Comprehensive Evaluation of Tobacco Ecological Suitability of Henan Province Based on GIS

The growth of tobacco is sensitive to environment conditions. The tobacco production is strictly restricted by regional cultivated land. Based on the principal of hiberarchy analysis and fuzzy mathematics and the technique of geographic information system （GIS）, the comprehensive evaluation of tobacco ecology suitability were studied according to the actual circumstances of the whole Henan tobacco planting regions, China. The evaluation index system of tobacco ecology suitability of Henan tobacco planting regions was established by choosing 17 evaluation indexes from 3 respects of climate, soil and landform with Delphi method. Furthermore, the membership function was set up according to the effects of each ecology factors on the growth and quality of tobacco suitability. And the analytical hierarchy process （AHP） was used to determine the weight of indexes by using quantitative analysis. Then the tobacco ecology suitability map of Henan tobacco plantation was drawn with GIS software mapGIS. It is found that the most areas of the western and southern parts of Henan Province, China, are the highly suitable regions, accounting for 22.52% of Henan tobacco planting areas. It is because that there are medium air temperature, sunshine and rainfall, medium soil pH value, and high contents of soil organic matter in the regions. Moreover, the topography is hill and massif, and the height above sea level is between 150-800 m there. Some areas of the southern and middle parts of Henan Province are the suitable ones, accounting for 34.99% of Henan tobacco planting areas. It is because that there are enough rainfall, medium air temperature, high contents of available N and available K in the soil in these regions. There are less suitable regions in the northern and eastern parts of the investigated regions because of drought, too high pH value and CI in the soil and irrigation water, accounting for 35.54% of the whole areas. It can be conducted rapidly and correctly by combining AHP and membership function for comprehensive evaluation of tobacco ecological suitability supported by GIS. There are above moderate ecological suitability for most part of tobacco planting fields in Henan Province. The distributions of tobacco ecological suitability calculated are identical with actual tobacco productivity completely.

Relationship Between Hyperspectral Parameters and Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves

The experiment was set up for examining the physiological and biological indexes quickly and exactly, for obtaining information of tobacco-field fertilizing and tobacco growing. The ASD Field spec FR 2500 was used to measure spectra reflectance of flue-cured tobacco and the relationship between hyperspectral parameters and biochemical contents （total nitrogen, chlorophyll, carotenoid）, and physiological indexes （fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content） of flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied by correlation and stepwise regression statistic methods at different nitrogen and potassium levels. The results indicated that the spectra curves of different treatments had obvious rules and great diversities. There were high correlations between different types of spectra parameters and ten physiological and biochemical indexes of flue-cured tobacco leaves. Hyperspectral characteristic variables of ten physiological and biochemical indexes were found through stepwise regression, and SDr/SDb was the characteristic variable closest to seven biochemical contents. Simultaneously, the R2 and regression coefficient of equations reached 0.05 significant level and the equations had good estimating effects through the examination of other samples. Accordingly, this study suggested that the ten physiological and biochemical indexes could be estimated quickly by the estimating models, at the same time nitrogen-potassium fertilization and growth condition of flue-cured tobacco could be inspected.

The roles of microRNAs in regulating root formation and growth in plants

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are small(ca. 20-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that have recently been recognized as key post-transcriptional modulators of gene expression;and they are involved in many biological processes in plants, such as root growth and development. The miRNAs regulate root elongation, lateral root(LR) formation and adventitious root(AR) development in response to hormone signaling, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress. This review provides multiple perspectives on the involvement of miRNAs in regulating root growth and development in plants. We also discuss several crucial mechanisms of miRNAs, their relationships with transcription factors and the target gene-mediated hormone signaling interactions in the regulation of root growth and development.

Synthesis of new 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole derivatives from acetonylacetone

Acetonylacetone 1 与 thiourea，苯胺， glycin 和酸的 glutamic 被对待分别地由 Paal 鈥揔n orr 反应给吡咯衍生物 2， 3， 5，和 9。然后， 3 成功地被转变成相关吡咯由 Mannich 反应的衍生物 4。混合物 6， 7 和 8 被反应获得 5 与由酯化作用反应的 phenethyl 酒精， phenylallylic 白酒和叶酒精分别地。所有新产品的结构被红外， NMR 和 HRMS 系列阐明。

Evaluation of tobacco soil fertility suitability of the Sanmenxia area, China, based on geographic information systems

