RcSPL1-RcTAF15b regulates the flowering time of rose (Rosa chinensis)

Rose(Rosa chinensis),which is an economically valuable floral species worldwide,has three types,namely once-flowering(OF),occasional or re-blooming(OR),and recurrent or continuous flowering(CF).However,the mechanism underlying the effect of the age pathway on the duration of the CF or OF juvenile phase is largely unknown.In this study,we observed that the RcSPL1 transcript levels were substantially upregulated during the floral development period in CF and OF plants.Additionally,accumulation of RcSPL1 protein was controlled by rch-miR156.The ectopic expression of RcSPL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana accelerated the vegetative phase transition and flowering.Furthermore,the transient overexpression of RcSPL1 in rose plants accelerated flowering,whereas silencing of RcSPL1 had the opposite phenotype.Accordingly,the transcription levels of floral meristem identity genes(APETALA1,FRUITFULL,and LEAFY)were significantly affected by the changes in RcSPL1 expression.RcTAF15b protein,which is an autonomous pathway protein,was revealed to interact with RcSPL1.The silencing and overexpression of RcTAF15b in rose plants led to delayed and accelerated flowering,respectively.Collectively,the study findings imply that RcSPL1–RcTAF15b modulates the flowering time of rose plants.

OsWRKY03, a rice transcriptional activator that functions in defense signaling pathway upstream of OsNPR1

WRKY family proteins are a class of plant specific transcription factors that involve in many stress response pathways. It has been shown that one Arabidopsis WRKY protein, AtWRKY29/22, is activated by MAP kinase signaling cascade and confers resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens. However, little is known about the biological roles of WRKY proteins in rice. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of rice AtWRKY29/22 homolog, OsWRKY03, under different conditions, and also its possible role involved in plant defense. Our results showed that OsWRKY03 was up-regulated by several defense signaling molecules or different treatments. Further analysis revealed that the expres- sion of OsWRKY03 was light dependent. Transcriptional activation activity of OsWRKY03 was also demonstrated by yeast functional assay. Transient expression of OsWRKY03-GFP fusion protein in onion epidermis cells showed that OsWRKY03 was a nuclear localized protein. OsNPR1 as well as several other pathogenesis-related genes, such as OsPR1b, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (ZB8) and peroxidase (POX22.3), were induced in OsWRKY03-overexpressing transgenic plants. These results indicated that OsWRKY03 is located upstream of OsNPR1 as a transcriptional activator in salicylic acid (SA)-dependent or jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defense signaling cascades.

Ectopic expression of soybean GmKNT1 in Arabidopsis results in altered leaf morphology and flower identity

Plant morphology is specified by leaves and flowers, and the shoot apical meristem （SAM） defines the architecture of plant leaves and flowers. Here, we reported the characterization of a soybean KNOX gene GmKNT1, which was highly homologous to Arabidopsis STM. The GmKNT1 was strongly expressed in roots, flowers and developing seeds. Its expression could be induced by IAA, ABA and JA, but inhibited by GA or cytokinin. Staining of the transgenic plants overexpressing GmKNT1-GUS fusion protein revealed that the GmKNT1 was mainly expressed at lobe region, SAM of young leaves, sepal and carpel, not in seed and mature leaves. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） disclosed multiple changes in morphology of the epidermal cells and stigma. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the GmKNT1 showed small and lobed leaves, shortened internodes and small clustered inflorescence. The lobed leaves might result from the function of the meristems located at the boundary of the leaf. Compared with wild type plants, transgenic plants had higher expression of the SAM-related genes including the CUP, WUS, CUC1, KNAT2 and KNAT6. These results indicated that the GmKNT1 could affect multiple aspects of plant growth and development by regulation of downstream genes expression.

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

Sphingolipids 被建议了在植物房间为一连串的细胞的发信号活动充当第二个送信人，包括压力回答并且规划了房间死亡(PCD ) 。然而，这些过程不是的机制 underpinning 很好理解。这里，我们报导那 Arabidopsis 异种， fumonisin B1 抵抗 11-1 ( fbr 11-1 )没能产生反应的氧中介( ROI )，不能当异种被 fumonisin B ( 1 )( FB ( 1 ))质问时，开始 PCD ， ceramide synthase 的一个特定的禁止者。显示的分子的分析 FBR11 编码一个长链的底 1 (LCB1 ) 丝氨酸 palmitoyltransferase (SPT ) 的子单元，它催化 de novo sphingolipid 的第一限制率的步合成。sphingolipid 集中的集体度谱的分析表明而 fbr 11-1 变化没影响 sphingoid 底的基础层次，异种响应 FB (1 ) 显示出 sphingoid 底的稀释形成。由一个直接的喂实验，我们证明免费 sphingoid 底 dihydrosphingosine， phytosphingosine 和鞘氨醇高效地导致产生由房间死亡跟随了的 ROI。相反地， dihydrosphingosine 导致的 ROI 产生和房间死亡被它的 phosphorylated 形式 dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate 明确地以一种剂量依赖者方式堵住，建议在一个免费 sphingoid 底和它的 phosphorylated 衍生物之间的动态平衡的维护对决定房间命运批评。因为 sphingolipid 水平的改变发生在 ROI 生产以前，我们建议免费 sphingoid 库在 Arabidopsis 涉及 PCD 的控制，大概在收到不同发展或环境的暗示之上通过 ROI 的规定铺平。

Development of Soybean EST-SSR Markers and Their Use to Assess Genetic Diversity in the Subgenus Soja

