,tissue repair and regeneration by transmitting a variety of biological signals,showing great potential in cell-free tissue regeneration.In this review,we summarized the origins and characteristics of EVs,introduced the pivotal role of EVs in diverse tissues regeneration,discussed the underlying mechanisms,prospects,and challenges of EVs.We also pointed out the problems that need to be solved,application directions,and prospects of EVs in the future and shed new light on the novel cell-free strategy for using EVs in the field of regenerative medicine.

A biomimetic nanoplatform for customized photothermal therapy of HNSCC evaluated on patient-derived xenograft models

Cancer cell membrane(CCM)derived nanotechnology functionalizes nanoparticles(NPs)to recognize homologous cells,exhibiting translational potential in accurate tumor therapy.However,these nanoplatforms are majorly generated from fixed cell lines and are typically evaluated in cell line-derived subcutaneous-xenografts(CDX),ignoring the tumor heterogeneity and differentiation from inter-and intra-individuals and microenvironments between heterotopic-and orthotopic-tumors,limiting the therapeutic efficiency of such nanoplatforms.Herein,various biomimetic nanoplatforms(CCM-modified gold@Carbon,i.e.,Au@C-CCM)were fabricated by coating CCMs of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)cell lines and patient-derived cells on the surface of Au@C NP.The generated Au@C-CCMs were evaluated on corresponding CDX,tongue orthotopic xenograft(TOX),immunecompetent primary and distant tumor models,and patient-derived xenograft(PDX)models.The Au@C-CCM generates a photothermal conversion efficiency up to 44.2% for primary HNSCC therapy and induced immunotherapy to inhibit metastasis via photothermal therapy-induced immunogenic cell death.The homologous CCM endowed the nanoplatforms with optimal targeting properties for the highest therapeutic efficiency,far above those with mismatched CCMs,resulting in distinct tumor ablation and tumor growth inhibition in all four models.This work reinforces the feasibility of biomimetic NPs combining modular designed CMs and functional cores for customized treatment of HNSCC,can be further extended to other malignant tumors therapy.

Correlations among core species corresponding to the clinical staging of periodontitis

The correlation between microbiota plays a vital role in the progression of periodontal disease.This study investigated the in situ interaction networks between periodontal pathogens in periodontal and peri-implant disease.We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Pearson’s correlation coefficients to quantify the copy numbers and correlations of four oral core species—Fusobacterium nucleatum,Porphyromonas gingivalis,Prevotella intermedia,and Streptococcus gordonii—from 80 subgingival sites(healthy and with periodontitis or gingivitis)in patients with periodontitis,and 68 subgingival sites(healthy and with periodontitis,gingivitis,peri-implantitis,or peri-implant mucositis)in patients with implants.The highest bacterial counts were observed for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia at all the sites.Within the same cohorts,the bacterial loads were greater at diseased sites than at healthy sites.Bacterial counts did not differ among clinical sites in the same group(P>0.05)but differed between periodontitis and peri-implant mucositis sites in the two groups.Porphyromonas gingivalis,F.nucleatum,and Prevotella intermedia had strong correlations at gingivitis and healthy sites and moderate correlations at periodontitis sites in patients with periodontitis.In patients with implants,Prevotella intermedia,F.nucleatum,and S.gordonii had strong correlations only at peri-implantitis sites.Also,based on metagenomic analysis,F.nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia were significantly correlated at the subgingival plaque in peri-implantitis and periodontitis samples.Our results suggest that variations in microbe-microbe interactions in subgingival plaque reflect changes in the progression of periodontal disease,providing a new perspective for understanding the mechanisms of periodontitis and peri-implantitis.

The role and applications of extracellular vesicles in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a widely observed condition characterized by the systemic deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture,which increases patient susceptibility to fragile fractures.The intricate mechanisms governing bone homeostasis are substantially impacted by extracellular vesicles(EVs),which play crucial roles in both pathological and physiological contexts.EVs derived from various sources exert distinct effects on osteoporosis.Specifically,EVs released by osteoblasts,endothelial cells,myocytes,and mesenchymal stem cells contribute to bone formation due to their unique cargo of proteins,miRNAs,and cytokines.Conversely,EVs secreted by osteoclasts and immune cells promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation.Furthermore,the use of EVs as therapeutic modalities or biomaterials for diagnosing and managing osteoporosis is promising.Here,we review the current understanding of the impact of EVs on bone homeostasis,including the classification and biogenesis of EVs and the intricate regulatory mechanisms of EVs in osteoporosis.Furthermore,we present an overview of the latest research progress on diagnosing and treating osteoporosis by using EVs.Finally,we discuss the challenges and prospects of translational research on the use of EVs in osteoporosis.

