An estimated one-third of water points in rural sub-Saharan Africa are non-functioning at any one time because of lack of upkeep. Communities are left without access to clean drinking water and this has multiple knock...An estimated one-third of water points in rural sub-Saharan Africa are non-functioning at any one time because of lack of upkeep. Communities are left without access to clean drinking water and this has multiple knock-on developmental impacts. An innovative pre-payment and Internet-of-Things enabled “e-Tap” based water technology and management system cycles revenue back into operation and maintenance and collects accurate and real-time data on consumption and tap failures. This has been operational in the Gambia since April 2016. Preliminary research has begun on evaluating this innovation. Technical tests were conducted to examine the efficiency of the e-Tap under varying conditions. Water use trends were then analysed by using the cloud-collected data transmitted from operational e-Taps. Further, baseline sveys to investigate social parameters were undertaken on 20 user households. This exploratory research shows the e-Taps to work efficiently in the laboratory and the Gambia with negligible failures, and to reduce distances users must travel for clean water and time they spend collecting.展开更多
1 Introduction The fact that the spectrum resource is underutilised in certain bands has motivated the dynamic spectrum access(DSA)approach,which enables unlicensed secondary users(SUs)equipped with cognitive radio(CR...1 Introduction The fact that the spectrum resource is underutilised in certain bands has motivated the dynamic spectrum access(DSA)approach,which enables unlicensed secondary users(SUs)equipped with cognitive radio(CR)devices to access the spectrum without causing significant interference to primary users(PUs).Nowadays,the increasing bandwidth for wireless communication in millimetre-wave and Terahertz frequency bands puts higher requirements on the performance of spectrum sensing technique,the primary enabler of DSA.展开更多
We recently published a review of the factors under-lying the winter seasonality and pathogenicity of respira-tory viruses[1].We showed that many respiratory viruses possess natural thermal sensitivity,meaning they re...We recently published a review of the factors under-lying the winter seasonality and pathogenicity of respira-tory viruses[1].We showed that many respiratory viruses possess natural thermal sensitivity,meaning they repli-cate faster at temperatures below their hosts’normal body temperature,confining them to the upper airways.Our hypothesis suggests that this tropism gives the virus two important advantages:(1)it is well-placed to be transmit-ted;and(2)it is less likely to immobilize its host,increas-ing transmission.展开更多
1 Introduction As wireless technology continues to expand,there is a growing concern about the efficient use of spectrum resources.Even though a significant portion of the spectrum is allocated to licensed primary use...1 Introduction As wireless technology continues to expand,there is a growing concern about the efficient use of spectrum resources.Even though a significant portion of the spectrum is allocated to licensed primary users(PUs),studies indicate that their actual utilization is often limited to between 5%to 10%[1].The underutilization of spectrum has given rise to cognitive radio(CR)technology,which allows secondary users(SUs)to opportunistically access these underused resources[2].However,wideband spectrum sensing,the key of CR,is limited by the need for high-speed analog-to-digital converters(ADCs),which are costly and power-hungry.Compressed spectrum sensing(CSS)addresses this challenge by employing sub-Nyquist rate sampling.The efficiency of active transmission detection heavily depends on the quality of spectrum reconstruction.展开更多
文摘An estimated one-third of water points in rural sub-Saharan Africa are non-functioning at any one time because of lack of upkeep. Communities are left without access to clean drinking water and this has multiple knock-on developmental impacts. An innovative pre-payment and Internet-of-Things enabled “e-Tap” based water technology and management system cycles revenue back into operation and maintenance and collects accurate and real-time data on consumption and tap failures. This has been operational in the Gambia since April 2016. Preliminary research has begun on evaluating this innovation. Technical tests were conducted to examine the efficiency of the e-Tap under varying conditions. Water use trends were then analysed by using the cloud-collected data transmitted from operational e-Taps. Further, baseline sveys to investigate social parameters were undertaken on 20 user households. This exploratory research shows the e-Taps to work efficiently in the laboratory and the Gambia with negligible failures, and to reduce distances users must travel for clean water and time they spend collecting.
基金The challenge was sponsored by National Instruments(NI)Corpthe Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)under the Grant EP/R00711X/2,United Kingdom.
文摘1 Introduction The fact that the spectrum resource is underutilised in certain bands has motivated the dynamic spectrum access(DSA)approach,which enables unlicensed secondary users(SUs)equipped with cognitive radio(CR)devices to access the spectrum without causing significant interference to primary users(PUs).Nowadays,the increasing bandwidth for wireless communication in millimetre-wave and Terahertz frequency bands puts higher requirements on the performance of spectrum sensing technique,the primary enabler of DSA.
文摘We recently published a review of the factors under-lying the winter seasonality and pathogenicity of respira-tory viruses[1].We showed that many respiratory viruses possess natural thermal sensitivity,meaning they repli-cate faster at temperatures below their hosts’normal body temperature,confining them to the upper airways.Our hypothesis suggests that this tropism gives the virus two important advantages:(1)it is well-placed to be transmit-ted;and(2)it is less likely to immobilize its host,increas-ing transmission.
文摘1 Introduction As wireless technology continues to expand,there is a growing concern about the efficient use of spectrum resources.Even though a significant portion of the spectrum is allocated to licensed primary users(PUs),studies indicate that their actual utilization is often limited to between 5%to 10%[1].The underutilization of spectrum has given rise to cognitive radio(CR)technology,which allows secondary users(SUs)to opportunistically access these underused resources[2].However,wideband spectrum sensing,the key of CR,is limited by the need for high-speed analog-to-digital converters(ADCs),which are costly and power-hungry.Compressed spectrum sensing(CSS)addresses this challenge by employing sub-Nyquist rate sampling.The efficiency of active transmission detection heavily depends on the quality of spectrum reconstruction.
