The structure and characteristic of carbon materials have a direct influence on the electrochemical performance of sulfur-carbon composite electrode materials for lithium-sulfur battery. In this paper, sulfur composit...The structure and characteristic of carbon materials have a direct influence on the electrochemical performance of sulfur-carbon composite electrode materials for lithium-sulfur battery. In this paper, sulfur composite has been synthesized by heating a mixture of elemental sulfur and activated carbon, which is characterized as high specific surface area and microporous structure. The composite, contained 70% sulfur, as cathode in a lithium cell based on organic liquid electrolyte was tested at room temperature. It showed two reduction peaks at 2.05 V and 2.35 V, one oxidation peak at 2.4 V during cyclic voltammogram test. The initial discharge specific capacity was 1180.8 mAh g-1 and the utilization of electrochemically active sulfur was about 70.6% assuming a complete reaction to the product of Li2S. The specific capacity still kept as high as 720.4 mAh g^-1 after 60 cycles retaining 61% of the initial discharge capacity.展开更多
Metal hydride-nickel cell is one of the best choices for hybrid electric vehicle for its high specific energy density,security,reliability and renewability.However,its poor capability under high temperature and low sp...Metal hydride-nickel cell is one of the best choices for hybrid electric vehicle for its high specific energy density,security,reliability and renewability.However,its poor capability under high temperature and low specific power restrict its applications.Our studies on the metal hydride-nickel cell with different loading densities show that Ni(OH) 2 with CoOOH has good oxidation and reduction properties and proton spread rate when the loading density is 0.617 kg/m2.The power density and energy density can be as high as 1 250 W/kg and 49.4 W·h/kg respectively when Ni(OH) 2 with CoOOH was used in high power battery with the nickel foam.展开更多
Three co-impregnation/chemical reduction methods in acidic solutions of pH 〈 1,including ethylene glycol (EG),NaBH4,and HCOOH,were compared for Pt-WO3/C catalysts.Pt-WO3/C catalysts containing 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% p...Three co-impregnation/chemical reduction methods in acidic solutions of pH 〈 1,including ethylene glycol (EG),NaBH4,and HCOOH,were compared for Pt-WO3/C catalysts.Pt-WO3/C catalysts containing 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% platinum per carbon were prepared by the three methods; their morphology and electrocatalytic activities were characterized.The 20 wt.% Pt-WO3/C catalyst prepared by the co-impregnation/EG method presented the optimal dispersion with an average particle size of 4.6 nm and subsequently the best electrocatalytic activity,and so,it was further characterized.Its anodic peak current density for ethanol oxidation from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) is 7.9 mA·cm^-2,which is 1.4 and 5.2 times as high as those of the catalysts prepared by co-impregnation/NaBH4 and co-impregnation/ HCOOH reduction methods,2.1 times as high as that of the 10 wt.% Pt-WO3/C catalyst prepared by co-impregnation/EG method,respectively.展开更多
LiF-coated LiMn2O4 samples were prepared via a chemical method. X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns show that the bare LiMn2O4 and the LiF-coated LiMn2O4 samples are all spinel structure in Fd 3mspace group. The apparent ...LiF-coated LiMn2O4 samples were prepared via a chemical method. X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns show that the bare LiMn2O4 and the LiF-coated LiMn2O4 samples are all spinel structure in Fd 3mspace group. The apparent morphologies,the spectroscopic properties and the LiF distributions of the as-prepared samples were studied by scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),transmission electronic microscopy(TEM),selected area electron diffractometry(SAED) respectively. The LiF-coated LiMn2O4 gets a more stable surface than bare LiMn2O4,and changes the interaction between the cathode material and the electrolyte. Therefore,it can endure overcharge in the secondary lithium batteries,and achieve better electrochemical performances even when charged to 4.7 V and 4.9 V.展开更多
Nickel boride alloys,Ni-B,were prepared using chemical reduction method by the reaction of metal chloride with sodium borohydride,and heat-treated at various temperatures. The structures of the as-prepared alloys were...Nickel boride alloys,Ni-B,were prepared using chemical reduction method by the reaction of metal chloride with sodium borohydride,and heat-treated at various temperatures. The structures of the as-prepared alloys were studied using X-ray diffractometry(XRD),scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. When being adopted as the catalysts for successive hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride solution,the Ni-B alloy treated at 90 ℃ achieves a maximum hydrogen generation rate of 15.4 L/(min·g),and an average hydrogen generation rate of 13.6 L/min,which can give successive hydrogen supply to a 2.2 kW PEMFC at a hydrogen utilization of 100%.展开更多