Integrated ribosome and proteome analyses reveal insights into sevoflurane-induced long-term social behavior and cognitive dysfunctions through ADNP inhibition in neonatal mice

A growing number of studies have demonstrated that repeated exposure to sevoflurane during development results in persistent social abnormalities and cognitive impairment.Davunetide,an active fragment of the activity-dependent neuroprotective protein(ADNP),has been implicated in social and cognitive protection.However,the potential of davunetide to attenuate social deficits following sevoflurane exposure and the underlying developmental mechanisms remain poorly understood.In this study,ribosome and proteome profiles were analyzed to investigate the molecular basis of sevoflurane-induced social deficits in neonatal mice.The neuropathological basis was also explored using Golgi staining,morphological analysis,western blotting,electrophysiological analysis,and behavioral analysis.Results indicated that ADNP was significantly down-regulated following developmental exposure to sevoflurane.In adulthood,anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)neurons exposed to sevoflurane exhibited a decrease in dendrite number,total dendrite length,and spine density.Furthermore,the expression levels of Homer,PSD95,synaptophysin,and vglut2 were significantly reduced in the sevoflurane group.Patch-clamp recordings indicated reductions in both the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents(mEPSCs).Notably,davunetide significantly ameliorated the synaptic defects,social behavior deficits,and cognitive impairments induced by sevoflurane.Mechanistic analysis revealed that loss of ADNP led to dysregulation of Ca^(2+)activity via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling,resulting in decreased expression of synaptic proteins.Suppression of Wnt signaling was restored in the davunetide-treated group.Thus,ADNP was identified as a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of neurodevelopmental toxicity caused by general anesthetics.This study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying social and cognitive disturbances caused by sevoflurane exposure in neonatal mice and elucidates the regulatory pathways involved.

3D-printed Mg-1Ca/polycaprolactone composite scaffolds with promoted bone regeneration

In bone tissue engineering,polycaprolactone(PCL)is a promising material with good biocompatibility,but its poor degradation rate,mechanical strength,and osteogenic properties limit its application.In this study,we developed an Mg-1Ca/polycaprolactone(Mg-1Ca/PCL)composite scaffolds to overcome these limitations.We used a melt blending method to prepare Mg-1Ca/PCL composites with Mg-1Ca alloy powder mass ratios of 5,10,and 20 wt%.Porous scaffolds with controlled macro-and microstructure were printed using the fused deposition modeling method.We explored the mechanical strength,biocompatibility,osteogenesis performance,and molecular mechanism of the Mg-1Ca/PCL composites.The 5 and 10 wt%Mg-1Ca/PCL composites were found to have good biocompatibility.Moreover,they promoted the mechanical strength,proliferation,adhesion,and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells(hBMSCs)of pure PCL.In vitro degradation experiments revealed that the composite material stably released Mg_(2)+ions for a long period;it formed an apatite layer on the surface of the scaffold that facilitated cell adhesion and growth.Microcomputed tomography and histological analysis showed that both 5 and 10 wt%Mg-1Ca/PCL composite scaffolds promoted bone regeneration bone defects.Our results indicated that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was involved in the osteogenic effect.Therefore,Mg-1Ca/PCL composite scaffolds are expected to be a promising bone regeneration material for clinical application.Statement of significance:Bone tissue engineering scaffolds have promising applications in the regeneration of critical-sized bone defects.However,there remain many limitations in the materials and manufacturing methods used to fabricate scaffolds.This study shows that the developed Ma-1Ca/PCL composites provides scaffolds with suitable degradation rates and enhanced boneformation capabilities.Furthermore,the fused deposition modeling method allows precise control of the macroscopic morphology and microscopic porosity of the scaffold.The obtained porous scaffolds can significantly promote the regeneration of bone defects.

