Despite enormous efforts to achieve the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, it remains a major challenge for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Mali. Our objective is to assess c...Despite enormous efforts to achieve the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, it remains a major challenge for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Mali. Our objective is to assess changes in the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. We conducted a cross-sectional study between January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 (10 years) of early diagnosis activity in newborns and children born to HIV-1-positive mothers at the National Institute for Public Health (INSP). The samples came from health and referral centers in mali. All samples were received at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the INSP. Proviral DNA extraction was performed from a blood spot sample with a Roche DNA kit, Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 qualitative Test, V2.0 (Roche Molecular System, Inc, USA) following the company procedures. Molecular diagnosis was performed using the same kits using an algorithm of three identical PCRs. The Epi Info version 7 software was used for data analysis with a significance threshold of 5%. A total of 10,714 samples of infants and children born to HIV-positive mothers were analyzed by PCR. Ninety-six percent of mothers were on ARV prophylaxis (AZT 3TC NVP and AZT NVP) and 60% of newborns received the same ARV prophylaxis. Of these children, 956 tested positive with an overall transmission rate of 8.92%, varying between 7.27% in 2009 and 08.01% in 2018. This rate was relatively low among children receiving prophylaxis at 2.04% and remained high for children who received breastfeeding at 5.62%. However, the transmission rate remains low for those who have benefited from mixed and artificial breastfeeding at 1.58% and 1.27% respectively. A significant proportion of children remained infected by their mothers during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. This study shows the importance of early diagnosis of HIV in children using molecular technology.展开更多
Global nitrogen (N) budgets for intensive agricultural systems were compiled for a 0.5 by 0.5 degree resolution. These budgets include N inputs (N fertilizer, animal manure, biological N fixation and atmospheric N dep...Global nitrogen (N) budgets for intensive agricultural systems were compiled for a 0.5 by 0.5 degree resolution. These budgets include N inputs (N fertilizer, animal manure, biological N fixation and atmospheric N deposition) and outputs (N removal from the field in harvested crops and grass and grass consumption by grazing animals, ammonia volatilization,denitrification and leaching). Data for the historical years 1970 and 1995 and a projection for 2030 were used to study changes in the recovery of N and the different loss terms for intensive agricultural systems. The results indicate that the overall system N recovery and fertilizer use efficiency slowly increased in the industrialized countries between 1970 and 1995, the values for developing countries have decreased in the same period. For the coming three decades our results indicate a rapid increase in both the industrialized and developing countries. High values of ＞ 80% for fertilizer use efficiency may be related to surface N balance deficits, implying a depletion of soil N and loss of soil fertility. The projected intensification in most developing countries will cause a gradual shift from deficits to surpluses in the coming decades.The projected fast growth of crop and livestock production, and intensification and associated increase in fertilizer inputs will cause a major increase in the surface N balance surplus in the coming three decades. This implies increasing losses of N compounds to air (ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide), and groundwater and surface water (nitrate).展开更多
Surface nitrogen(N) balances for China's crop production systems were estimated using statistical data collected from 1980 to 2004 at the national and provincial scale and from 1994 to 1999 at the county level.The...Surface nitrogen(N) balances for China's crop production systems were estimated using statistical data collected from 1980 to 2004 at the national and provincial scale and from 1994 to 1999 at the county level.There was a surplus N balance throughout these periods,but the surplus was nearly stable in recent years.Projections using nonseasonal Box-Jenkins model or exponential models show that the N surplus for the total cultivated land in China was likely to increase from 142.8 kg ha?1 in 2004 to 168.6 kg ha-1 in 2015.The N balance surplus in the more developed southeastern provinces was the largest,and was slightly less in the central region,which caused the nitrate pollution in the ground water.The N surplus was much less in the western and northern provinces because of lower synthetic fertilizer inputs.The region with high N risk includes Beijing Municipality and Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Hubei,and Shandong provinces for 2002-2004.The projections suggested that 15 provinces(or municipalities) in the middle and southeastern part of China except Jiangxi and Shanxi provinces would become the high-risk region by 2015.The level of economic development,transportation,and labor force condition had an important e?ect on the N balance surplus at the county level,but the last two factors showed remarkable impact at the provincial level.To decrease the nonpoint pollution(Npp) risk from crop production,the authors suggested to reduce the target level for national grain self-suflciency to 90%-95% and change the regional structure of grain production by moving some of the future grain production from the high Npp risk areas of eastern China to parts of the central and western provinces where the Npp risk was much less.