In 2001, the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) initiated the consideration relating to the Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Hydrothermal Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crust...In 2001, the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) initiated the consideration relating to the Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Hydrothermal Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area at its 7th session. Since then, the consideration of the Regulations has been mainly focused on the size of areas to be allocated for exploration and exploitation of the crusts. This paper, based on the investigation data and the analysis of the distribution characteristics of the crusts, suggests a model for determining the size of areas for exploration and exploitation of the crusts, taking into account various factors such as production scale, crust thickness and grade, mineable area proportion, recovery efficiency, exploration venture, and so on. Through the modeling, the paper suggests that the exploration area (the area covered by each application for approval of a plan of work for exploration of cobalt-rich crusts) shall be 4 856 km2 and the exploitation area (the mine site area) shall be 1 214 km2, for 20 years of 1 million wet tonnes annual production.展开更多
This study applies the wavelet analysis to the tidal gauge records, alongshore winds, atmospheric temperature and pressure along the China coast in winter 2008. The analysis results show three events of sea level osci...This study applies the wavelet analysis to the tidal gauge records, alongshore winds, atmospheric temperature and pressure along the China coast in winter 2008. The analysis results show three events of sea level oscillations (SLOs) on the shelf induced by winter storms. The first event occurred from January 9 to 21. The SLO periods were double-peaked at 1.6-5.3 and 7.0-16.0 d with the power densities of 0.04-0.05 and 0.10-0.15 m^2.d, respectively. The second event occurred from February 5 to 18. The SLO period was single-peaked at 2.3-3.5 d with power density of 0.03-0.04 m^2.d. The third event occurred from February 20 to March 8. The SLO periods were double- peaked at 1.5-4.3 and 6.1-8.2 d with the power densities of 0.08-0.11 and 0.02-0.08 me.d, respectively. The SLOs propagated along the coast from Zhejiang in north to Guangdong in south. The phase speeds ranged about 9-29 m/s from Kanmen to Pingtan, 5-11 m/s from Xiamen to Huizhou and 11-22 m/s from Huizhou to Shuidong. The dispersion relation of the SLOs shows their nature of coastal-trapped wave.展开更多
On the basis of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 20 a wind field reanalysis data, the wave field of the north area of the South China Sea is calculated with the combination of the HIRHA...On the basis of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 20 a wind field reanalysis data, the wave field of the north area of the South China Sea is calculated with the combination of the HIRHAM wind field model and the SWAN wave model. Then a significant wave height compared with the E1 Nifio index to study the relationships between these variables. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the wave height of the South China Sea has a strong seasonal variation, the wave height is much larger in winter than in summer; (2) in the South China Sea, the monthly average wave height of the north area has a negative correlation with the Nifio3.4 index, most area of the South China Sea has a moderate correlation and the area between Taiwan Province of China and Philippines is highly correlated; and (3) in the strong E1 Nifio years, the significant wave height in the north area of the South China Sea is significantly smaller than in other years; if the E1 Nifio index variability is greater, the wave height decreases. In contrast, the significant wave height in the north area of the South China Sea is larger in the strong La Nifia years.展开更多
Based on a 3-D Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model(FVCOM), tidal dynamics has been studied in the sea area around the Phase III Project of Maji Mountain Port(MMP). Furthermore, taking typhoon "Canhong" as an examp...Based on a 3-D Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model(FVCOM), tidal dynamics has been studied in the sea area around the Phase III Project of Maji Mountain Port(MMP). Furthermore, taking typhoon "Canhong" as an example, a storm surge and sediment model has also been established to study the impact of the Phase III Project on current flows and siltation during extreme weather. Tidal currents before and after the project have been compared. Model results show that the changes of tidal current mainly occur in the engineering areas with a magnitude change of 0.3–0.4 m/s during maximum flood and ebb tides. The flow condition for the port has been improved as the flow direction is changed to parallel to the wharf after the completion of the project. There is little siltation in the adjacent area, which will not affect the safety of ship navigation. Besides, the sudden siltation during typhoon period is relatively weak. The back silting in two days is less than 5 cm indicating no sudden siltation occurs.展开更多
