Animals that live in seasonal environments adjust their reproduction cycle to optimize seasonal forage quality.Giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)are seasonal altitudinal migrants that feed on bamboo shoots and leave...Animals that live in seasonal environments adjust their reproduction cycle to optimize seasonal forage quality.Giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)are seasonal altitudinal migrants that feed on bamboo shoots and leaves with different nutritional quality.However,the importance of bamboo shoots to giant pandas,especially small and isolated populations,is not fully appreciated.Here,we explored whether mating time of giant pandas is shaped by bamboo shoot phenology.We also assessed the intensity of ongoing bamboo shoot harvesting by local communities in 42 giant panda reserves based on questionnaire surveys.Varying intensity and protection levels of bamboo shoot harvesting were found.From these data,we developed a priority ranking scheme of protection areas for this key food resource.Our study showed that pandas time their mating behavior to coincide with bamboo shoot phenology due to the high nutritional demands associated with mating and pregnancy.We also found that bamboo shoots were not well protected in many places.Liangshan,Daxiangling,and Xiaoxiangling,containing the most isolated panda populations,were identified as the areas with the most urgent need of protection.Furthermore,equal attention should be paid to the Qiong L-B population,as this region holds considerable potential to serve as a corridor between the Minshan and Qionglai populations.To address the challenges posed by bamboo shoot harvesting,we recommend establishing more practical bamboo shoot management policies,increasing public awareness of bamboo shoot protection,and providing alternative sources of income for local communities.展开更多
CHINAS EVOLVING NATIONAL PARK DESIGNATIONS AND SINGLE LARGE PROTECTED AREA OR SEVERAL SMALL PROTECTED AREAS(SLOSS)DEBATE As of 2021,the International Union for Conservation of Nature estimated that there are over 6,00...CHINAS EVOLVING NATIONAL PARK DESIGNATIONS AND SINGLE LARGE PROTECTED AREA OR SEVERAL SMALL PROTECTED AREAS(SLOSS)DEBATE As of 2021,the International Union for Conservation of Nature estimated that there are over 6,000 national parks(NPs)in more than 100 countries,most of which are strongly focused on endangered species.1 Over the past 6 years,China has invested US$20million in developing the Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)and a furtherUS$16million in establishing theNortheast China Tiger and Leopard National Park(NCTLNP).展开更多
Functional zoning is a key step for the integrated planning and scientific management of a national park.Selecting the Three-River-Source National Park(TNP)as the study area,this paper establishes an evaluation system...Functional zoning is a key step for the integrated planning and scientific management of a national park.Selecting the Three-River-Source National Park(TNP)as the study area,this paper establishes an evaluation system including 13 evaluation indexes which are classified into four categories,namely:ecosystem services;potential distribution of key species habitats;ecological sensitivity;and ecological resilience through the comprehensive analysis on the regional eco-environmental features in the study area.The results of the comprehensive analysis,combined with the functions and requirements of management of national parks,indicate that TNP is divided into the first-level zone(the core conservation area,the ecological restoration area and the traditional utilization area)with definite targets of space management and the second-level zone with implementation of control measures.This method of functional zoning lays a solid foundation for the scientific planning of TNP;moreover,our study provides new insights into other national parks’functional zoning.展开更多
Wetland ecosystems are the most important natural methane(CH_(4))sources,whose fluxes periodically fluctuate.Methanogens(methane producers)and methanotrophs(methane consumers)are considered key factors affecting CH_(4...Wetland ecosystems are the most important natural methane(CH_(4))sources,whose fluxes periodically fluctuate.Methanogens(methane producers)and methanotrophs(methane consumers)are considered key factors affecting CH_(4)fluxes in wetlands.However,the symbiotic relationship between methanogens and methanotrophs remains unclear.To help close this research gap,we collected and analyzed samples from four soil depths in the Dajiuhu subalpine peatland in January,April,July,and October 2019 and acquired seasonal methane flux data from an eddy covariance(EC)system,and investigated relationships.A phylogenetic molecular ecological networks(pMENs)analysis was used to identify keystone species and the seasonal variations of the co-occurrence patterns of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities.The results indicate that the seasonal variations of the interactions between methanogenic and methanotrophic communities contributed to CH_(4)emissions in wetlands.The keystone species discerned by the network analysis also showed their importance in mediating CH_(4)fluxes.Methane(CH_(4))emissions in wetlands were lowest in spring;during this period,the most complex interactions between microbes were observed,with intense competition among methanogens while methanotrophs demonstrated better cooperation.Reverse patterns manifested themselves in summer when the highest CH_(4)flux was observed.Methanoregula formicica was negatively correlated with CH_(4)fluxes and occupied the largest ecological niches in the spring network.In contrast,both Methanocella arvoryzae and Methylocystaceae demonstrated positive correlations with CH_(4)fluxes and were better adapted to the microbial community in the summer.In addition,soil temperature and nitrogen were regarded as significant environmental factors to CH_(4)fluxes.This study was successful in explaining the seasonal patterns and microbial driving mechanisms of CH_(4)emissions in wetlands.展开更多