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids during severe and mild acute pancreatitis(AP)of alcoholic and nonalcoholic etiology.METHODS:All consecutive patients with a d...AIM:To evaluate changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids during severe and mild acute pancreatitis(AP)of alcoholic and nonalcoholic etiology.METHODS:All consecutive patients with a diagnosis of AP and onset of the disease within the last 72 h admitted to the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences between June and December 2007 were included.According to the Acute Physiology and ChronicHealth Evaluation(APACHEⅡ)scale,the patients were subdivided into the mild(APACHEⅡscore<7,n=22)and severe(APACHEⅡscore≥7,n=17)AP groups.Healthy individuals(n=26)were enrolled as controls.Blood samples were collected from patients on admission to the hospital.Fatty acids(FAs)were extracted from erythrocyte phospholipids and expressed as percentages of the total FAs present in the chromatogram.The concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in erythrocytes.RESULTS:We found an increase in the percentages of saturated and monounsaturated FAs,a decrease in the percentages of total polyunsaturated FAs(PUFAs)and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids of AP patients compared with healthy controls.Palmitic(C16:0),palmitoleic(C16:1n7cis),arachidonic(C20:4n6),docosahexaenoic(DHA,C22:6n3),and docosapentaenoic(DPA,C22:5n3)acids were the major contributing factors.A decrease in the peroxidation and unsaturation indexes in AP patients as well as the severe and mild AP groups as compared with controls was observed.The concentrations of antioxidant enzymes in the mild AP group were lower than in the control group.In severe AP of nonalcoholic etiology,the percentages of arachidic(C20:0)and arachidonic(C20:4n6)acids were decreased as compared with the control group.The patients with mild AP of nonalcoholic etiology had the increased percentages of total saturated FAs and gama linoleic acid(C18:3n6)and the decreased percentages of elaidic(C18:1n9t),eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA,C20:5n3),DPA(C22:5n3),DHA(C22:6n3)as well as total and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids.CONCLUSION:The composition of FAs in erythrocyte membranes is altered during AP.These changes are likely to be associated with alcohol consumption,inflammatory processes,and oxidative stress.展开更多
Objective:To determine the accuracy of TB diagnosis of TB in Zambia in the era of increasing HIV prevalence.Methods:Sputum of the clinically diagnosed TB cases was additionally subjected to liquid culture and molecula...Objective:To determine the accuracy of TB diagnosis of TB in Zambia in the era of increasing HIV prevalence.Methods:Sputum of the clinically diagnosed TB cases was additionally subjected to liquid culture and molecular identification.This study distinguished between TB cases confirmed by positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) cultures and mycobacterial disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria(NTM).Results:Only 49% of the 173 presumptively diagnosed TB cases was M.tuberculosis cultured,while in 13% (22) cases,a combination of M.tuberculosis and NTM was found.In 18% of the patients only NTM were cultured.In 28% ,no mycobacteria was cultivable.HIV positive status was correlated with the isolation of NTM(P【0.05).Conclusions:The diagnosis of tuberculosis based on symptoms, sputum smear and/or chest X-ray leads to significant numbers of false-positive TB cases in Zambia,most likely due to the increased prevalence of HIV.The role of NTM in tuberculosislike disease also seems relevant to the false diagnosis of TB in Zambia.展开更多