The growth of flue-cured tobacco is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions.Excellent tobacco leaf production is strictly restricted by regional cultivated lands.For the purpose of reasonable utilization and scientific management of Sanmenxia tobacco fields,it is meaningful to evaluate the soil fertility suitability of tobacco crops quantitatively and objectively.In this study,the global positioning system(GPS)technology was used to obtain sample point information automatically.Based on the analysis of fertility properties of soil samples collected from the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province,we present the index system of soil fertility suitability for tobacco crops.The integrated evaluation of soil fertility suitability was studied with six indices,including organic matter,pH value,available nitrogen(N),available phosphorus(P),available potassium(K),and chlorine(Cl–1)content of surface soil.The subjective grade value was calculated according to S-type and parabola-type functions of the effect of evaluation factors on tobacco crops.Further,the weight value of soil fertility suitability indices was calculated by the method of Hiberarchy analysis.The soil fertility suitability level was evaluated and classified.The suitability map of the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province was then drawn with the geographic information system(GIS)software mapGIS.It was found that highly suitable fields were mainly distributed in the high mountains in the Southwestern part of the investigated regions where soil pH value and the contents of organic matter were medium,but the contents of available P and available K were higher,accounting for 79.36% of the whole area.Suitable fields were 17% of the whole area,mainly distributed in the middle part of the investigated regions where soil pH value was higher.Unsuitable fields existed in the northern-east and middle part of the Sanmenxia where the contents of soil Cl^(–)was very high,accounting for 3.51%of the whole regions.

Spatial heterogeneity of available zinc, copper, and manganese in Xiangcheng Tobacco Planting Fields, Henan Province, China

Geostatistical methods were used in combina-tion with geographical information system(GIS)technol-ogy to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of available zinc,copper,and manganese in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting fields,Henan province,China.Analysis of the isotropic variogram indicated that the Zn semivar-iogram was well described with the Gaussian model,with the distance of spatial dependence being 900.7m;while the Mn semivariogram was well described with spherical models,with the distance of spatial dependence being 14060m;and,the Cu semivariogram was well described with exponential models,with the distance of spatial dependence being 27860.7m.Mn and Zn were strongly spatially dependent,with the C_(0)/sill being 0.014 and 0.147 in this given region;while Cu was moderately spatially dependent,with the C_(0)/sill being 0.3528.With the kriging analysis,the spatial distribution maps of contents of these three trace elements in the Xiangcheng tobacco planting regions was drawn with the Arcview software.It was found that the soils with higher content of Mn were mainly distributed in the high mountains of the southern part of the given regions,while the soils with higher content of Cu were mainly distributed in the south,decreasing from the south to the north.The soil with contents of Zn in the range of 0.76–1.33 mg/kg existed in the high mountains of the west and middle parts of the investigated regions,accounting for 76.11%of the whole area.

Nutrient uptake,physiological responses and growth of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)in soil under composite salt stress

High soil salinity imposes osmotic stress and ion toxicity in plants,leading to substantial crop yield loss worldwide.Understanding of the quantitative and dynamic physiological responses to composite soil salt stress is limited and needs to be expanded.In this study,physiological,nutritional,and biomass yield parameters of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)grown in soil with five levels of composite soil salinity(CSS),basal CSS level(control,CK)and 3(T_(1)),6(T_(2)),9(T_(3)),and 12(T_(4))times the basal CSS level,under greenhouse were determined at days 30,60,and 90 after transplanting.Leaf dry biomass significantly(P<0.05)increased at the low salinity levels applied(T_(1) and T_(2))at all three time points,whereas it progressively declined as the CSS level further increased.The leaf physiological and photosynthetic responses were more adversely affected by CSS at the early growth stage(day 30).A path coefficient analysis demonstrated that leaf proline content had the largest direct effect(-0.66),and leaf Cu content had the most significant indirect effect(0.49)on leaf dry biomass of plants.The results suggest that lower CSS levels(T_(1) and T_(2))could stimulate tobacco growth(leaf biomass yield,in particular),and higher leaf proline and Cu levels at the early growth stage may potentially increase the ability of tobacco plants to withstand the adverse effects of salinity,which could be considered for future research and development of salinity management strategies.

Thymol ameliorates ammonium toxicity via repressing polyamine oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide and modulating ammonium transporters in rice root

Background:Ammonium is an indispensable nutrient for crop growth,but anoxic conditions or inappropriate fertilizer usage result in the increase in ammonium content in soil.Excessive ammonium causes phytotoxicity.Thymol is a kind of natural phenolic compound with anti-microbial properties.However,little is known about the role of thymol in modulating plant physiology.Here we find the novel role of thymol in protecting rice from ammonium toxicity.Results:Thymol remarkably rescued rice seedlings growth from ammonium stress,which may resulted from the attenuation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulation,oxidative injury,and cell death in both shoots and roots.Polyamine oxidase(PAO)metabolizes polyamines to produce ROS in plants in response to stress conditions.Thymol blocked ammonium-induced upregulation of a set of rice PAOs,which contributed to the decrease in ROS content.In rice seedlings upon ammonium stress,thymol downregulate the expression of ammonium transporters(AMT1;1 and AMT1;2);thymol upregulated the expression of calcineurin B-like interacting protein kinase 23(CIPK23)and calcineurin B-like binding protein 1(CBL1),two negative regulators of AMTs.This may help rice avoid ammonium overload in excessive ammonium environment.Correlation analysis indicated that PAOs,AMTs,and CBL1 were the targets of thymol in the detoxification of excessive ammonium.Conclusion:Thymol facilitates rice tolerance against ammonium toxicity by decreasing PAO-derived ROS and modulating ammonium transporters.Such findings may be applicable in the modulation of nutrient acquisition during crop production.