贝叶斯因子及其在JASP中的实现

统计推断在科学研究中起到关键作用,然而当前科研中最常用的经典统计方法——零假设检验(Null hypothesis significance test,NHST)却因难以理解而被部分研究者误用或滥用。有研究者提出使用贝叶斯因子(Bayes factor)作为一种替代和(或)补充的统计方法。贝叶斯因子是贝叶斯统计中用来进行模型比较和假设检验的重要方法,其可以解读为对零假设H_0或者备择假设H_1的支持程度。其与NHST相比有如下优势:同时考虑H_0和H_1并可以用来支持H_0、不"严重"地倾向于反对H_0、可以监控证据强度的变化以及不受抽样计划的影响。目前,贝叶斯因子能够很便捷地通过开放的统计软件JASP实现,本文以贝叶斯t检验进行示范。贝叶斯因子的使用对心理学研究者来说具有重要的意义,但使用时需要注意先验分布选择的合理性以及保持数据分析过程的透明与公开。

变量间的网络分析模型及其应用

变量间的网络分析模型近年来被广泛应用于心理学研究。不同于将潜变量作为观测变量的共同先导因素的潜变量模型,网络分析模型将观测变量作为初级指标,采用图论的方法建立观测变量之间的关系网络,其中变量为网络的节点,而变量间的关系是节点之间的连线。因此网络分析可以突显观测变量之间的联系以及观测变量相互影响而形成的系统。通过变量网络中基于各个节点特征的指标(如中心性)以及基于整体结构特征的指标(如小世界性),网络分析为研究各种心理现象提供了新的可视化的描述方式和理解视角。近10年来,网络分析的方法已在人格心理学、社会心理学和临床心理学等领域得到一定的应用。未来研究应继续发展和完善网络分析模型的理论和方法,使之运用到更多的数据类型和更广的研究领域中。

The role of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis:from molecular pathophysiology to in vivo imaging

Multiple sclerosis(MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage. Environmental and genetic factors are associated with the risk of developing MS, but the exact cause still remains unidentified. Epstein-Barr virus(EBV), vitamin D, and smoking are among the most well-established environmental risk factors in MS. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by delayed primary EBV infection, increases the risk of developing MS. EBV may also contribute to MS pathogenesis indirectly by activating silent human endogenous retrovirus-W. The emerging B-cell depleting therapies, particularly anti-CD20 agents such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, as well as the fully human ofatumumab, have shown promising clinical and magnetic resonance imaging benefit. One potential effect of these therapies is the depletion of memory B-cells, the primary reservoir site where EBV latency occurs. In addition, EBV potentially interacts with both genetic and other environmental factors to increase susceptibility and disease severity of MS. This review examines the role of EBV in MS pathophysiology and summarizes the recent clinical and radiological findings, with a focus on B-cells and in vivo imaging. Addressing the potential link between EBV and MS allows the better understanding of MS pathogenesis and helps to identify additional disease biomarkers that may be responsive to B-cell depleting intervention.

效应量置信区间的原理及其实现

在心理学可重复危机的背景之下,报告效应量及其置信区间正逐渐成为主流心理学界所要求的新标准,但是研究者可能对效应量的置信区间缺乏足够的理解。为增强研究者对效应量置信区间的理解及应用,本文介绍了心理学研究中最常用的效应量指标——Cohen's d与η~2——置信区间的基本原理,即在备择假设(H_1)为真时,需要通过迭代估计的方式来估计相应非中心分布的非中心分布参数,从而构建Cohen's d与η~2的置信区间。其中Cohen's d对应的是非中心t分布;而η~2对应的则是非中心F分布。使用现有的计算机程序,能够对Cohen's d与η~2的置信区间进行计算,例如R与JASP,本文对此进行了分别展示。报告效应量置信区间不仅有助于研究者更好地进行统计推断,也有利于整个科学界知识的积累,因此本文介绍的方法对研究者具有十分重要的意义。