Developing expressed sequence tag-derived SSR （EST-SSR） markers is imperative in genetic research. In this paper, we reported 37 EST-SSR markers which were developed from 286 unigenes obtained from soybean cDNA library. Among the 286 markers designed for the 4 accessions of Glycine max and 6 of its wild progenitor （G. soja） within the subgenus Soja, 209 markers amplified DNA fragments, taking 73.1% and 37 markers appeared to be polymorphic, which was 12.9% of the total. The 37 loci detected a total of 142 alleles, while the PIC values varied from 0.194 to 0.794. Both the number of alleles per locus and PIC value were significantly related to the SSR motif. Six EST-SSR loci may be fixed for different alleles between G. max and G. soja since they were particularly polymorphic among the 6 G. soja accessions. A neighbor-joining tree placed the G. max accessions together as a group within the G. soja, though the average genetic distance among G. soja accessions was much higher. These new EST-SSRs markers will be useful for genetic diversity analysis, genetic mapping construction and gene discovery in Soja subgenus.

Regulation of microRNA on plant development and viral infection

MicroRNAs (miRNAs ) 是非编码规章的 RNAswhich 的约 22 nt 的一个班在优核质是通用的。他们为劈开或翻译压抑由 targetingmRNAs 充当基因表示的否定管理者。miRNAs 广泛地参予与植物联系的基因表示的规定发展过程，例如在植物的机关形态发生和 signaltransduction 小径。类似于在植物的抗病毒的 RNA silencing， miRNA 小径被 silencing 也介入压制病毒编码的 ors。在这评论，我们给调停 miRNA 的规章的小径和调停 siRNA 的 RNA silencing 之间的差别的一篇简短摘要。Inparticular，我们在 miRNA 上考察最近的研究规章的角色在种发展进程，以及干扰病毒在 miRNA 小径压制 ors，试图在真核细胞的有机体把卓见装入基因表达式规定的复杂性。

Role of Soybean GmbZIP132 under Abscisic Acid and Salt Stresses

Plant basic-leucine zipper （bZlP） transcription factors play important roles in many biological processes. In the present study, a bZlP gene, GmbZIP132, was cloned from soybean and its biological function under abiotic stresses was studied. The transcription of GmbZIP132 was induced by drought and high salt treatments. Among all of the organs analyzed, its expression was the highest in cotyUedon and stems. GmbZIP132 could weakly bind to the GCN4-1ike motif （GLM） （5＇-GTGAGTCAT-3＇） in yeast one-hybrid assay. Compared with wild-type （WT） Arabidopsis plants, transgenic plants overexpressing GmbZlP132 showed reduced abscisic acid sensitivity and increased water loss rate. At the stage of germination, transgenic plants were more tolerant to salt treatment than wild-type plants. The expression of some abiotic stress-related genes, such as rd29B, DREB2A, and PSCS, were upregulated in the transgenic plants. These results indicated that GmbZlP132 was an abioUc stress-related gene, and its overexpression could increase the salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants during germination, yet no significant difference of tolerance to abiotic stresses was found between transgenic and wild type plants at the seedling stage.

BWMK1 Responds to Multiple Environmental Stresses and Plant Hormones

Many plant mltogen-actlvated protein klnases （MAPKs） play an important role In regulating responses to both ablotlc and biotic stresses. The first reported rice MAPK gene BWMK1 Is Induced by both rice blast （Magnaporthe grisea） Infection and mechanical wounding. For further analysis of Its response to other environmental cues and plant hormones, such as jasmonlc acid （JA）, salicylic acid （SA）, and benzothladlazole （BTH）, the promoter of BWMKf was fused with the coding region of the β-glucuronldase （GUS） reporter gene. Two promoter-GUS constructs with a 1.0- and 2.5-kb promoter fragment, respectively, were generated and transformed into the Japonica rice cultIvars TP309 and Zhonghua 11. Expression of GUS was Induced in the transgenic lines by cold, drought, dark, and JA. However, light, SA, and BTH treatments suppressed GUS expression. These results demonstrate that BWMK1 Is responsive to multiple ablotlc stresses and plant hormones and may play a role In cross-talk between different signaling pathways.

Nitric oxide: promoter or suppressor of programmed cell death?

Nitric oxide(NO)is a short-lived gaseous free radical that predominantly functions as a messenger and effector molecule.It affects a variety of physiological processes,including programmed cell death(PCD)through cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP)-dependent and-independent pathways.In this field,dominant discoveries are the diverse apoptosis networks in mammalian cells,which involve signals primarily via death receptors(extrinsic pathway)or the mitochondria(intrinsic pathway)that recruit caspases as effector molecules.In plants,PCD shares some similarities with animal cells,but NO is involved in PCD induction via interacting with pathways of phytohormones.NO has both promoting and suppressing effects on cell death,depending on a variety of factors,such as cell type,cellular redox status,and the flux and dose of local NO.In this article,we focus on how NO regulates the apoptotic signal cascade through protein S-nitrosylation and review the recent progress on mechanisms of PCD in both mammalian and plant cells.

Rice receptor-like kinase OsSI-RLK2 inhibits internode elongation

Receptor-like kinase participates in the early events of plant signal transduction pathways. Previously, we screened the receptor-like kinase genes in rice and performed phylogenetic analyses. In this study, we isolated a receptor-like kinase gene, OsSI-RLK2, from rice. Expression of OsSI-RLK2 was induced by ABA treatment. In vitro analysis indicates that OsSI-RLK2 has Mn2+ dependent autophosphorylation activity, but does not have this activity in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Transgenic rice with over-expressed OsSI-RLK2 displayed shortened internodes resulting in a dwarf phenotype. Taken together, these results suggest that OsSI-RLK2 may represent a new type of functional RLK in rice that can inhibit the elongation of the internode.