Huanglian(Coptis chinensis Franch.)is a slow-growing perennial medicinal herb with considerable economic value.This study aimed to determine the structural characteristics and the levels of berberine deposits in the o...Huanglian(Coptis chinensis Franch.)is a slow-growing perennial medicinal herb with considerable economic value.This study aimed to determine the structural characteristics and the levels of berberine deposits in the organs and tissues of Huanglian using light and epifluorescence microscopy.The adventitious roots are composed of primary and secondary structures with endodermis,exodermis,and phellem.The rhizome structures are composed of primary and secondary structures with cuticle and phellem.The leaves are composed of sclerenchymatous rings,isolateral mesophyll,and thin cuticles.We detected berberine in the xylem walls of the roots and rhizomes as well as in the sclerenchymatous rings of the petioles.We postulate that as the exodermis is developed,the deposition of berberine in the xylem closest to the root tips may affect water and nutrient absorption and transfer.Leaf blades had a thin cuticle and isolateral mesophyll,suggesting shade tolerance.These structural and histochemical features suggest that Huanglian is adapted to the slow growing nature of a shady environment.展开更多
It is widely believed that various animal species can sense and respond to the geophysical stimuli that precede earthquakes,especially electromagnetic fields,although supporting field evidence is mostly anecdotal.Here...It is widely believed that various animal species can sense and respond to the geophysical stimuli that precede earthquakes,especially electromagnetic fields,although supporting field evidence is mostly anecdotal.Here we report on the reactions of four female giant pandas under observation over the three days prior to the Lushan(30.1°N,103.0°E)magnitude 7.0 earthquake that occurred in Sichuan province,China,on April 20,2013.We observed no significant generalized behavioral anomalies indicative of them perceiving an impending earthquake.We also observed no startle behaviors in the 5 s prior to tremors commencing,indicating that these pandas either did not detect or did not respond to precursor P-waves.Our findings suggest that although giant pandas have evolved in,and continue to occupy exclusively,a seismically active range in central China,they do not appear to perceive pre-earthquake geophysical warning signs.展开更多
Developing the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is a major task assigned by President Xi Jinping and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.During his visit to Hainan on April 11–13 this year,X...Developing the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is a major task assigned by President Xi Jinping and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.During his visit to Hainan on April 11–13 this year,Xi pointed out that Hainan is a province of ecological resources and building the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is a top priority.He said the park has great bearing on the development of China as a whole.展开更多
Hainan gibbons are among the world’s most critically endangered primates,with a remaining population of only 35 individuals distributed across 5 social groups in the Bawangling Branch of the Hainan Tropical Rainfores...Hainan gibbons are among the world’s most critically endangered primates,with a remaining population of only 35 individuals distributed across 5 social groups in the Bawangling Branch of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park,China.Habitat conversion and forest fragmentation over the past 40 years have reduced their geographical distribution by 95%.In the absence of a quantitative assessment of the availability of remaining suitable habitat,it is unclear whether this species can survive to the end of this century.We used behavioral observations,ArcGIS,remote sensing,stereo optical imagery,and MaxEnt modeling to identify patterns of Hainan gibbon range use and compare changes in the distribution of suitable forest types and areas of forest fragmentation over the past 20 years(2000–2020).The results indicate that the combined range of the 5 extant Hainan gibbon groups totaled 14.89 km2.The home range of the smallest group(Group E,3 individuals)was 1.51 km2,which likely represents the minimum home range size for this species.The remaining area of highly suitable and moderately suitable habitat totals 26.9 km2.However,habitat connectivity across the gibbon range is very low(less than 0.5),limiting the ability of Hainan gibbons to move between forest patches.The results of this study indicate that the availability of suitable habitat in Bawangling is insufficient to allow for future Hainan gibbon population growth.Therefore,immediate action must be taken to restore,reforest,and establish ecological corridors to reconnect areas of suitable habitat for these critically endangered gibbons.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071496,32225033)Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA23080500,QYZDB-SSW-SMC047)。