神经科学偏见效应：可重复性及其心理机制的探索

神经科学的发展对其他学科以及社会产生了重要的影响。虽然神经科学方法与行为研究方法都是探索人类心理与行为的有效手段并各有所长,但神经科学的研究结果却可能引起人们过度的解读和信任。研究者发现,当某一结论使用神经科学结果作为证据时,比使用行为科学结果或者心理生理学指标作为证据时更加让人信服,即使神经科学结果与该结论之间毫无关系,这种现象被称为神经科学偏见(neuroscience bias)。通过系统回顾近年来关于神经科学偏见的研究,我们发现:(1)虽然神经科学偏见存在可重复性的争论,但该效应确实存在;(2)神经科学偏见的产生可能是因为个体倾向于还原论的解释(即使用低层次、简单的机制来解释更高层次上的现象)及心理本质主义的影响(即人们认为心理与行为的本质是神经活动)。神经科学偏见反映了公众对科学结果解读的偏见,未来研究需要探讨这种偏见的心理机制,从而引导科学结果的正确解读和运用。

Guiding extension catheter facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention for a dextrocardia patient with acute left anterior descending artery occlusion:a case report

Dextrocardia refers to a right-sided location of the heart within the thoracic cavity which is the primary manifestation of the abnormal lateralisation of the embryonic leftright axis.[1]As a rare cardiac malformation,the prevalence rate of dextrocardia is between 1/6000 to 1/35000 live births.[2]It is reported that the incidence rate of coronary artery disease for dextrocardia patients is similar for patients without dextrocardia.However,the detailed information including electrocardiogram(ECG)manifestation and percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)technique for dextrocardia patients is still limited.[3,4]Herein,we report a dextrocardia patient who was diagnosed by modified ECG and treated by trans-radial PCI facilitated with guiding extension catheter(GEC).

小的皮质下缺血性卒中的反向不匹配和病灶增大

目的梗死通常形成于最初低灌注组织的区域内。我们前瞻性研究小的皮质下卒中病人,其梗死灶增大是否可超出受累血管分布区之外。方法 19例连续的卒中病人。

Evaluation of TlOH Effect for Pd⁰-Mediated Cross-Coupling of Methyl Iodide and Excess Boronic Acid Ester toward Fabrication of [¹¹C]CH₃-Incorporated PET Tracer

The use of thallium(I) hydroxide (TlOH) as a base is known to extremely accelerate the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using organoboronic acid or organoboronic acid ester as a substrate. Here, we investigated the effects of TlOH by comparing with other conventional bases such as KOH, K2CO3, and CsF for Pd0-mediated rapid cross-coupling reactions between CH3I and organoborane reagents, such as phenyl-, (Z)-4-benzyloxy-2-butenyl-, and benzylboronic acid pinacol esters under the conditions CH3I/borane/Pd0/base (1:40:1:3) in THF/H2O or DMF/H2O for 5 min with an aim to fabricate a PET tracer efficiently. Consequently, however, the use of TlOH was much less efficient than the other bases for the acceleration of cross-coupling reactions. Thus, it was reconfirmed that the milder and non-toxic conditions using K2CO3 or CsF so far developed by our group were most appropriate for the rapid C-methylations.

将预注册的重复实验纳入心理学研究方法的课程

心理学界的可重复性问题是近年来的一个热点。从2011年到2016年,国际心理学界对可重复性问题的认识大致经历了暴露问题、否认/争论、接受和应对几个阶段。2011年到2012年间集中爆发了Bem的超感知觉研究、Stapel长期学术造假和老年启动(elderly priming)重复失败等几个重大的事件。这些事件的集中爆发,将严重的重复危机暴露在心理学家的面前,成为了国际心理学界关注的热点问题。2013~2014年期间,不少期刊组织了专刊对可重复性问题进行了讨论,各种学术会议上也出现了相应的专题讨论。这一阶段中,主要讨论点在于:心理学研究中是否存在“可重复危机”?已经发现的重复失败问题是特殊现象还是心理学研究的常见现象?2015年开放科学合作组(Open Science Collobration)在《科学》杂志上发表的《对心理科学中可重复性的估计(Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science)》,发现2008年发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志( Journal of Personality and Social Psychology )》《实验心理学杂志:学习、记忆与认识( Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition )》和《心理科学( Psychological Science )》三个杂志上的100篇文章的可重复性大约为39%,该文引起了广泛的关注。与此同时,美国心理科学协会(Association of Psychological Sciences,APS)也组织了预注册的重复报告(Registered Replication Reports, RRR),这些规范的、大规模的重复也发现了许多重要的研究无法重复。这些重复研究使得心理学研究者不得不接受一个事实:心理学中不可重复的研究,可能不是少数,而是很常见的。2016年开始,国际同行们开始更加认真地讨论如何应对可重复危机,包括在讨论可重复性危机时的语气(tone)的问题、如何开放数据、材料等。同一时间,越来越多的研究者开始使用开放科学框架(Open Science Framework, OSF),越来越多的杂志开始采用透明开放的用稿政策,包括《自然》与《科学》。