Pt-WO3 nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black were prepared by an ethylene glycol method.The morphology,composition,nanostructure,electrochemical characteristics and electrocatalytic activity ...Pt-WO3 nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black were prepared by an ethylene glycol method.The morphology,composition,nanostructure,electrochemical characteristics and electrocatalytic activity were characterized,and the formation mechanism was investigated.The average particle size was 2.3 nm,the same as that of Pt/C catalyst.The W/Pt atomic ratio was 1/20,much lower than the design of 1/3.The deposition of WO3·xH2O nanoparticles on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black was found to be very difficult by TEM.From XPS and XRD,the Pt nanoparticles were formed in the colloidal solution of Na2WO4,the EG insoluble Na2WO4 resulted in the decreased relative crystallinity and increased crystalline lattice constant compared with those of Pt/C catalyst and,subsequently,the higher specific electrocatalytic activity as determined by CV.The Pt-mass and Pt-electrochemically-active-specific-surface-area based anodic peak current densities for ethanol oxidation were 422.2 mA·mg-1Pt and 0.43 mA·cm-2Pt,1.2 and 1.1 times higher than those of Pt/C catalyst,respectively.展开更多
Composite polymer electrolytes based on mixing soft-segment waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (BMImTFSI) have been prepared and characterized. The ...Composite polymer electrolytes based on mixing soft-segment waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (BMImTFSI) have been prepared and characterized. The addition of BMImTFSI results in an increase of the ionic conductivity. At high BMImTFSI concentration (BMImTFSI/WPU = 3 in weight ratio), the ionic conductivity reaches 4.27 × 10^-3 S/cm at 30 ℃. These composite polymer electrolytes exhibit good thermal and electrochemical stability, which are high enough to be applied in lithium batteries.展开更多
A series of Nd^3+-doped LiNdxV2-x(PO4)3(x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08 or 0.1) composites are synthesized by the rheological phase reaction method. The XRD results indicate that Nd3+ions have been successfully merge...A series of Nd^3+-doped LiNdxV2-x(PO4)3(x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08 or 0.1) composites are synthesized by the rheological phase reaction method. The XRD results indicate that Nd3+ions have been successfully merged into a lattice structure. Doped samples show good electrochemical performance in high discharge rate and long cycle. In the potential range of 3.0–4.3 V, Li3Nd0.08V1.92(PO4)3exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 115.8 m Ah/g at 0.2 C and retain 80.86% of capacity retention at 2 C in the 51 st cycle.In addition, Li3Nd0.05V1.95(PO4)3holds at 100.4 m Ah/g after 80 cycles at 0.2 C with a capacity retention of92.4%. Finally, the CV test proves that the potential polarization of Li3Nd0.08V1.92(PO4)3decreased compared with the un-doped one.展开更多
We prepared a series of lithium lanthanum titanate(LLTO) thin film electrolytes by radio frequency(RF) magnetron sputtering using LLTO targets in a N2 atmosphere.We also deposited the LLTO thin films in an Ar atmosphe...We prepared a series of lithium lanthanum titanate(LLTO) thin film electrolytes by radio frequency(RF) magnetron sputtering using LLTO targets in a N2 atmosphere.We also deposited the LLTO thin films in an Ar atmosphere under a same condition as references for comparison.The microstructure morphology and the composition of the thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),respectively.Results show that the thin film has an amorphous structure with a uniform surface and it is free of pinholes and cracks.Impedance measurements reveal that the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes is beneficial for all solid lithium batteries dependent on the lithium content at room temperature.We found that the amorphous LLTO thin film performs well and it has potential application in microbatteries for use in microelectronic devices.展开更多
Pt/C catalysts were prepared by ethylene glycol (EG) method in weakly acidic solutions adjusted by sodium citrate (NasCit), sodium acetate (NaAc) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), separately. The effects of alkaliz...Pt/C catalysts were prepared by ethylene glycol (EG) method in weakly acidic solutions adjusted by sodium citrate (NasCit), sodium acetate (NaAc) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), separately. The effects of alkalizing agent, pH and temperature were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and CV. The composition and structure of Pt/C catalyst prepared at optimal conditions of 140℃ and pH=6.7 adjusted by NasCit was further characterized by X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The average particle size of Pt/C catalyst prepared using Na3Cit is 2.1 nm, smaller than that of Pt/C catalyst (2.9 nm) prepared using NaAc, much smaller than that of Pt/C catalyst (100 nm) prepared using NaOH. The electrocatalytic activity of Pt/C catalysts prepared using Na3Cit and NaAc for ethanol oxidation are 456.6 and 419.2 mA/mgPt, comparative to those of Pt/C catalyst prepared by typical EG method and commercial E-TEK Pt/C catalyst. Finally, the size control mechanism of Pt nanoparticles was discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Program for Basic Research of China(No. 2009CB220100)the National 863 Program(No.2007AA03Z226)
文摘The structure and characteristic of carbon materials have a direct influence on the electrochemical performance of sulfur-carbon composite electrode materials for lithium-sulfur battery. In this paper, sulfur composite has been synthesized by heating a mixture of elemental sulfur and activated carbon, which is characterized as high specific surface area and microporous structure. The composite, contained 70% sulfur, as cathode in a lithium cell based on organic liquid electrolyte was tested at room temperature. It showed two reduction peaks at 2.05 V and 2.35 V, one oxidation peak at 2.4 V during cyclic voltammogram test. The initial discharge specific capacity was 1180.8 mAh g-1 and the utilization of electrochemically active sulfur was about 70.6% assuming a complete reaction to the product of Li2S. The specific capacity still kept as high as 720.4 mAh g^-1 after 60 cycles retaining 61% of the initial discharge capacity.