文摘Animals that live in seasonal environments adjust their reproduction cycle to optimize seasonal forage quality.Giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)are seasonal altitudinal migrants that feed on bamboo shoots and leaves with different nutritional quality.However,the importance of bamboo shoots to giant pandas,especially small and isolated populations,is not fully appreciated.Here,we explored whether mating time of giant pandas is shaped by bamboo shoot phenology.We also assessed the intensity of ongoing bamboo shoot harvesting by local communities in 42 giant panda reserves based on questionnaire surveys.Varying intensity and protection levels of bamboo shoot harvesting were found.From these data,we developed a priority ranking scheme of protection areas for this key food resource.Our study showed that pandas time their mating behavior to coincide with bamboo shoot phenology due to the high nutritional demands associated with mating and pregnancy.We also found that bamboo shoots were not well protected in many places.Liangshan,Daxiangling,and Xiaoxiangling,containing the most isolated panda populations,were identified as the areas with the most urgent need of protection.Furthermore,equal attention should be paid to the Qiong L-B population,as this region holds considerable potential to serve as a corridor between the Minshan and Qionglai populations.To address the challenges posed by bamboo shoot harvesting,we recommend establishing more practical bamboo shoot management policies,increasing public awareness of bamboo shoot protection,and providing alternative sources of income for local communities.
基金provided by the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Karst Science ResearchCenter ofGuizhou Province(U1812401)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB13000000)and the Major Science and Technology Projects of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2022YFS0484 and 2021YFS0280).
文摘CHINAS EVOLVING NATIONAL PARK DESIGNATIONS AND SINGLE LARGE PROTECTED AREA OR SEVERAL SMALL PROTECTED AREAS(SLOSS)DEBATE As of 2021,the International Union for Conservation of Nature estimated that there are over 6,000 national parks(NPs)in more than 100 countries,most of which are strongly focused on endangered species.1 Over the past 6 years,China has invested US$20million in developing the Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)and a furtherUS$16million in establishing theNortheast China Tiger and Leopard National Park(NCTLNP).
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2017YFC0503806
文摘Functional zoning is a key step for the integrated planning and scientific management of a national park.Selecting the Three-River-Source National Park(TNP)as the study area,this paper establishes an evaluation system including 13 evaluation indexes which are classified into four categories,namely:ecosystem services;potential distribution of key species habitats;ecological sensitivity;and ecological resilience through the comprehensive analysis on the regional eco-environmental features in the study area.The results of the comprehensive analysis,combined with the functions and requirements of management of national parks,indicate that TNP is divided into the first-level zone(the core conservation area,the ecological restoration area and the traditional utilization area)with definite targets of space management and the second-level zone with implementation of control measures.This method of functional zoning lays a solid foundation for the scientific planning of TNP;moreover,our study provides new insights into other national parks’functional zoning.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31971490).
文摘Wetland ecosystems are the most important natural methane(CH_(4))sources,whose fluxes periodically fluctuate.Methanogens(methane producers)and methanotrophs(methane consumers)are considered key factors affecting CH_(4)fluxes in wetlands.However,the symbiotic relationship between methanogens and methanotrophs remains unclear.To help close this research gap,we collected and analyzed samples from four soil depths in the Dajiuhu subalpine peatland in January,April,July,and October 2019 and acquired seasonal methane flux data from an eddy covariance(EC)system,and investigated relationships.A phylogenetic molecular ecological networks(pMENs)analysis was used to identify keystone species and the seasonal variations of the co-occurrence patterns of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities.The results indicate that the seasonal variations of the interactions between methanogenic and methanotrophic communities contributed to CH_(4)emissions in wetlands.The keystone species discerned by the network analysis also showed their importance in mediating CH_(4)fluxes.Methane(CH_(4))emissions in wetlands were lowest in spring;during this period,the most complex interactions between microbes were observed,with intense competition among methanogens while methanotrophs demonstrated better cooperation.Reverse patterns manifested themselves in summer when the highest CH_(4)flux was observed.Methanoregula formicica was negatively correlated with CH_(4)fluxes and occupied the largest ecological niches in the spring network.In contrast,both Methanocella arvoryzae and Methylocystaceae demonstrated positive correlations with CH_(4)fluxes and were better adapted to the microbial community in the summer.In addition,soil temperature and nitrogen were regarded as significant environmental factors to CH_(4)fluxes.This study was successful in explaining the seasonal patterns and microbial driving mechanisms of CH_(4)emissions in wetlands.
