Thedual pathogenesisofpenileneoplasia: The heterogeneous morphology of human papillomavirus-relatedtumors

Objective:Penile neoplasia,usually of squamous histogenesis,is currently classfied into human papillomavirus(HPV)-related or-dependent and non-HPV-related or-indepen dent.There are distinct morphological differences among the two groups.New research studies on penile cancer from Northern countries showed that the presence of HPV is corre lated with a better prognosis than virus negative people,while studies in Southern countries had not confirmed,perhaps due to differences in staging or treatment.Methods:We focused on the description of the HPV.related carcinomas of the penis.The approach was to describe common clinical features followed by the pathological features of each entity or subtype stressing the characteristics for differential diagnosis,HPV genotypes,and prognostic features of the invasive carcinomas.Similar structure was followed for penile intraepithelial neoplasia,except for prognosis because of the scant evidence available.Results:Most of HPV-related lesions can be straightforwardly recognized by routine hematoxylin and eosin stains,but in some cases surrogate p16 immunohistochemical staining or molecular methods such as in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction can be utilized.Currently,there are eight tumor invasive variants associated with HPV,as follows:basaloid,warty,warty-basaloid,papillary basaloid,clear cell,medullary,lymphoepithelioma-like,and giant condylomas with malignant transformation.Conclusion:This review presents and describes the heterogeneous clinical,morphological,and genatypic features of the HPV-related subtypes of invasive and non-invasive penile neoplasia.

Secchi Disc and Lago de la Repubfica, Eastern Paraguay

The Secchi disc is used to obtain the water transparency D and a value for the attenuation coefficient Kt according to Kt = Cx.D1 where C is a factor estimated supposedly as a constant. Lago de la Republica, a small reservoir seated on basaltic residual soil laterites rich in secondary sesquioxides of Fe, AI, etc of the Alto Parana Formation, after rainfalls incorporates significant amount of sediments rich in iron compounds easily hydrolyzed to produce colloidal hydrated ferric oxides. After some heavy rainfalls, advantage was taken to look for the effect of such compounds onto transparency and light attenuation coefficient of the lake water and their relationship.

Ecological Rehabilitation Proposal for Extracting Areas in Road Construction, Paraguay

This research work took into account two extracting areas that were used in the construction of the road between Pirayu and Yaguarun in Paraguay and describes the situation in the area taking into account the current related legislation. Signs of degradation have been observed, such as erosion in progress, compacted soil, scarce vegetative repopulation and lack of organic matter necessary to regenerate the flora, among others. Includes an analysis of the techniques applied in similar cases of degradation in other countries and those techniques that show more compatibility with the conditions of the areas under study have been selected; alternative rehabilitation techniques in road bank areas and surrounding surfaces are also recommended. The goal is that the selected areas will blend in with the landscape and will resume similar conditions to the surrounding landscape in a medium tenn. The most compatible techniques that were found were the reshaping of road banks in the degraded areas and the insertion of herbal species for the proposal for the implementation of bioengineering and soil improvements including the introduction of hardwood species after the insertion of herbal species.