基金China International Seabed Area R & D Program under contract No.DYXM-115-01-1
文摘In 2001, the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) initiated the consideration relating to the Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Hydrothermal Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area at its 7th session. Since then, the consideration of the Regulations has been mainly focused on the size of areas to be allocated for exploration and exploitation of the crusts. This paper, based on the investigation data and the analysis of the distribution characteristics of the crusts, suggests a model for determining the size of areas for exploration and exploitation of the crusts, taking into account various factors such as production scale, crust thickness and grade, mineable area proportion, recovery efficiency, exploration venture, and so on. Through the modeling, the paper suggests that the exploration area (the area covered by each application for approval of a plan of work for exploration of cobalt-rich crusts) shall be 4 856 km2 and the exploitation area (the mine site area) shall be 1 214 km2, for 20 years of 1 million wet tonnes annual production.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China under contract No.2015CB954004the Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41276006 and U1405233+1 种基金the US National Science Foundation Award under contract No.AGS-1061998(for Zheng)the China Scholarship Council under contract No.201306310082
文摘This study applies the wavelet analysis to the tidal gauge records, alongshore winds, atmospheric temperature and pressure along the China coast in winter 2008. The analysis results show three events of sea level oscillations (SLOs) on the shelf induced by winter storms. The first event occurred from January 9 to 21. The SLO periods were double-peaked at 1.6-5.3 and 7.0-16.0 d with the power densities of 0.04-0.05 and 0.10-0.15 m^2.d, respectively. The second event occurred from February 5 to 18. The SLO period was single-peaked at 2.3-3.5 d with power density of 0.03-0.04 m^2.d. The third event occurred from February 20 to March 8. The SLO periods were double- peaked at 1.5-4.3 and 6.1-8.2 d with the power densities of 0.08-0.11 and 0.02-0.08 me.d, respectively. The SLOs propagated along the coast from Zhejiang in north to Guangdong in south. The phase speeds ranged about 9-29 m/s from Kanmen to Pingtan, 5-11 m/s from Xiamen to Huizhou and 11-22 m/s from Huizhou to Shuidong. The dispersion relation of the SLOs shows their nature of coastal-trapped wave.
文摘On the basis of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 20 a wind field reanalysis data, the wave field of the north area of the South China Sea is calculated with the combination of the HIRHAM wind field model and the SWAN wave model. Then a significant wave height compared with the E1 Nifio index to study the relationships between these variables. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) the wave height of the South China Sea has a strong seasonal variation, the wave height is much larger in winter than in summer; (2) in the South China Sea, the monthly average wave height of the north area has a negative correlation with the Nifio3.4 index, most area of the South China Sea has a moderate correlation and the area between Taiwan Province of China and Philippines is highly correlated; and (3) in the strong E1 Nifio years, the significant wave height in the north area of the South China Sea is significantly smaller than in other years; if the E1 Nifio index variability is greater, the wave height decreases. In contrast, the significant wave height in the north area of the South China Sea is larger in the strong La Nifia years.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2017YFC1404105,2017YFC1404100,2017YFC1404101,2017YFC1404102,2017YFC1404103 and 2017YFC1404104)
文摘Based on a 3-D Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model(FVCOM), tidal dynamics has been studied in the sea area around the Phase III Project of Maji Mountain Port(MMP). Furthermore, taking typhoon "Canhong" as an example, a storm surge and sediment model has also been established to study the impact of the Phase III Project on current flows and siltation during extreme weather. Tidal currents before and after the project have been compared. Model results show that the changes of tidal current mainly occur in the engineering areas with a magnitude change of 0.3–0.4 m/s during maximum flood and ebb tides. The flow condition for the port has been improved as the flow direction is changed to parallel to the wharf after the completion of the project. There is little siltation in the adjacent area, which will not affect the safety of ship navigation. Besides, the sudden siltation during typhoon period is relatively weak. The back silting in two days is less than 5 cm indicating no sudden siltation occurs.