Targeted Application of Motor Learning Theory to Leverage Youth Neuroplasticity for Enhanced Injury-Resistance and Exercise Performance: OPTIMAL PREP

Youth athletes are ideal candidates for novel therapeutic motor learning interventions that leverage the plasticity of the central nervous system to promote desirable biomechanical adaptions.We summarize the empirical data supporting the three pillars of the Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning(OPTIMAL)theory of motor learning and expand on potential neurophysiologic mechanisms that will support enhanced movement mechan-ics in youth to optimize prevention programs for reduced injury risk,injury rehabilitation,exercise performance,and play(Prevention Rehabilitation Exercise Play;PREP).Specifically,we highlight the role of motivational factors to promote the release of dopamine that could accelerate motor performance and learning adaptations.Further,we detail the potential for an external focus of attention to shift attentional allocation and increase brain activity in regions important for sensorimotor integration to facilitate primary motor cortex efficiency.This manuscript serves to provide the most current data in support of the application of OPTIMAL PREP training strategies of the future.

Practical Training Strategies to Apply Neuro-Mechanistic Motor Learning Principles to Facilitate Adaptations Towards Injury-Resistant Movement in Youth

Youth may be particularly responsive to motor learning training strategies that support injury-resistant movement mechanics in youth for prevention programs that reduce injury risk,injury rehabilitation,exercise performance,and play more gener-ally(Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning Prevention Rehabilitation Exercise Play;OPTIMAL PREP)One purpose of the present manuscript was to provide clinical applications and tangible examples of how to implement the proposed techniques derived from OPTIMAL theory into PREP strategies for youth.A secondary purpose was to review recent advances in technology that support the clinical application of OPTIMAL PREP strategies without extensive resources/programming knowledge to promote evidence-driven tools that will support practitioner feedback delivery.The majority of examples provided are within the context of anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injury rehabilitation,but we emphasize the potential for OPTIMAL PREP strategies to be applied to a range of populations and training scenarios that will promote injury resistance and keep youth active and healthy.

Can We Capitalize on Central Nervous System Plasticity in Young Athletes to Inoculate Against Injury?

There are numerous physical,social,and psychological benefits of exercise,sport and play for youth athletes.However,dynamic activities come with a risk of injury that has yet to be abated,warranting novel therapeutics to promote injury-resistance and to keep an active lifestyle throughout the lifespan.The purpose of the present manuscript was to summarize the extant literature and potential connecting framework regarding youth brain development and neuroplasticity associated with musculoskeletal injury.This review provides the foundation for our proposed framework that utilizes the OPTIMAL(Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning)theory of motor learning to elicit desir-able biomechanical adaptations to support injury prevention(injury risk reduction),rehabilitation strategies,and exercise performance for youth physical activity and play across all facets of sport(Prevention Rehabilitation Exercise Play;PREP).We conclude that both young male and females are ripe for OPTIMAL PREP strategies that promote desirable movement mechanics by leveraging a unique time window for which their heightened state of central nervous system plasticity is capable of enhanced adaptation through novel therapeutic interventions.

Stimulation of in vitro bone formation by canine prostate cancer

Aim:Patients with prostate cancer frequently develop osteoblastic bone metastases.Canine models are important because dogs are the only mammal to develop spontaneous prostate cancer with osteoblastic bone metastases similar to men.The mechanism by which prostate cancer induces bone formation is unclear;however,it depends on the complex interaction between prostate cancer cells and bone microenvironment.This study investigated the effects of three canine prostate cancer cell lines(Ace-1,LuMa,and Probasco)on bone formation and resorption in vitro.Methods:Mouse calvaria were treated with conditioned medium(CM)from cell lines.Calvaria were evaluated by histology,fluorescent calcein uptake at sites of bone mineralization,medium calcium assay,and alkaline phosphatase activity.The expression of bone-related genes was measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR.Results:A novel calcein uptake assay was developed to measure bone formation and mineralization in vitro.Ace-1 CM induced predominantly bone resorption in calvaria,while Probasco CM induced marked bone formation,mineralization,and healing of calvaria defects.The expression of osteoblast-related genes in calvaria showed that Probasco CM stimulated the maturation and differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibited osteoclastogenesis.Both bone modeling and remodeling were involved in Probasco CM-induced bone formation and mineralization by inhibiting remodeling with zoledronic acid.Inhibition of WNT activity by DKK-1 decreased the osteoblastic activity of Probasco cells.Conclusion:Probasco cells induced bone formation and mineralization in vitro that depended on the WNT signaling pathway.Probasco cells will serve as a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of osteoblastic bone metastasis in prostate cancer.