Implementing an Information System Strategy: A Cost, Benefit, and Risk Analysis Framework for Evaluating Viable IT Alternatives in the US Federal Government

In the US Federal government, an analysis of alternatives (AoA) is required for a significant investment of resources. The AoA yields the recommended alternative from a set of viable alternatives for the investment decision. This paper presents an integrated AoA and project management framework for analyzing new or emerging alternatives (e.g., Cloud computing), as may be driven by an information system strategy that incorporates a methodology for analyzing the costs, benefits, and risks of each viable alternative. The case study in this paper, about a business improvement project to provide public health and safety services to citizens in a US Federal agency, is a practical application of this integrated framework and reveals the benefits of this integrated approach for an investment decision. The decision making process in the framework—as an integrated, organized, and adaptable set of management and control practices—offers a defensible recommendation and provides accountability to stakeholders.

癌症筛查之未来

1引言癌症已成为美国的第二大致死病因,52%的人死于肺癌、支气管癌、女性乳腺癌、宫颈癌、结直肠癌、口腔及咽喉癌、前列腺癌和皮肤癌（黑色素瘤）。19世纪30年代,包括宫颈癌在内的子宫癌,位居美国女性癌症死亡第一位。50年代,随着巴氏涂片技术（Pap test）的应用,可以在细胞水平检测宫颈的变化,宫颈癌死亡率显著降低,这是第一个癌症筛查检测技术。此后,已有多种影像学检查（例如乳腺癌钼靶X线、内窥镜检查和计算机体层扫描）和实验室检测方法（粪便隐血试验）用于癌症筛检。