基金Sponsored by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2007AA11A104)
文摘Metal hydride-nickel cell is one of the best choices for hybrid electric vehicle for its high specific energy density,security,reliability and renewability.However,its poor capability under high temperature and low specific power restrict its applications.Our studies on the metal hydride-nickel cell with different loading densities show that Ni(OH) 2 with CoOOH has good oxidation and reduction properties and proton spread rate when the loading density is 0.617 kg/m2.The power density and energy density can be as high as 1 250 W/kg and 49.4 W·h/kg respectively when Ni(OH) 2 with CoOOH was used in high power battery with the nickel foam.
基金supported by the National Basic Research and Development Program of China (No. 2009CB220100)Beijing Excellent Talent Support Program (No. 20071D1600300396)
文摘Three co-impregnation/chemical reduction methods in acidic solutions of pH 〈 1,including ethylene glycol (EG),NaBH4,and HCOOH,were compared for Pt-WO3/C catalysts.Pt-WO3/C catalysts containing 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% platinum per carbon were prepared by the three methods; their morphology and electrocatalytic activities were characterized.The 20 wt.% Pt-WO3/C catalyst prepared by the co-impregnation/EG method presented the optimal dispersion with an average particle size of 4.6 nm and subsequently the best electrocatalytic activity,and so,it was further characterized.Its anodic peak current density for ethanol oxidation from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) is 7.9 mA·cm^-2,which is 1.4 and 5.2 times as high as those of the catalysts prepared by co-impregnation/NaBH4 and co-impregnation/ HCOOH reduction methods,2.1 times as high as that of the 10 wt.% Pt-WO3/C catalyst prepared by co-impregnation/EG method,respectively.
基金Project (2002CB211800) supported by the National Basic Research Program of Chinaproject (000Y05-21) supported by the Excellent Young Scholar Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technologyproject (20060542012) supported by the Teaching and Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technology
文摘LiF-coated LiMn2O4 samples were prepared via a chemical method. X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns show that the bare LiMn2O4 and the LiF-coated LiMn2O4 samples are all spinel structure in Fd 3mspace group. The apparent morphologies,the spectroscopic properties and the LiF distributions of the as-prepared samples were studied by scanning electronic microscopy(SEM),Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),transmission electronic microscopy(TEM),selected area electron diffractometry(SAED) respectively. The LiF-coated LiMn2O4 gets a more stable surface than bare LiMn2O4,and changes the interaction between the cathode material and the electrolyte. Therefore,it can endure overcharge in the secondary lithium batteries,and achieve better electrochemical performances even when charged to 4.7 V and 4.9 V.
基金Project (2002CB211800) supported by the National Basic Research Program of Chinaproject (000Y05-21) supported by the Excellent Young Scholar Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technology+1 种基金project (20060542012) supported by the Teaching & Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technologyproject(20071D1600300396) supported by the Beijing Excellent Talent Support Program
文摘Nickel boride alloys,Ni-B,were prepared using chemical reduction method by the reaction of metal chloride with sodium borohydride,and heat-treated at various temperatures. The structures of the as-prepared alloys were studied using X-ray diffractometry(XRD),scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. When being adopted as the catalysts for successive hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride solution,the Ni-B alloy treated at 90 ℃ achieves a maximum hydrogen generation rate of 15.4 L/(min·g),and an average hydrogen generation rate of 13.6 L/min,which can give successive hydrogen supply to a 2.2 kW PEMFC at a hydrogen utilization of 100%.
