Antidiarrheal effect of fractions from stem bark of Thespesia populnea in rodents:Possible antimotility and antisecretory mechanisms

Objective:To evaluate antidiarrheal activity of the fractions of aqueous extract from stem barks of Thespesia populnea（Malvaceae）.Methods:From the aqueous extract three fractions namely ethyl acetate fraction（EAF）,methanolic fraction（MF） and residue fraction（RF） were made and stuthed for antidiarrheal activity.Antidiarrheal activity of the fractions were evaluated in castor oil induced diarrhea,prostaglandin E2（PG-E2） induced diarrhea and charcoal meal test as in vivo models and the most potent fraction was further evaluated with in vitro models to determine the possible antimotility effect.Results:In castor oil induced diarrhea model,the RF（10,25,50 and 100 mg/kg,po.） and MF（100 mg/kg,po.） has significantly reduced the cumulative wet faecal mass,where as the EAF have not shown any significant antidiarrheal activity,RF was found to be more potent than MF.Based on these results and percentage yield,only RF was evaluated in PGE2 induced enteropooling and charcoal meal test.RF（10,25 and 50 mg/kg） had shown significant inhibition of PG-E2 induced secretions（antisecretory） and decreased the movement of charcoal in charcoal meal test indicating its antimotility activity.Furthermore,RF has showed significant inhibition of acetylcholine,histamine and BaCl2 induced contractions on rat colon,guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum with EC50 values of 241.7,303.1 and 286.1μg/mL,respectively indicating the antimotility effect of RF.The phytochemical analysis of RF showed presence of gums and mucilages and the possible mechanism may be the combination inhibition of elevated prostaglandin biosynthesis and reduced propulsive movement of the intestine.Conclusions: RF possesses good antidiarrheal activity comparing with other two fractions and the possible mechanism thought to be associated with combination of antisecretory and antimolity.

Anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of three species of Amaranthus

Objective:To investigate the anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of leaves of Amaranthus caudatus,Amaranthus spinosus and Amaranthus viridis in normal and streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats.Methods:In this study,the anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of leaves of all three plants was evaluated by using normal and STZ induced diabetic rots at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg p.o.daily for 21 days.Blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored at specific intervals,and different biochemical parameters,serum cholesterol,serum triglyceride,high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were also assessed in the experimental animals.Histology of pancreas was performed.Results:It was found that all the three plants at 400 mg/kg dose showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity(P<0.01),while at 200 mg/kg dose less significant anti-diabetic activity(P<0.05) was observed.Concluslons: Methanol extracts of Amaranthus caudatus,Amaranlhus spinosus and Amaranthus viridis showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity,which provides the scientific proof for their traditional claims.

Antioxidant and antipyretic properties of methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus leaves

Objective:Methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus（A.spinosus） leaves was screened for antioxidant and antipyretic activities.Methods:Antioxidant activity was measured by l,l-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazile（DPPH） free radical scavenging,superoxide anion radical scavenging,hydroxyl free radical scavenging,nitric oxide radical scavenging,2,2 -azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid（ABTS） radical scavenging assays and total phenolic content was also determined.Antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of A.spinosus was measured by yeast induced pyrexia method at concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg using paracetamol as standard drug.Results:Methanolic extract of A.spinosus showed potent antioxidant activity.The IC50 value was（87.50±3.52）μg/mL,（98.80±1.40）μg/mL,（106.25±0.20）μg/mL,（88.70±0.62）μg/mL and（147.50±2.61）μg/mL for DPPH,superoxide,hydroxyl,nitric oxide and ABTS radical scavenging activities.Methanolic extract of A spinosus showed significant（P【0.01） antipyretic activity.

Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of bark extract of Terminalia arjuna

Objective:The alcoholic extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna（ALTA） was screened for antioxidant and antimutagenic（anticlastogenic） activity.Methods:Antioxidant property was determined by l,l,Diphynyl,2-Picryl hydrazyl（DPPH） assay,super oxide radical scavenging activity,lipid peroxidation assay and total polyphenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent.Antimutagenic activity was evaluated using micronucleus test in mice. Results:The ALTA has shown potent antioxidant activity with EC50 of 2.491±0.160,50.110±0.150 & 71.000±0.250 in DPPH assay,superoxide radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation assay, which is comparable with ascorbic acid with EC50 of 2.471±0.140,40.500±0.390 and 63.000±0.360 respectively.In micronucleus test,ALTA（100 & 200 mg/kg,p.o.） showed significant reduction in percentage of micronucleus in both polychromatic erythrocytes（PCE） and normochromatie erythrocytes（NCE） and also shown significant reduction in P/N ratio.Conclusions:These results suggested that ALTA possess significant antioxidant and antimutagenic activity.