Autism, social cognition and superior temporal sulcus

Results on brain imaging studies have led to a better understanding of the neural circuits involved in social cognition and its implication in autism spectrum disorders(ASD). It has been shown that the superior temporal sulcus(STS)is highly implicated in social processes, from perception of socially relevant information, such as body movements or eye gaze, to more complex social cognition processes. Furthermore, several multimodal brain imaging results point to anatomo-functional abnormalities in the STS in both children and adults with ASD. These results are highly consistent with social impairments in ASD, among which eye gaze perception is particularly relevant. Gaze abnormalities can now be objectively measured using eye-tracking methodology, leading to a better characterization of social perception impairments in autism. Moreover, these gaze abnormalities have been associated with STS abnormalities in ASD. Based on these results, our hypothesis is that anatomo-functional anomalies in the STS occurring early across brain development could constitute the first step in the cascade of neural dysfunction underlying autism. In the present work, we’ll review recent data of STS contribution to normal social cognition and it’s implication in autism.

Treatment of secondary central nervous system involvement in systemic aggressive B cell lymphoma using R-MIADD chemotherapy:a single-center study

Background:Secondary central nervous system lymphoma(SCNSL)is defined as lymphoma involvement within the central nervous system(CNS)that originated elsewhere,or a CNS relapse of systemic lymphoma.Prognosis of SCNSL is poor and the most appropriate treatment is still undetermined.Methods:We conducted a retrospective study to assess the feasibility of an R-MIADD(rituximab,high-dose methotrexate,ifosfamide,cytarabine,liposomal formulation of doxorubicin,and dexamethasone)regimen for SCNSL patients.Results:Nineteen patients with newly diagnosed CNS lesions were selected,with a median age of 58(range 20 to 72)years.Out of 19 patients,11(57.9%)achieved complete remission(CR)and 2(10.5%)achieved partial remission(PR);the overall response rate was 68.4%.The median progression-free survival after CNS involvement was 28.0 months(95%confidence interval 11.0–44.9),and the median overall survival after CNS involvement was 34.5 months.Treatment-related death occurred in one patient(5.3%).Conclusions:These single-centered data underscore the feasibility of an R-MIADD regimen as the induction therapy of SCNSL,further investigation is warranted.

Detailed phenotype of RNF213 p.R4810K variant identified by the Chinese patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack

Background and purpose The ring finger protein 213 gene(RNF213)p.R4810K variant increased the risk of acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)attributable to intracranial arterial stenosis(ICAS)in the Japanese and Korean populations.In this study,we aimed to examine the prevalence of the RNF213 p.R4810K variant in Chinese patients with AIS or transient ischaemic attack and identify the phenotype of the carriers.Methods We analysed data from the Third China National Stroke Registry.All included participants were divided into two groups by carrier status of the p.R4810K variant.The aetiological classification was conducted according to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST)criteria.The presence of ICAS and extracranial arterial stenosis(ECAS)was defined as 50%-99%stenosis or occlusion of any intracranial and extracranial artery.Logistic regression models and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association of the p.R4810K variant with TOAST classification,stenosis phenotypes and clinical outcomes.Results A total of 10381 patients were enrolled,among which 56(0.5%)had the heterozygote GA genotype for p.R4810K.The variant carriers were younger(p=0.01),and more likely to suffer from peripheral vascular disease(p=0.04).The p.R4810K variant was associated with large-artery atherosclerosis(LAA)(adjusted OR=1.94,95%CI 1.13 to 3.33),anterior circulation stenosis(adjusted OR=2.12,95%CI 1.23 to 3.65)and ECAS(adjusted OR=2.29,95%CI 1.16 to 4.51).Nevertheless,the p.R4810K variant was not associated with recurrence,poor functional outcome and mortality at 3 months and 1 year.Conclusions The RNF213 p.R4810K variant was associated with LAA,anterior circulation stenosis and ECAS in Chinese patients.Given the low carrying rate and only 1-year follow-up information,caution should be taken to interpret our findings in no statistically significant association between the p.R4810K variant and stroke prognosis in Chinese patients.