Objective: To investigate relationships between preschool-aged children’s body size and physiccal activity, exposure to television (TV), and parental body size. Design and subjects: Cross-sectional study of 80 childr...Objective: To investigate relationships between preschool-aged children’s body size and physiccal activity, exposure to television (TV), and parental body size. Design and subjects: Cross-sectional study of 80 children (age: 2 - 5 y, 29% overweight or obese), 73 mothers (37% overweight or obese), and 22 fathers (72% overweight or obese), residing in Auckland, New Zealand, between October 2006 and July 2007. Measurements: Body size was determined using waist circumference and body mass index (BMI). Child exposure to TV was assessed by questionnaire (number of household TV sets, presence of TV in the child’s bedroom, mean TV/ movie watching hours on weekdays and weekend days), and physical activity by 7 days of accelerometry. Results: Compared with children of normal weight/underweight mothers (classified by BMI status), the age-adjusted odds of a child being overweight/obese if their mother was over-weight/obese/otherwise was 2.46 (95% CI 1.11, 5.48, P = 0.03). No other associates of child body size were identified. Conclusion: Contributors to overweight and obesity in preschool aged children are complex and likely to exist in multiple facets of young children’s lives. More detailed measurement of TV watching and other sedentary behaviours is needed. An ecological approach to identifying risk factors for increased body size in preschoolers is required.展开更多
Formodelling sexually transmitted infections,duration of partnerships can strongly influence the transmission dynamics of the infection.If partnerships are monogamous,pairs of susceptible individuals are protected fro...Formodelling sexually transmitted infections,duration of partnerships can strongly influence the transmission dynamics of the infection.If partnerships are monogamous,pairs of susceptible individuals are protected from becoming infected,while pairs of infected individuals delay onward transmission of the infection as long as they persist.In addition,for curable infections re-infection froman infected partnermay occur.Furthermore,interventions based on contact tracing rely on the possibility of identifying and treating partners of infected individuals.To reflect these features in a mathematical model,pair formation models were introduced tomathematical epidemiology in the 1980's.They have since been developed into a widely used tool in modelling sexually transmitted infections and the impact of interventions.Here we give a basic introduction to the concepts of pair formation models for a susceptibleinfected-susceptible(SIS)epidemic.We review some results and applications of pair formation models mainly in the context of chlamydia infection.展开更多
Every year,numerous environmental disasters and emergencies occur across the globe with far-reaching impacts on human health and the environment.The ability to rapidly assess an environmental emergency to mitigate pot...Every year,numerous environmental disasters and emergencies occur across the globe with far-reaching impacts on human health and the environment.The ability to rapidly assess an environmental emergency to mitigate potential risks and impacts is paramount.However,collating the necessary evidence in the early stages of an emergency to conduct a robust risk assessment is a major challenge.This article presents a methodology developed to help assess the risks and impacts during the early stages of such incidents,primarily to support the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism but also the wider global community in the response to environmental emergencies.An online rapid risk and impact assessment tool has also been developed to promote enhanced collaboration between experts who are working remotely,considering the impact of a disaster on the environment and public health in the short,medium,and long terms.The methodology developed can support the appropriate selection of experts and assets to be deployed to affected regions to ensure that potential public health and environmental risks and impacts are mitigated whenever possible.This methodology will aid defensible decision making,communication,planning,and risk management,and presents a harmonized understanding of the associated impacts of an environmental emergency.展开更多
Comprehending the gifts of ecology Stress ecology,climate change,human well-being,and global sustainability are popular items(Naeem et al.2009).Given all the challenges in a developing world where the global populatio...Comprehending the gifts of ecology Stress ecology,climate change,human well-being,and global sustainability are popular items(Naeem et al.2009).Given all the challenges in a developing world where the global population is supposed to reach 9.15 billion in 2050(Pimentel et al.1999.展开更多
Studies have investigated the effects of heat and temperature variability(TV)on mortality.However,few assessed whether TV modifies the heat-mortality association.Data on daily temperature and mortality in the warm sea...Studies have investigated the effects of heat and temperature variability(TV)on mortality.However,few assessed whether TV modifies the heat-mortality association.Data on daily temperature and mortality in the warm season were collected from 717 locations across 36 countries.TV was calculated as the standard deviation of the average of the same and previous days’minimum and maximum temperatures.展开更多