Protective effect of lemongrass oil against dexamethasone induced hyperlipidemia in rats:possible role of decreased lecithin cholesterol acetyl transferase activity

Objective:To evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of lemongrass oil against in dexamethasone induced hyperlipidemia in rats.Methods:Administration of dexamethasone was given at 10 mg/kg,sc.to the adult rats for 8 d induces hyperlipidemia characterized by marked increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels along with increase in atherogenic index.Results:Lemongrass oil(100 and 200 mg/kg,po.) treatment has showed significant inhibition against dexamethasone hyperlipidemia by maintaining the serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and atherogenic index near to the normal levels and the antihyperlipidemic effect of the lemongross oil was comparable with atorvastatin 10 mg/kg,po.The possible mechanism may be associated with decrease in lecithin cholesterol acetyl transferase(LCAT) activity.Conclusions:These results suggested that Lemon gross oil possess significant antihyperlipidemic activity.

Hepatoprotective activity of Musa paradisiaca on experimental animal models

Objective:To invesligale the hepatoprotective activity of stem of Musa paradisiaca(M.paradisiaca)in CCl_4 and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity models in rats.Methods:Hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of stem of M.paradisiaca was demonstrated by using two experimentally induced hepatotoxicity models.Results:Administration of hepatotoxins(CCl_4 and paracetamol)showed significant biochemical and histological deteriorations in the liver of experimental animals.Pretreatment with alcoholic extract(500 mg/kg),more significantly and to a lesser extent the alcoholic extract(250 mg/kg)and aqueous extract(500 mg/kg),reduced the elevated levels of the serum enzymes like serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(SCOT),serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP)and bilirubin levels and alcoholic and aqueous extracts reversed the hepatic damage towards the normal,which further evidenced the hepatoprotective activity of stem of M.paradisiaca.Conclusions:The alcoholic extract at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg,p.o.and aqueous extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg,p.o.of stem of M.paradisiaca have significant effect on the liver of CCl_4 and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity animal models.

Hepatoprotective activity of Hepax-A polyherbal formulation

Objective:To evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of Hepax,a polyherbal formulation,against three experimentally induced hepatotoxicity models in rats.Methods:Hepatoprotective activity of Hepax was studied against three experimentally induced hepatotoxicity models,namely, carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4),paracetamol and thiocetamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results:Administration of hepatotoxins(CCl_4,paracetamol and thiocetamide) showed significant morphological,biochemical and histological deteriorations in the liver of experimental animals. Pretreatment with Hepax had significant protection against hepatic damage by maintaining the morphological parameters(liver weight and liver weight to organ weight ratio) within normal range and normalizing the elevated levels of biochemical parameters(SGPT,SCOT,ALP and total bilirubin),which were evidently showed in histopathological study.Conclusions:The Hepax has highly significant hepatoprotective effect at 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o.on the liver of all the three experimental animal models.

Pain management in mice using methanol extracts of three plants belongs to family Amaranthaceae

Objective:To investigate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis(A. viridis),Amaranthus caudatus(A.caudatus) and Amaranthus spinosus(A.spinosus).Methods:In this study,the analgesic activity of methanol extracts of all three plants at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg were investigated by acetic acid-induced writhings test,hot plate test and tail immersion test for mice.Results:It was found that all the three plants showed significant pain management effect(P【0.01) at a dose of 400 mg/kg,but showed a less significant effect at a dose of 20 mg/kg in the entire tests used for evaluation of analgesic activities(P【0.05).Conclusions:Methanol extracts of A.viridis,A.caudatus and A.spinosus show potent analgesic activities,and this study provides the scientific proof for their traditional claims.

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica

Objective:To evaluate the anti-oxidani and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica in in vitro conditions.Methods:In vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipoxygenase（LOX） inhibition assays were used to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities respectively.Methanolic extract（MEMI）,successive water extract （SWMI） and ethyl acetate fraction（EMEMI）,n-butanol fraction（BMEMI） and water soluble fraction （WMEMI） of methanolic extract were evaluated along with respective reference standards. Results:In in ritro DPPH radical scavenging activity,the MEMI,EMEMI and BMEMI have offered significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 13.37.3.55 and 14.19μig/mL respectively.Gallic acid,a reference standard showed significant antioxidant activity with IC? value of 1.88 and found to be more potent compared to all the extracts and fractions.In m vitro LOX inhibition assay,the MEMI,EMEMI and BMEMI have showed significant inhibition of LOX enzyme activity with IC50 values of 96.71.63.21 and 107.44μg/mL respectively.While,reference drug Indometlhacin also offered significant inhibtion against LOX enzyme activity with IC50 of 57.75.Furthermore,MEMI was found to more potent than SWMI and among the fractions EMEMI was found to possess more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the MEMI and F.MEMT possess potent anti-oxidani and anti-inflammatory activities in in vitro conditions.

