Analysis for Effects of Temperature Rise of PV Modules upon Driving Distance of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaic Electric Vehicles

The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules. In this paper, detailed analytical results for effects of climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules upon driving distance of the VIPV-EV were presented by using test data for Toyota Prius and Nissan Van demonstration cars installed with high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell modules with a module efficiency of more than 30%. The temperature rise of some PV modules studied in this study was shown to be expressed by some coefficients related to solar irradiation, wind speed and radiative cooling. The potential of VIPV-EV to be deployed in 10 major cities was also analyzed. Although sunshine cities such as Phoenix show the high reduction ratio of driving range with 17% due to temperature rise of VIPV modules, populous cities such as Tokyo show low reduction ratio of 9%. It was also shown in this paper that the difference between the driving distance of VIPV-EV driving in the morning and the afternoon is due to PV modules’ radiative cooling. In addition, the importance of heat dissipation of PV modules and the development of high-efficiency PV modules with better temperature coefficients was suggested in order to expand driving range of VIPV-EV. The effects of air-conditioner usage and partial shading in addition to the effects of temperature rise of VIPV modules were suggested as the other power losses of VIPV-EV.

Development of High Strength Steel Designed for Carbonitriding with High Nitrogen Content to Be Used for Automatic Transmission Gears

To downsize and lighten automatic transmission components, the gears installed must be strengthened in terms of pitting endurance and/or wear resistance. The most important metallurgical factor affecting fractures is well known to be resistance to softening when steel is tempered at approximately 573 K. Carbonitriding with a high amount of nitrogen is a very effective production technique because nitrogen increases the resistance during tempering. However, structural anomalies begin to appear in the surface layer when the nitrogen content exceeds 0.6 mass% in the chromium steel generally used. To address this, we have developed new high-strength chromium steel with an optimized chemical composition that effectively inhibits anomalies even when Carbonitriding with a nitrogen content of more than 0.6 mass%. We performed a drivetrain durability test on an automatic transmission component designed to have excellent contact fatigue strength and a tooth root bending impact and fatigue strength. We found that the developed steel that was carbonitrided with a content of about 0.9 mass%, and then shot peened hard, has a pitting life of roughly 4.5 times that of conventionally manufactured steel.

Evaluation of Important Factors Affecting Quench Distortion of Carburized Hypoid Gear with Shaft by Using Computer Simulation Methods

To minimize quenching distortion and dispersion, carburizing and quenching process conditions must be optimized; this includes the parts racking design used for quenching. We investigated some factors affecting carburized quenching distortion with an experiment using a hypoid gear having a shaft and with numerical simulation methods. The experimental results and those obtained from simulation were generally in agreement. Focusing on the surface temperature distribution in the gear, we studied quenching distortion characteristics in terms of changes in tooth profile and helix deviation. In our experiments, distortions occur during quenching in 373 K oil after austenitized temperature treatments conducted with various attitudes. We calculated the distortions by simulating the carburized oil-quenching process for the hypoid gear. Our results show large differences between the cooling rates of the tooth toe, middle section, and heel edges, and these greatly influence the change in tooth profile and helix deviation. We found that reducing the differences in temperatures on the gear surfaces during quenching is most important for minimizing the quench distortion of the hypoid gear.

Development of New Sliver Probe for Cooling Power Test of Polymer Quenchants

Working group on cooling power test of quenchants of Japanese Heat Treatment Society has studied on the new method for testing cooling power of aqueous quenchants. This method employed the cooling curve test of a new sliver rod probe, which has a metal-sheathed thermocouple at its geometrical center. The experimental study has clarified that the new silver probe has more excellent durability than the JIS silver probe employed for cooling power test of heat treating oils (JIS K 2242) and an aluminum alloy probe. Good repeatability and reproducibility of the cooling curves during polymer quenching have been confirmed. This new method is useful especially for cooling power test of aqueous quenchants used for solution heat treatment of aluminum alloys. This new silver rod probe is expected to be adopted for the revised version of JIS K 2242 as the cooling power test method for aqueous quenchants.

Importance of Developing Photovoltaics-Powered Vehicles

The development of photovoltaics (PV)-powered vehicles are expected to contribute to reduce CO2 emission of vehicles and create a clean energy society. This paper presents the impact of high-efficiency solar cell modules on reduction in CO2 emission, charging cost reduction for electric vehicles, and reducing storage capacity of PV-powered electric vehicles. In this paper, the effects of solar cell module efficiency upon driving distance of PV-powered vehicles are also shown. Especially, the potential of Si tandem solar cells for PV-powered vehicle applications is discussed. This paper presents that the III-V/Si 3-junction solar cell modules with an efficiency of more than 37% have the potential of longer driving distance of 30 km/day average and more than 50 km/day on a clear day compared to an average 16 km/day driving by vehicles powered by 20% efficiency Si solar cell modules.