基金This work was supported by the Major Program on Technology Innovation of Hubei Province(2019ACA162)the Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Shennongjia Golden Monkey Opening Fund(SNJGKL202002)the Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agriculture Use of Wetland,Ministry of Education opening fund,Yangtze University(KFT202004).
文摘Huanglian(Coptis chinensis Franch.)is a slow-growing perennial medicinal herb with considerable economic value.This study aimed to determine the structural characteristics and the levels of berberine deposits in the organs and tissues of Huanglian using light and epifluorescence microscopy.The adventitious roots are composed of primary and secondary structures with endodermis,exodermis,and phellem.The rhizome structures are composed of primary and secondary structures with cuticle and phellem.The leaves are composed of sclerenchymatous rings,isolateral mesophyll,and thin cuticles.We detected berberine in the xylem walls of the roots and rhizomes as well as in the sclerenchymatous rings of the petioles.We postulate that as the exodermis is developed,the deposition of berberine in the xylem closest to the root tips may affect water and nutrient absorption and transfer.Leaf blades had a thin cuticle and isolateral mesophyll,suggesting shade tolerance.These structural and histochemical features suggest that Huanglian is adapted to the slow growing nature of a shady environment.
基金supported by National Natureal Science Foundation of China(Nos.31172097,31472009 and 31772466)International Collaborative Giant Panda Project(No.2012-018).
文摘It is widely believed that various animal species can sense and respond to the geophysical stimuli that precede earthquakes,especially electromagnetic fields,although supporting field evidence is mostly anecdotal.Here we report on the reactions of four female giant pandas under observation over the three days prior to the Lushan(30.1°N,103.0°E)magnitude 7.0 earthquake that occurred in Sichuan province,China,on April 20,2013.We observed no significant generalized behavioral anomalies indicative of them perceiving an impending earthquake.We also observed no startle behaviors in the 5 s prior to tremors commencing,indicating that these pandas either did not detect or did not respond to precursor P-waves.Our findings suggest that although giant pandas have evolved in,and continue to occupy exclusively,a seismically active range in central China,they do not appear to perceive pre-earthquake geophysical warning signs.
文摘Developing the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is a major task assigned by President Xi Jinping and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.During his visit to Hainan on April 11–13 this year,Xi pointed out that Hainan is a province of ecological resources and building the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is a top priority.He said the park has great bearing on the development of China as a whole.
基金supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation(No.3207030491,No.31770456)the Hainan Gibbon Conservation Research(No.KY-2000105-KT)。
文摘Hainan gibbons are among the world’s most critically endangered primates,with a remaining population of only 35 individuals distributed across 5 social groups in the Bawangling Branch of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park,China.Habitat conversion and forest fragmentation over the past 40 years have reduced their geographical distribution by 95%.In the absence of a quantitative assessment of the availability of remaining suitable habitat,it is unclear whether this species can survive to the end of this century.We used behavioral observations,ArcGIS,remote sensing,stereo optical imagery,and MaxEnt modeling to identify patterns of Hainan gibbon range use and compare changes in the distribution of suitable forest types and areas of forest fragmentation over the past 20 years(2000–2020).The results indicate that the combined range of the 5 extant Hainan gibbon groups totaled 14.89 km2.The home range of the smallest group(Group E,3 individuals)was 1.51 km2,which likely represents the minimum home range size for this species.The remaining area of highly suitable and moderately suitable habitat totals 26.9 km2.However,habitat connectivity across the gibbon range is very low(less than 0.5),limiting the ability of Hainan gibbons to move between forest patches.The results of this study indicate that the availability of suitable habitat in Bawangling is insufficient to allow for future Hainan gibbon population growth.Therefore,immediate action must be taken to restore,reforest,and establish ecological corridors to reconnect areas of suitable habitat for these critically endangered gibbons.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFE0112800)Scientific Research Project of Baishanzu National Park(2021ZDZX01 and 2021KFLY10)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930073 and 31901104).