Crystal and Molecular Structure of 2-Amino-3-Ethyl Carboxamido-4-Metyl-5-Carboxy Ethyl Thiophene

The crystal and molecular structure of 2-Amino-3-ethyl carboxamido-4-methyl-5-carboxy ethyl thiophene (C11H16N2O3S) has been investigated from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The primary focus is to investigate the molecular geometry of this compound in the solid state along with the associated inter and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and related weak interactions present in this molecule. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters, a = 8.1344(3) , b = 13.7392(4) , c = 11.4704(4) , β = 100.769(2), V = 1259.36 (7) 3, D = 1.352 g·cm–3, Z = 4. The molecular geometry is stabilized by intra-molecular N-H…O=C and C-H…O interactions along with intramolecular C-H…N and C-H…O interactions which contribute towards the stability of the crystal packing.

Science behind cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in humans:A clinical study

Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum electrolyte changes and cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity.Methods:We collected data from 18 patients undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy including serum electrolytes,creatinine,blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and urine potassium,sodium and pH levels before and after the cisplatin chemotherapy.All the patients had cancer and were treated with 40-50 mg/day cisplatin.Renal injury was assessed by measuring serum electrolytes,creatinine,BUN levels and urine potassium,sodium and pH levels. Results:The five cycles of cisplatin based chemotherapy resulted in hypomagnesia(P=0.029), hypocalcaemia(P=0.001~*),hypophosphatemia(P=0.003*),hypokalemia(P=0.001~*)and increased serum creatinine(P=0.001~*)and BUN(P=0.292~*)levels.In urine analysis,decrease in potassium(P=0.024~*)was found,except potassium there was no significant changes in sodium and urine pH. Conclusions:The present study demonstrates that,acute nephrotoxicity was observed in patients with different types of cancers undergoing cisplatin based chemotherapy due to electrolyte disturbances,when no corrective measures were initiated.

尾穗苋甲醇提取物对扑热息痛致大鼠肝损伤的保护作用(英文)

目的:检测尾穗苋(Amaranthus caudatus)甲醇提取物对扑热息痛致大鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法:5组大鼠分别给予羧甲基纤维素钠、扑热息痛、尾穗苋甲醇提取物(200或400mg/kg)并扑热息痛、水飞蓟素并扑热息痛。给药14d后采集大鼠血样进行血液生化检查,而后处死大鼠,收集各组大鼠肝脏组织样本供组织病理学检查。检测的指标包括肝功能标志物如丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、血清白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、总蛋白(total protein,TP)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TB)和直接胆红素(direct bilirubin,DB)及氧化损伤标志物如丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)、总硫醇(total thiols,TT)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)。结果:与未治疗组相比,浓度为200和400mg/kg的尾穗苋甲醇提取物均能显著改善由扑热息痛引起的大鼠肝损伤,改善扑热息痛导致的ALT、AST、TB和DB水平升高及血清ALB水平降低(P<0.01)。与未治疗组相比,浓度为200和400mg/kg的尾穗苋甲醇提取物能够显著降低扑热息痛导致的MDA及TP水平增高(P<0.01),并显著升高GSH、CAT及TT水平(P<0.01)。大鼠肝脏组织病理学检查的结果也证实了尾穗苋甲醇提取物对大鼠肝脏的保护作用。结论:本研究证实了尾穗苋的甲醇提取物对于扑热息痛引起的大鼠肝损伤具有显著的保护作用,证实了其在民族医学中治疗肝病的药用价值。

印度草药方NR/CAL/06的甲醇提取物对卵巢切除大鼠的抗骨质疏松作用(英文)