Role of PV-Powered Vehicles in Low-Carbon Society and Some Approaches of High-Efficiency Solar Cell Modules for Cars

Development of highly-efficient photovoltaic (PV) modules and expanding its application fields are significant for the further development of PV technologies and realization of innovative green energy infrastructure based on PV. Especially, development of solar-powered vehicles as a new application is highly desired and very important for this end. This paper presents the impact of PV cell/module conversion efficiency on reduction in CO2 emission and increase in driving range of the electric based vehicles. Our studies show that the utilization of a highly-efficient (higher than 30%) PV module enables the solar-powered vehicle to drive 30 km/day without charging in the case of light weight cars with electric mileage of 17 km/kWh under solar irradiation of 3.7 kWh/m2/day, which means that the majority of the family cars in Japan can run only by the sunlight without supplying fossil fuels. Thus, it is essential to develop high-efficiency as well as low-cost solar cells and modules for automotive applications. The analytical results developed by the authors for conversion efficiency potential of various solar cells for choosing candidates of the PV modules for automotive applications are shown. Then we overview the conversion efficiency potential and recent progress of various Si tandem solar cells, such as III-V/Si, II-VI/Si, chalcopyrite/Si, and perovskite/Si tandem solar cells. The III-V/Si tandem solar cells are expected to have a high potential for various applications because of its high conversion efficiency of larger than 36% for dual-junction and 42% for triple-junction solar cells under 1-sun AM1.5 G illumination, lightweight and low-cost potentials. The analysis shows that III-V based multi-junction and Si based tandem solar cells are considered to be promising candidates for the automotive application. Finally, we report recent results for our 28.2% efficiency and Sharp’s 33% mechanically stacked InGaP/GaAs/Si triple-junction solar cell. In addition, new approaches which are suitable for automotive applications by using III-V triple-junction, and static low concentrator PV modules are also presented.

纯电动汽车辅助蓄电池选型方案设计

针对纯电动汽车辅助蓄电池选型困难,文章通过对纯电动汽车与燃油车在低压电源系统及辅助蓄电池工作状态等方面的差异进行分析,从整车零部件的启动电流计算、辅助蓄电池容量理论计算、整车暗电流计算校核、实车验证等方面提供了一个对纯电动汽车辅助蓄电池选型案例,实现了提高辅助蓄电池选型的准确性、延长辅助蓄电池使用寿命等目标。

变速器同步机构分析

目前已开发出一种重型卡车变速器同步机构的模拟技术，用于解释车辆变速时非正常（二次）换档反应力是如何产生的。由于同步机构的复杂以及同步时间极其短暂，因此使用常规实验的方法分析这一现象是很困难的。为此，使用ADAMS分析模型对同步器零部件的运动和力进行模拟。根据模拟结果，非正常换档反应力是在同步器齿套和结合齿的花键啮合过程中产生的，其原因是由于齿套的运动。在齿套花键倒角与结合齿花键倒角之间接触点上的推力与旋转力之间的相对关系影响了这一现象，并且可通过调节倒角表面的力的关系来减少这一现象的发生。

中型载货车车身扭转刚度对车辆侧翻特性的影响

因为较小的轮距和车辆质心高度的比值,较长的轴距和较大的惯性距,控制货车车辆侧翻操纵稳定性是最重要的特性。而较长的轴距,造成车身扭转刚度降低。因此,要研究其对车辆侧翻特性的影响。我们进行了对中型载货汽车的仿真分析和试验,用改变车辆参数研究车辆的频率响应特性。结果表明,车身扭转刚度降低,增大前倾角的稳态增量,不影响车辆运动的侧滑和侧翻特性。因此,即使车身扭转刚度不可避免地较低,采用增大前悬架的侧倾刚度,减小前倾角,可保持合适的车辆操纵稳定性。

基于SPC5644A+S912ZVC的新能源电动车整车控制器的硬件设计

针对当前新能源汽车整车控制器静态电流要求低、主控单片机输入输出端口和外部地隔离增加抗干扰性的要求,采用SPC5644A和S912ZVC两个单片机,设计了一款新能源电动车整车控制器。详细阐述了其工作原理、硬件组成及各功能模块电路设计。该控制器对主控单片机的地和外部地进行了隔离,增加抗干扰性,提高了可靠性,运行稳定,具有静态功耗低等特点。

Heat Treatment Simulation for Low Pressure Hyper Carburizing Process

Carburizing heat treatment is well used to increase the strength of gears and automobile drivetrain parts.When very high contact fatigue strength is required,hyper carburizing or carbonitriding is well used to improve the surface hardness and tempering softening resistance.Over saturate carburizing as called hyper carburizing can be used in a conventional ordinary carburizing furnace and investment of new gas supply equipment is unnecessary,while there are problems such as controlling precipitation of cementite and securing hardenability of the surface,etc.Also,problems such as secondary precipitation to control the material micro structure,its quality prediction method becomes important.In recent years the low pressure carburizing method has been widely used and the possibility of making hyper carburizing in low cost has been expanding.However,when hyper carburizing is performed by low pressure carburizng,reticulated cementite occurs at the edge of the part,there is a problem such as local increase of carbon concentration distribution and toughness.In this study,we tried to formulate precipitation when super carburizing was performed on steel parts using a low pressure carburizing furnace,formulated the surface hardness distribution,and tried to calculate the hardness and cementite precipitation size distribution.CALPHAD method is used to obtain the physical property values,graphite of an intermediate product was precipitated from the low pressure carburizing atmosphere on the surface layer,and it was assumed that carburization occurred therefrom.Estimating supersaturated carbon precipitates as cementite,the growth amount of the precipitate is calculated.The deposition rate was estimated by comparing the actual measurement with the calculated value.Estimating hardness is determined by the sum of the hardness of the precipitate and the hardness of the parent phase part,the hardness distribution was verified.As a result,the hardness distribution at the time of high concentration carburization in the test piece shape was predicted.The method was also applied to the actual part shape,and the quality difference between the edge part and the flat part of the gear and the heat treatment deformation quantity were estimated.