Acupuncture for Parkinson's Disease: a review of clinical,animal,and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies

Acupuncture has been commonly used as an adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in China and in other countries.Animal studies have consistently show that this treatment is both neuroprotective, protecting dopaminergic neurons from degeneration and also restorative, restoring tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopaminergic terminals in striatum, resulting in improvements in motor performance in animal models of Parkinsonism. Studies show that this protection is mediated through the same common mechanisms as other neuroprotective agents, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways at molecular and cellular levels. Restoration of function seems to involve activation of certain compensatory brain regions as a mechanism at the network level to correct the imbalances to the nervous system resulting from loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Clinical studies in China and Korea, in particular, have shown a positive benefit of acupuncture in treating Parkinson's disease, especially in reducing the doses of dopaminergic medications and the associated side effects. However, large and well-controlled clinical trials are still needed to further demonstrate the efficacy and effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Preoperative 3T high field blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for glioma involving sensory cortical areas

感觉外皮的区域的背景本地化在操作期间是必要的直接保存感觉 function.Intraoperative electrostimulation 在下面醒着麻醉是金色的标准但是费时间。我们高使用了 3T 地血氧水平依赖者(粗体)功能的磁性的回声成像( fMRI )为有感觉外皮参与由或靠着损害的五个 glioma 病人有的快、精确的 localization.Methods 指导 electrostimulation 外科手术前地识别在 glioma 和外皮的感觉区域之间的关系并且指导 intraoperative 外科手术前的粗体 fMRI 将决定外皮的感觉区域的空间关系到瘤。双边的手反面运动被这些病人为 fMRI 执行。Precentral 和 postcentral gyri 被电的刺激在操作期间识别。病人的 pre- 的 Karnofsky 表演地位分数并且手术后并且大胆 fMRI 的角色是 evaluated.Results 外皮的感觉区域都在与双边的手反面运动由 BOLDf MRI 包含 postcentral 回转区域的五个 glioma 病人被激活。检测激活区域从外皮的电的 stimulation.Conclusions 与结果相应在外皮的感觉区域和瘤之间的关系以前能被大胆 fMRI 精确地显示出操作。并且过去常做瘤切除术的信息能获得好临床的结果。

Low serum albumin levels predict poor outcome in patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack

Background To examine the relationship of serum albumin with poor functional outcome and mortality in patients with acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)or transient ischaemic attack(TIA),and perform a meta-analysis to summarise the association.Methods We analysed data from the Third China National Stroke Registry(CNSR-Ⅲ).Patients were divided into four groups based on serum albumin levels at admission.The outcomes included poor functional outcome(modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score of 3 to 6)and mortality at 3 months and 1 year.Multiple logistic regression models and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association,respectively.We used a fixed-effect model to calculate the risk ratio for poor functional outcome and a random-effect model for mortality in the meta-analysis.Results A total of 13618 patients were enrolled.During the 3-month follow-up period,compared with 40 to 44.9 g/L group,patients in<35 g/L group had an increased risk of poor functional outcome and mortality(adjusted OR 1.37(95%CI 1.12 to 1.67);adjusted HR 2.13(95%CI 1.41 to 3.23)).The relationship in per 10 g/L decreased serum albumin with prognosis was consistently inversed(adjusted OR 1.17(95%CI 1.01 to 1.35);adjusted HR 1.86(95%CI 1.30 to 2.64)).Also,low serum albumin levels were independently correlated with clinical outcomes at 1 year.In the meta-analysis,the OR for poor functional outcome pooled 3 studies per 1 g/L decrease was 1.03(95%CI 1.02 to 1.05),and the HR for mortality pooled 5 studies was 1.07(95%CI 1.03 to 1.11).Conclusions Low serum albumin levels predict poor functional outcome and mortality in patients with AIS or TIA.