目的:证实印度草药方NR/CAL/06的甲醇提取物对卵巢切除大鼠的抗骨质疏松作用。方法:雌性Sprague-Drawley大鼠在无菌状态下行双侧卵巢切除术后被分为5组(n=10)。检测NR/CAL/06的甲醇提取物(200和400mg/kg口服)的抗骨质疏松作用并以雷洛昔芬(5.4mg/kg口服)作为标准对照药,治疗时间为90d。实验前后测量各组大鼠的体质量、卵巢质量、骨质量、骨矿物质含量、骨强度,血清及尿液中的钙、磷含量及血清碱性磷酸酶含量。电镜下观察大鼠股骨外径、长度及厚度。结果:双侧卵巢切除术后,大鼠骨质量、骨矿物质含量及骨强度均有下降;电镜观察到卵巢切除大鼠股骨骨质疏松、多孔、破碎,且骨长度及厚度均有所下降。与假手术组相比,卵巢切除大鼠的血清钙、磷及碱性磷酸酶含量均有所升高,体质量及脂肪含量升高,子宫质量降低。NR/CAL/06的甲醇提取物(200和400mg/kg口服)治疗90d能够剂量依赖性地改变大鼠因卵巢切除所引起的上述各项指标变化,并将骨质量、骨矿物质含量、骨强度,血清钙、磷及碱性磷酸酶含量,体质量及脂肪含量恢复至正常水平。此外,经NR/CAL/06的甲醇提取物(200和400mg/kg口服)治疗的大鼠与卵巢切除模型组大鼠相比,电镜下股骨骨质孔形成减少,骨密度增加。结论:本实验的结果证实了NR/CAL/06的甲醇提取物具有很好的抗骨质疏松作用,可用于骨质疏松症的治疗。

Methanolic extract of Momordica cymbalaria enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes in vitro by up-regulating PPAR-γ and GLUT-4

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of the methanolic fruit extract of Momordica cymbalaria(MFMC) on PPARγ(Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma) and GLUT-4(Glucose transporter-4) with respect to glucose transport. Various concentrations of MFMC ranging from 62.5 to 500 μg·mL-1 were evaluated for glucose uptake activity in vitro using L6 myotubes, rosiglitazone was used as a reference standard. The MFMC showed significant and dose-dependent increase in glucose uptake at the tested concentrations, further, the glucose uptake activity of MFMC(500 μg·mL-1) was comparable with rosigilitazone. Furthermore, MFMC has shown up-regulation of GLUT-4 and PPARγ gene expressions in L6 myotubes. In addition, the MFMC when incubated along with cycloheximide(CHX), which is a protein synthesis inhibitor, has shown complete blockade of glucose uptake. This indicates that new protein synthesis is required for increased GLUT-4 translocation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that MFMC is enhancing the glucose uptake significantly and dose dependently through the enhanced expression of PPARγ and GLUT-4 in vitro.

Punica granatum果实皮甲醇提取物化学成分的分离和标准化(英文)

AIM:The present study was undertaken to isolate and standardize the various active phytochemical constituents present in the fruit rinds of Punica granatum.METHODS:Fruit rinds of Punica granatum were dried and extracted with methanol in a static extractor;the percentage yield of the methanolic extract (MEPG) was found to be 26%;the methanolic extract was partitioned using n-butanol,ethyl acetate and water;the percentage yield of the fractions were found to be 17.16%,26.88% and 47.72% respectively.HPLC was carried out for all the fractions and the markers corresponding to the major peaks in HPLC were isolated using column chromatography.The isolated markers were characterized using UV,IR,Mass and NMR spectroscopy.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Totally four compounds were isolated and identified as punicalin,punicalagin,gallic acid and ellagic acid based on UV,IR,Mass and NMR data,they were standardized by HPLC.

马蹄花提取物对大鼠的抗生育作用(英文)

AIM:To evaluate the anti-fertility effect of methanolic(MeTD) and aqueous(AqTD) flower extracts of Tabernaemon-tana divaricata in rats.METHODS:The anti-fertility activity of the extracts was evaluated using two experimental animal models:1) Estrogenic activity was carried out in immature female rats using ethinyl estradiol as standard.The evaluation parameters includes changes in uterine weight and histopathology of uterus.2) Anti-implantation and early abortifacient activity was performed in female Wistar rats.The number of implants and resorbtions were compared to vehicle control.RESULTS:Phytochemical analysis of MeTD and AqTD revealed the presence of carbohydrates,amino acids,steroids,glycosides,flavonoids,alkaloids and tannins.In estrogenic activity,the MeTD and AqTD were offered significant estrogen-like activity at 500 mg?kg-1,p.o.by increasing the uterine weight com-pared to vehicle control group.In Anti-implantation and early abortifacient activity study,MeTD(500 mg?kg-1,p.o.) showed significant effect and it was evident by decrease in the number of implants and increase in the number of resorbtions compared to vehicle control group.CONCLUSION:The MeTD at 500 mg?kg-1,p.o.possess significant estrogenic,anti-implantation and early abortifacient activ-ity,while the AqTD at 500 mg?kg-1,p.o.was found to possess significant estrogenic activity and the results are in consistent with the literature reports related to anti-fertility effect of flower extracts of Tabernaemontana divaricata.