文摘Despite enormous efforts to achieve the goal of eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, it remains a major challenge for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Mali. Our objective is to assess changes in the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. We conducted a cross-sectional study between January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 (10 years) of early diagnosis activity in newborns and children born to HIV-1-positive mothers at the National Institute for Public Health (INSP). The samples came from health and referral centers in mali. All samples were received at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the INSP. Proviral DNA extraction was performed from a blood spot sample with a Roche DNA kit, Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 qualitative Test, V2.0 (Roche Molecular System, Inc, USA) following the company procedures. Molecular diagnosis was performed using the same kits using an algorithm of three identical PCRs. The Epi Info version 7 software was used for data analysis with a significance threshold of 5%. A total of 10,714 samples of infants and children born to HIV-positive mothers were analyzed by PCR. Ninety-six percent of mothers were on ARV prophylaxis (AZT 3TC NVP and AZT NVP) and 60% of newborns received the same ARV prophylaxis. Of these children, 956 tested positive with an overall transmission rate of 8.92%, varying between 7.27% in 2009 and 08.01% in 2018. This rate was relatively low among children receiving prophylaxis at 2.04% and remained high for children who received breastfeeding at 5.62%. However, the transmission rate remains low for those who have benefited from mixed and artificial breastfeeding at 1.58% and 1.27% respectively. A significant proportion of children remained infected by their mothers during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. This study shows the importance of early diagnosis of HIV in children using molecular technology.
基金Project supported by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (No. S/550005/01/DD) the Canadian International Development Agency, Canada and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (No.KZCX2-413)
文摘Global nitrogen (N) budgets for intensive agricultural systems were compiled for a 0.5 by 0.5 degree resolution. These budgets include N inputs (N fertilizer, animal manure, biological N fixation and atmospheric N deposition) and outputs (N removal from the field in harvested crops and grass and grass consumption by grazing animals, ammonia volatilization,denitrification and leaching). Data for the historical years 1970 and 1995 and a projection for 2030 were used to study changes in the recovery of N and the different loss terms for intensive agricultural systems. The results indicate that the overall system N recovery and fertilizer use efficiency slowly increased in the industrialized countries between 1970 and 1995, the values for developing countries have decreased in the same period. For the coming three decades our results indicate a rapid increase in both the industrialized and developing countries. High values of ＞ 80% for fertilizer use efficiency may be related to surface N balance deficits, implying a depletion of soil N and loss of soil fertility. The projected intensification in most developing countries will cause a gradual shift from deficits to surpluses in the coming decades.The projected fast growth of crop and livestock production, and intensification and associated increase in fertilizer inputs will cause a major increase in the surface N balance surplus in the coming three decades. This implies increasing losses of N compounds to air (ammonia, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide), and groundwater and surface water (nitrate).
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NoKZCX2-YW-N-038)the National Basic Research Program of China (No2005CB121108)
文摘Surface nitrogen(N) balances for China's crop production systems were estimated using statistical data collected from 1980 to 2004 at the national and provincial scale and from 1994 to 1999 at the county level.There was a surplus N balance throughout these periods,but the surplus was nearly stable in recent years.Projections using nonseasonal Box-Jenkins model or exponential models show that the N surplus for the total cultivated land in China was likely to increase from 142.8 kg ha?1 in 2004 to 168.6 kg ha-1 in 2015.The N balance surplus in the more developed southeastern provinces was the largest,and was slightly less in the central region,which caused the nitrate pollution in the ground water.The N surplus was much less in the western and northern provinces because of lower synthetic fertilizer inputs.The region with high N risk includes Beijing Municipality and Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong,Hubei,and Shandong provinces for 2002-2004.The projections suggested that 15 provinces(or municipalities) in the middle and southeastern part of China except Jiangxi and Shanxi provinces would become the high-risk region by 2015.The level of economic development,transportation,and labor force condition had an important e?ect on the N balance surplus at the county level,but the last two factors showed remarkable impact at the provincial level.To decrease the nonpoint pollution(Npp) risk from crop production,the authors suggested to reduce the target level for national grain self-suflciency to 90%-95% and change the regional structure of grain production by moving some of the future grain production from the high Npp risk areas of eastern China to parts of the central and western provinces where the Npp risk was much less.