A folic acid-decorated nanoparticles loaded JQ1 for oral squamous cell carcinoma therapy

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is known as one of the most malignant tumors with high recurrence and fatality rate.The poor tumor-targeting ability of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs has been a grand challenge for anti-OSCC therapy.Beyond that,a large quantity of tumor associated macrophages in OSCC tissues further diminish the anti-tumor effects of these drugs.Therefore,we produced a therapeutic nano drug delivery system(FA-PEG-PLA-JQ1)through encapsulating JQ1[a small-molecule inhibitor of bromodomain containing protein 4(BRD4)]into the folic acid(FA)-modified nanoparticle(PEG-PLA),which could prolong the half-life of JQ1 and target the tumor tissues.And then,JQ1 released from this nanoparticle could prevent OSCC growth inducing tumor cell apoptosis,inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and the polarization of M2 type macrophages.In conclusion,our date demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of FA-PEG-PLA-JQ1 against OSCC in vivo or in vitro,which could be a novel treatment strategy for OSCC in coming days.

An overview of autophagy in the differentiation of dental stem cells

Dental stem cells(DSCs)have attracted significant interest as autologous stem cells since they are easily accessible and give a minimal immune response.These properties and their ability to both maintain self-renewal and undergo multi-lineage differentiation establish them as key players in regenerative medicine.While many regulatory factors determine the differentiation trajectory of DSCs,prior research has predominantly been based on genetic,epigenetic,and molecular aspects.Recent evidence suggests that DSC differentiation can also be influenced by autophagy,a highly conserved cellular process responsible for maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis under various stress conditions.This comprehensive review endeavors to elucidate the intricate regulatory mechanism and relationship between autophagy and DSC differentiation.To achieve this goal,we dissect the intricacies of autophagy and its mechanisms.Subsequently,we elucidate its pivotal roles in impacting DSC differentiation,including osteo/odontogenic,neurogenic,and angiogenic trajectories.Furthermore,we reveal the regulatory factors that govern autophagy in DSC lineage commitment,including scaffold materials,pharmaceutical cues,and the extrinsic milieu.The implications of this review are far-reaching,underpinning the potential to wield autophagy as a regulatory tool to expedite DSC-directed differentiation and thereby promote the application of DSCs within the realm of regenerative medicine.

Potential therapeutic role of spermine via Rac1 in osteoporosis:Insights from zebrafish and mice

Osteoporosis(OP)is a prevalent metabolic bone disease.While drug therapy is essential to prevent bone loss in osteoporotic patients,current treatments are limited by side effects and high costs,necessitating the development of more effective and safer targeted therapies.Utilizing a zebrafish(Danio rerio)larval model of osteoporosis,we explored the influence of the metabolite spermine on bone homeostasis.Results showed that spermine exhibited dual activity in osteoporotic zebrafish larvae by increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption.Spermine not only demonstrated excellent biosafety but also mitigated prednisolone-induced embryonic neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity.Notably,spermine showcased protective attributes in the nervous systems of both zebrafish embryos and larvae.At the molecular level,Rac1 was identified as playing a pivotal role in mediating the antiosteoporotic effects of spermine,with P53 potentially acting downstream of Rac1.These findings were confirmed using mouse(Mus musculus)models,in which spermine not only ameliorated osteoporosis but also promoted bone formation and mineralization under healthy conditions,suggesting strong potential as a bonestrengthening agent.This study underscores the beneficial role of spermine in osteoporotic bone homeostasis and skeletal system development,highlighting pivotal molecular mediators.Given their efficacy and safety,human endogenous metabolites like spermine are promising candidates for new anti-osteoporotic drug development and daily bone-fortifying agents.

Expert consensus on odontogenic maxillary sinusitis multi-disciplinary treatment

Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) is a subtype of maxillary sinusitis (MS). It is actually inflammation of the maxillary sinus that secondary to adjacent infectious maxillary dental lesion. Due to the lack of unique clinical features, OMS is difficult to distinguish from other types of rhinosinusitis. Besides, the characteristic infectious pathogeny of OMS makes it is resistant to conventional therapies of rhinosinusitis. Its current diagnosis and treatment are thus facing great difficulties. The multi-disciplinary cooperation between otolaryngologists and dentists is absolutely urgent to settle these questions and to acquire standardized diagnostic and treatment regimen for OMS. However, this disease has actually received little attention and has been underrepresented by relatively low publication volume and quality. Based on systematically reviewed literature and practical experiences of expert members, our consensus focuses on characteristics, symptoms, classification and diagnosis of OMS, and further put forward multidisciplinary treatment decisions for OMS, as well as the common treatment complications and relative managements. This consensus aims to increase attention to OMS, and optimize the clinical diagnosis and decision-making of OMS, which finally provides evidence-based options for OMS clinical management.