Differences in atheroma between Caucasian and Asian subjects with anterior stroke:A vessel wall MRI study

Background and purpose While extracranial carotid artery stenosis is more common among Caucasians and intracranial artery stenosis is more common among Asians,the differences in atherosclerotic plaque characteristics have not yet been extensively examined.We sought to investigate plaque location and characteristics within extracranial carotid and intracranial arteries in symptomatic Caucasians and Chinese using vessel wall MRI.Methods Subjects with recent anterior circulation ischaemic stroke were recruited and imaged at two sites in the USA and China using similar protocols.Both extracranial carotid and intracranial arteries were reviewed to determine plaque location and characteristics.Results The prevalence of extracranial carotid plaque in Caucasians and Chinese was 73.1%and 49.1%,respectively(p=0.055).Prevalence of intracranial plaque was 38.5%and 69.1%in Caucasians and Chinese,respectively(p=0.02).Furthermore,42% of Caucasians and 16%of Chinese had high-risk plaque(HRP)features(intraplaque haemorrhage,luminal surface disruption)in the extracranial carotid artery(p=0.03).The prevalence of HRP features in intracranial arteries was not significantly different between the two cohorts(4%vs 11%;p=0.42).Conclusions Differences in the location and characteristics of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis were identified by vessel wall MRI in US Caucasian and Chinese subjects with recent anterior circulation ischaemic stroke.Extracranial carotid plaques with HRP features were more common in Caucasians.Intracranial plaques were more common in Chinese subjects,but no significant difference between the two cohorts in intracranial HRP prevalence was found.Larger studies using vessel wall imaging to investigate racial differences in cerebrovascular disease may inform underlying mechanisms of HRP development and may ultimately help guide appropriate therapy.

Open science as a better gatekeeper for science and society: a perspective from neurolaw

In 2011,a court near Milan,Italy,reduced the sentence of a convicted murderer from life to 20years in jail,after considering results from neuroimaging and genetic tests.These tests had been used to convince the judge that the trial's female defendant,Stefania Albertani,was suffering from partial mental illness (http:// blogs.nature.com/news/2011/09]italian_court_reduces_murde_s. html).The structural MRI images showed that Albertani's grey matter volume was different from the average volume of a randomly-selected group -10healthy women with no history of mental or neurological disorders -in brain areas including the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACC)and insula.The expert testimony concluded that "these alterations (of brain structures)have to be considered in causal relation to the psychiatric symptomatology of the murderer."

Wandering Minds with Wandering Brain Networks

The default mode network(DMN) is associated with the occurrence of mind-wandering or task-unrelated thought. In contrast, the frontal-parietal network(FPN) and visual network(VS) are involved in tasks with external stimuli. However, it is not clear how these functional network interactions support these two different processes– mind-wandering and on-task – especially with regard to individual variation in the mind-wandering experience. In this study, we investigated the functional connectivity and modular structure among the DMN, FPN, and VS. Our results showed that, compared to the on-task period, mindwandering was associated with increased DMN activity and increased DMN-VS connectivity. Moreover, mindwandering was accompanied by a large number of transitional nodes, which expressed a diversity of brain regions. Intriguingly, the functional connectivity of the FPN and VS was strongly correlated with individual behavioral performance. Our findings highlight the individual variation of mind-wandering, which implies the importance of other complementary large-scale brain networks.

Joint Multi-modal Parcellation of the Human Striatum:Functions and Clinical Relevance

The human striatum is essential for both lowand high-level functions and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various prevalent disorders,including Parkinson's disease(PD)and schizophrenia(SCZ).It is known to consist of structurally and functionally divergent subdivisions.However,previous parcellations are based on a single neuroimaging modality,leaving the extent of the multi-modal organization of the striatum unknown.Here,we investigated the organization of the striatum across three modalities—resting-state functional connectivity,probabilistic diffusion tractography,and structural covariance—to provide a holistic convergent view of its structure and function.We found convergent clusters in the dorsal,dorsolateral,rostral,ventral,and caudal striatum.Functional characterization revealed the anterior striatum to be mainly associated with cognitive and emotional functions,while the caudal striatum was related to action execution.Interestingly,significant structural atrophy in the rostral and ventral striatum was common to both PD and SCZ,but atrophy in the dorsolateral striatum was specifically attributable to PD.Our study revealed a cross-modal convergent organization of the striatum,representing a fundamental topographical model that can be useful for investigating structural and functional variability in aging and in clinical conditions.