文摘AIM:To evaluate changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids during severe and mild acute pancreatitis(AP)of alcoholic and nonalcoholic etiology.METHODS:All consecutive patients with a diagnosis of AP and onset of the disease within the last 72 h admitted to the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences between June and December 2007 were included.According to the Acute Physiology and ChronicHealth Evaluation(APACHEⅡ)scale,the patients were subdivided into the mild(APACHEⅡscore<7,n=22)and severe(APACHEⅡscore≥7,n=17)AP groups.Healthy individuals(n=26)were enrolled as controls.Blood samples were collected from patients on admission to the hospital.Fatty acids(FAs)were extracted from erythrocyte phospholipids and expressed as percentages of the total FAs present in the chromatogram.The concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in erythrocytes.RESULTS:We found an increase in the percentages of saturated and monounsaturated FAs,a decrease in the percentages of total polyunsaturated FAs(PUFAs)and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids of AP patients compared with healthy controls.Palmitic(C16:0),palmitoleic(C16:1n7cis),arachidonic(C20:4n6),docosahexaenoic(DHA,C22:6n3),and docosapentaenoic(DPA,C22:5n3)acids were the major contributing factors.A decrease in the peroxidation and unsaturation indexes in AP patients as well as the severe and mild AP groups as compared with controls was observed.The concentrations of antioxidant enzymes in the mild AP group were lower than in the control group.In severe AP of nonalcoholic etiology,the percentages of arachidic(C20:0)and arachidonic(C20:4n6)acids were decreased as compared with the control group.The patients with mild AP of nonalcoholic etiology had the increased percentages of total saturated FAs and gama linoleic acid(C18:3n6)and the decreased percentages of elaidic(C18:1n9t),eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA,C20:5n3),DPA(C22:5n3),DHA(C22:6n3)as well as total and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids.CONCLUSION:The composition of FAs in erythrocyte membranes is altered during AP.These changes are likely to be associated with alcohol consumption,inflammatory processes,and oxidative stress.
文摘Objective:To determine the accuracy of TB diagnosis of TB in Zambia in the era of increasing HIV prevalence.Methods:Sputum of the clinically diagnosed TB cases was additionally subjected to liquid culture and molecular identification.This study distinguished between TB cases confirmed by positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis) cultures and mycobacterial disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria(NTM).Results:Only 49% of the 173 presumptively diagnosed TB cases was M.tuberculosis cultured,while in 13% (22) cases,a combination of M.tuberculosis and NTM was found.In 18% of the patients only NTM were cultured.In 28% ,no mycobacteria was cultivable.HIV positive status was correlated with the isolation of NTM(P【0.05).Conclusions:The diagnosis of tuberculosis based on symptoms, sputum smear and/or chest X-ray leads to significant numbers of false-positive TB cases in Zambia,most likely due to the increased prevalence of HIV.The role of NTM in tuberculosislike disease also seems relevant to the false diagnosis of TB in Zambia.
文摘Objective: To investigate relationships between preschool-aged children’s body size and physiccal activity, exposure to television (TV), and parental body size. Design and subjects: Cross-sectional study of 80 children (age: 2 - 5 y, 29% overweight or obese), 73 mothers (37% overweight or obese), and 22 fathers (72% overweight or obese), residing in Auckland, New Zealand, between October 2006 and July 2007. Measurements: Body size was determined using waist circumference and body mass index (BMI). Child exposure to TV was assessed by questionnaire (number of household TV sets, presence of TV in the child’s bedroom, mean TV/ movie watching hours on weekdays and weekend days), and physical activity by 7 days of accelerometry. Results: Compared with children of normal weight/underweight mothers (classified by BMI status), the age-adjusted odds of a child being overweight/obese if their mother was over-weight/obese/otherwise was 2.46 (95% CI 1.11, 5.48, P = 0.03). No other associates of child body size were identified. Conclusion: Contributors to overweight and obesity in preschool aged children are complex and likely to exist in multiple facets of young children’s lives. More detailed measurement of TV watching and other sedentary behaviours is needed. An ecological approach to identifying risk factors for increased body size in preschoolers is required.