LiB Electrode Ageing Observed from PVdF Binder

Ageing behaviors of the positive electrode of lithium ion battery are characterized by measuring mechanical properties of the electrode reeds, such as resonance frequency and internal friction, as a function of temperature. In the measurements of the electrode reeds with a sandwich structure of active material film and current collector of Al foil, two thermally-activated relaxation processes can be observed on the polyvinylidene difluoride binder in the active material film. Namely, a surface-related relaxation at ~150 K and a relaxation corresponding to the β-phase transition at ~240 K in the polymer binder can be observed at high signal/noise ratio. The resonance frequency decreases and the internal friction increases after charge/discharge cycling. The changes in activation energies of the relaxation processes also indicate that the measurement of mechanical properties of the positive electrode is an effective method for characterizing ageing behaviors of the positive electrode as a whole.

修补涂料——修补涂层及其修补方法

本发明涉及≥1层涂层，含一定顺序排布的己知结构的核酸。例如，一种含杂质的4涂层体系制备为依次涂覆阴极电泳涂料（Power Top U 600M）、一种中涂涂料（Hi Epico 500）、一种底色漆（Superlac N 180）和在乙醇中制备的含附着于二氧化硅包覆的氧化锌上的DNA（Maxlight ZS 032）的清漆，部分打磨除去杂质，以含DNA的水性分散体涂覆，由于含有DNA，具有好的个人身份鉴别性能。

用计算机模拟法对渗碳的准双曲面主动锥齿轮淬火变形的关键因素的评定

为使淬火变形和偏差减至最小．渗碳和淬火工艺必须最佳化。这当中已包括零部件用于淬火的挂装设计。作者以准双曲面主动齿轮为例，用数字模拟方法对一些影响渗碳淬火变形的因素进行了研究和试验。试验结果与模拟方法获得的结果是一致的。重点是对齿轮表面温度分布的研讨，作者根据齿形的变化和螺旋线偏差研究了淬火变形特性。在试验中，以各种状态的处理温度奥氏体化后，在100℃的油中淬火时均出现变形。作者用准双曲面齿轮通过模拟渗碳油淬过程来预测变形。结果表明，在齿顶、齿中部和齿根边缘的冷却率间差异很大，而这些又很大程度上影响着齿形和螺旋线偏差的变化。作者发现在淬火期闻，降低齿轮表面的温差．对于降低准双曲面齿轮的淬火变形是极为重要的。

用于自动变速齿轮高氮势碳氮共渗高强度钢的研制

为使自动变速零件小型化和轻量化。必须在抗点蚀和，或耐磨方面强化齿轮。影响破断的最重要的冶金因素是钢在约573K温度回火时的抗软化能力。采用高氮势进行碳氮共渗是一种非常有效的制造技术，因为氮提高抗回火性。但是，在通常使用的含Cr钢中氮含量超过0．6％时开始在表面出现异常组织。为此，我们开发研究了一种新的高强度Cr钢，即使氮含量超过0．6％，钢中最佳的化学成分可有效地阻止异常组织的出现。传动系统耐久疲劳试验表明：自动变速零件具有优良的接触疲劳强度和齿根弯曲冲击、疲劳强度；该钢在约0．9％的氮势下碳氮共渗后再喷九处理，其点蚀寿命比传统钢高约4．5倍。

冷喷涂用铝基、钛基、锌基、铁基合金粉末的粉尘爆炸特性

冷喷涂工艺通常采用较热喷涂更细小粒径的金属粉末,而且粉末颗粒在喷涂中没有经历熔化过程,所以较热喷涂颗粒中的氧化物夹杂少。正因如此,有必要对工业、研发用冷喷涂工艺中的粉尘爆炸和燃烧特性进行研究,这不仅是为了防止粉末在喷涂中爆炸或燃烧,更为保护工人的健康和安全。为使冷喷涂在工业上得到很好的应用,有必要在风险评估的基础上对其进行风险管理,然而关于此风险评估的研究鲜有报道。本文依据JIS Z 8818-《可燃粉尘的最低浓度限度测试方法》、IEC61241-2-3(1994-09)第三节-《粉尘/空气混合物的最小点火能量测定方法》和JIS Z 8817-《可燃粉尘的爆炸压力及压力上升速率的测试方法》来测定冷喷涂用铝基、钛基、锌基、铁基合金粉末的粉尘爆炸特性。