基金Funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2009CB220100)the Beijing Excellent Talent Support Program (No. 20071D1600300396)
文摘Pt-WO3 nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black were prepared by an ethylene glycol method.The morphology,composition,nanostructure,electrochemical characteristics and electrocatalytic activity were characterized,and the formation mechanism was investigated.The average particle size was 2.3 nm,the same as that of Pt/C catalyst.The W/Pt atomic ratio was 1/20,much lower than the design of 1/3.The deposition of WO3·xH2O nanoparticles on Vulcan XC-72R carbon black was found to be very difficult by TEM.From XPS and XRD,the Pt nanoparticles were formed in the colloidal solution of Na2WO4,the EG insoluble Na2WO4 resulted in the decreased relative crystallinity and increased crystalline lattice constant compared with those of Pt/C catalyst and,subsequently,the higher specific electrocatalytic activity as determined by CV.The Pt-mass and Pt-electrochemically-active-specific-surface-area based anodic peak current densities for ethanol oxidation were 422.2 mA·mg-1Pt and 0.43 mA·cm-2Pt,1.2 and 1.1 times higher than those of Pt/C catalyst,respectively.
基金financially supported by the National 863 Program(No.2007AA03Z226)the National Key Program for Basic Research of China(No.2002CB211800 and 2009CB220100).
文摘Composite polymer electrolytes based on mixing soft-segment waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (BMImTFSI) have been prepared and characterized. The addition of BMImTFSI results in an increase of the ionic conductivity. At high BMImTFSI concentration (BMImTFSI/WPU = 3 in weight ratio), the ionic conductivity reaches 4.27 × 10^-3 S/cm at 30 ℃. These composite polymer electrolytes exhibit good thermal and electrochemical stability, which are high enough to be applied in lithium batteries.
基金supported by the National Key Program for Basic Research of China(No.2009CB220100)National High-tech 863Key Program(No.2011AA11A235)Basic Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technology(No.3100012211111)
文摘A series of Nd^3+-doped LiNdxV2-x(PO4)3(x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08 or 0.1) composites are synthesized by the rheological phase reaction method. The XRD results indicate that Nd3+ions have been successfully merged into a lattice structure. Doped samples show good electrochemical performance in high discharge rate and long cycle. In the potential range of 3.0–4.3 V, Li3Nd0.08V1.92(PO4)3exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 115.8 m Ah/g at 0.2 C and retain 80.86% of capacity retention at 2 C in the 51 st cycle.In addition, Li3Nd0.05V1.95(PO4)3holds at 100.4 m Ah/g after 80 cycles at 0.2 C with a capacity retention of92.4%. Finally, the CV test proves that the potential polarization of Li3Nd0.08V1.92(PO4)3decreased compared with the un-doped one.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB220100)the Key International S&T Cooperation Projects of China (2010DFB63370)+2 种基金the National High-tech R&D Program of China (2011AA11A256)New Century Educational Talents Plan of Chinese Ministry of Education (NCET-10-0038)Beijing Novel Program (2010B018)
文摘We prepared a series of lithium lanthanum titanate(LLTO) thin film electrolytes by radio frequency(RF) magnetron sputtering using LLTO targets in a N2 atmosphere.We also deposited the LLTO thin films in an Ar atmosphere under a same condition as references for comparison.The microstructure morphology and the composition of the thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),respectively.Results show that the thin film has an amorphous structure with a uniform surface and it is free of pinholes and cracks.Impedance measurements reveal that the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes is beneficial for all solid lithium batteries dependent on the lithium content at room temperature.We found that the amorphous LLTO thin film performs well and it has potential application in microbatteries for use in microelectronic devices.
基金financially supported by the National 863 Program(No.2011AA11A235)the National Key Program for Basic Research of China(No.2009CB220100)Basic Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technology(No.3100012211111 )
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2009CB220100)the Beijing Excellent Talent Support Program (Grant No.20071D1600300396)
文摘Pt/C catalysts were prepared by ethylene glycol (EG) method in weakly acidic solutions adjusted by sodium citrate (NasCit), sodium acetate (NaAc) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), separately. The effects of alkalizing agent, pH and temperature were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and CV. The composition and structure of Pt/C catalyst prepared at optimal conditions of 140℃ and pH=6.7 adjusted by NasCit was further characterized by X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The average particle size of Pt/C catalyst prepared using Na3Cit is 2.1 nm, smaller than that of Pt/C catalyst (2.9 nm) prepared using NaAc, much smaller than that of Pt/C catalyst (100 nm) prepared using NaOH. The electrocatalytic activity of Pt/C catalysts prepared using Na3Cit and NaAc for ethanol oxidation are 456.6 and 419.2 mA/mgPt, comparative to those of Pt/C catalyst prepared by typical EG method and commercial E-TEK Pt/C catalyst. Finally, the size control mechanism of Pt nanoparticles was discussed.