文摘Formodelling sexually transmitted infections,duration of partnerships can strongly influence the transmission dynamics of the infection.If partnerships are monogamous,pairs of susceptible individuals are protected from becoming infected,while pairs of infected individuals delay onward transmission of the infection as long as they persist.In addition,for curable infections re-infection froman infected partnermay occur.Furthermore,interventions based on contact tracing rely on the possibility of identifying and treating partners of infected individuals.To reflect these features in a mathematical model,pair formation models were introduced tomathematical epidemiology in the 1980's.They have since been developed into a widely used tool in modelling sexually transmitted infections and the impact of interventions.Here we give a basic introduction to the concepts of pair formation models for a susceptibleinfected-susceptible(SIS)epidemic.We review some results and applications of pair formation models mainly in the context of chlamydia infection.
基金The European Multiple Environmental Threats emergency NETwork(EMETNET)project was co-funded by the European Union.
文摘Every year,numerous environmental disasters and emergencies occur across the globe with far-reaching impacts on human health and the environment.The ability to rapidly assess an environmental emergency to mitigate potential risks and impacts is paramount.However,collating the necessary evidence in the early stages of an emergency to conduct a robust risk assessment is a major challenge.This article presents a methodology developed to help assess the risks and impacts during the early stages of such incidents,primarily to support the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism but also the wider global community in the response to environmental emergencies.An online rapid risk and impact assessment tool has also been developed to promote enhanced collaboration between experts who are working remotely,considering the impact of a disaster on the environment and public health in the short,medium,and long terms.The methodology developed can support the appropriate selection of experts and assets to be deployed to affected regions to ensure that potential public health and environmental risks and impacts are mitigated whenever possible.This methodology will aid defensible decision making,communication,planning,and risk management,and presents a harmonized understanding of the associated impacts of an environmental emergency.
文摘Comprehending the gifts of ecology Stress ecology,climate change,human well-being,and global sustainability are popular items(Naeem et al.2009).Given all the challenges in a developing world where the global population is supposed to reach 9.15 billion in 2050(Pimentel et al.1999.
基金This study was supported by the Australian Research Council(DP210102076)the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(APP2000581)+12 种基金Y.W and B.W.were supported by the China Scholarship Council(nos.202006010044 and 202006010043)S.L.was supported by an Emerging Leader Fellowship of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(no.APP2009866)Y.G.was supported by Career Development Fellowship(no.APP1163693)and Leader Fellowship(no.APP2008813)of the Australian National Health and Medical Research CouncilJ.K.and A.U.were supported by the Czech Science Foundation(project no.20-28560S)N.S.was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-funded HERCULES Center(no.P30ES019776)Y.H.was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund(JPMEERF15S11412)of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation AgencyM.d.S.Z.S.C.and P.H.N.S.were supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)H.O.and E.I.were supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research(IUT34-17)J.M.was supported by a fellowship of Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnlogia(SFRH/BPD/115112/2016)A.G.and F.S.were supported by the Medical Research Council UK(grant ID MR/R013349/1),the Natural Environment Research Council UK(grant ID NE/R009384/1),and the EU’s Horizon 2020 project,Exhaustion(grant ID 820655)A.S.and F.d.D.were supported by the EU’s Horizon 2020 project,Exhaustion(grant ID 820655)V.H.was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy,Industry and Competitiveness(grant ID PCIN-2017-046)A.T.byMCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033(grant CEX2018-000794-S).Statistics South Africa kindly provided the mortality data,but had no other role in the study.
文摘Studies have investigated the effects of heat and temperature variability(TV)on mortality.However,few assessed whether TV modifies the heat-mortality association.Data on daily temperature and mortality in the warm season were collected from 717 locations across 36 countries.TV was calculated as the standard deviation of the average of the same and previous days’minimum and maximum temperatures.
