Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma(ChRCC)is the third most common renal cell carcinoma(RCC)subtype,which predominantly occurs in sporadic setting.ChRCCs are considered to originate from the intercalated cell of distal t...Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma(ChRCC)is the third most common renal cell carcinoma(RCC)subtype,which predominantly occurs in sporadic setting.ChRCCs are considered to originate from the intercalated cell of distal tubules with two main morphological variants,classic and eosinophilic.Most ChRCCs carry a favorable clinical outcome.Histology alone is limited in predicting the behavior of ChRCCs that do not have overtly aggressive morphologic findings such as necrosis and sarcomatoid features.Along with positive CD117 expression,classic ChRCCs generally express diffuse and uniform CK7,while eosinophilic variant demonstrates more heterogeneous CK7 expression(rare or patchy).Multiple losses of chromosomes 1,2,6,10,13,17,and 21 are considered to be the genetic hallmarks of classic and eosinophilic ChRCCs,while chromosomal gains are known to be associated with sarcomatoid ChRCCs.TP53 and PTEN are the two most frequently mutated genes in ChRCCs.The major challenge in the differential diagnosis of ChRCCs includes considerations around the eosinophilic variant(of ChRCCs),where it may share overlapping features with oncocytoma or other recent emergent oncocytic tumors.Most eosinophilic ChRCCs share expression of the recently described biomarkers,LINC01187 and FOXI1,with classic ChRCCs,however,a subset of eosinophilic-like ChRCCs with lower biomarker expression have been demonstrated to harbor MTOR gene mutations.Overall,the morphologic features of ChRCCs and genetic profile with combinations of chromosomal losses and gains suggest this tumor entity to represent a distinct,yet heterogeneous group of renal neoplasms.展开更多
Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is an abundant,bioactive phospholipid,with multiple functions both in development and in pathological conditions.Here,we review the literature about the differential signaling of LPA through ...Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is an abundant,bioactive phospholipid,with multiple functions both in development and in pathological conditions.Here,we review the literature about the differential signaling of LPA through its specific receptors,which makes this lipid a versatile signaling molecule.This differential signaling is important for understanding how this molecule can have such diverse effects during central nervous system development and angiogenesis;and also,how it can act as a powerful mediator of pathological conditions,such as neuropathic pain,neurodegenerative diseases,and cancer progression.Ultimately,we review the preclinical and clinical uses of Autotaxin,LPA,and its receptors as therapeutic targets,approaching the most recent data of promising molecules modulating both LPA production and signaling.This review aims to summarize the most update knowledge about the mechanisms of LPA production and signaling in order to understand its biological functions in the central nervous system both in health and disease.展开更多
COVID-19 global pandemic,caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2),1 has swept 185 countries and regions with more than 2,824,728 confirmed cases,and 197,667 death as on April 25,2020 ...COVID-19 global pandemic,caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2),1 has swept 185 countries and regions with more than 2,824,728 confirmed cases,and 197,667 death as on April 25,2020 according the Coronavirus Resource Center at Johns Hopkins University.Accumulating data suggest that hypertension,diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent comorbidities in COVID-19 patients,and case mortality rates tended to be high in these individuals.展开更多
文摘Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma(ChRCC)is the third most common renal cell carcinoma(RCC)subtype,which predominantly occurs in sporadic setting.ChRCCs are considered to originate from the intercalated cell of distal tubules with two main morphological variants,classic and eosinophilic.Most ChRCCs carry a favorable clinical outcome.Histology alone is limited in predicting the behavior of ChRCCs that do not have overtly aggressive morphologic findings such as necrosis and sarcomatoid features.Along with positive CD117 expression,classic ChRCCs generally express diffuse and uniform CK7,while eosinophilic variant demonstrates more heterogeneous CK7 expression(rare or patchy).Multiple losses of chromosomes 1,2,6,10,13,17,and 21 are considered to be the genetic hallmarks of classic and eosinophilic ChRCCs,while chromosomal gains are known to be associated with sarcomatoid ChRCCs.TP53 and PTEN are the two most frequently mutated genes in ChRCCs.The major challenge in the differential diagnosis of ChRCCs includes considerations around the eosinophilic variant(of ChRCCs),where it may share overlapping features with oncocytoma or other recent emergent oncocytic tumors.Most eosinophilic ChRCCs share expression of the recently described biomarkers,LINC01187 and FOXI1,with classic ChRCCs,however,a subset of eosinophilic-like ChRCCs with lower biomarker expression have been demonstrated to harbor MTOR gene mutations.Overall,the morphologic features of ChRCCs and genetic profile with combinations of chromosomal losses and gains suggest this tumor entity to represent a distinct,yet heterogeneous group of renal neoplasms.
文摘Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is an abundant,bioactive phospholipid,with multiple functions both in development and in pathological conditions.Here,we review the literature about the differential signaling of LPA through its specific receptors,which makes this lipid a versatile signaling molecule.This differential signaling is important for understanding how this molecule can have such diverse effects during central nervous system development and angiogenesis;and also,how it can act as a powerful mediator of pathological conditions,such as neuropathic pain,neurodegenerative diseases,and cancer progression.Ultimately,we review the preclinical and clinical uses of Autotaxin,LPA,and its receptors as therapeutic targets,approaching the most recent data of promising molecules modulating both LPA production and signaling.This review aims to summarize the most update knowledge about the mechanisms of LPA production and signaling in order to understand its biological functions in the central nervous system both in health and disease.
文摘COVID-19 global pandemic,caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2),1 has swept 185 countries and regions with more than 2,824,728 confirmed cases,and 197,667 death as on April 25,2020 according the Coronavirus Resource Center at Johns Hopkins University.Accumulating data suggest that hypertension,diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent comorbidities in COVID-19 patients,and case mortality rates tended to be high in these individuals.
