20世纪90年代的贫困缓解：中国和印度的比较分析

本文通过对中印两国的文献分析，对20世纪90年代两国的贫困缓解进行了比较研究，表明两国在缓解贫困的路上有很多共同之处。可以发现自从自由化改革以来，中印两国的绝对贫困水平已经降低。然而，两国的贫困分布都是不均的，不公平程度在增加，贫困越来越集中在几个地区和群体。由于两国都在进行经济改革，对缓解贫困中的这些共同的行为很值得进一步探讨。

Innovative Practices for the Promotion of Local/Indigenous Knowl­edge for Disaster Risk Reduction Management in Sudur Paschim Province,Nepal

This study is an attempt to point out the different types of natural hazards in Sudur Paschim province of Nepal where environmental degradation processes such as deforestation,desertification,biodiversity loss,soil crisp and watershed degradation are rising trends.Using participatory method multi hazard prone areas were identified with type and intensity.Multi criteria evaluation method was applied to prioritize replicable actions with location-specific innovative practices and their legitimization for integrating local and indigenous knowledge into mainstream education,science and policy with a view to incorporate local and indigenous knowledge as live science in disaster and climate change education.Findings of the study reveal that varieties of natural hazards in combination with social factors such as poverty,conflict and inequality have resulted frequent disasters and social vulnerabilities in many parts of the province.Traditionally,indigenous and local people have responded threats of multi hazards by using their traditional knowledge and skills which has evolved over generations,and continue to adapt to future changes.These traditional,often faith-based,beliefs and practices were found to use as the key to their resilience in the face of natural hazards.However,many communities have been lost their knowledge as the elderly die without transferring it to younger members.Behind this proper educational policy and strategic development plans have not been implemented to cope local/indigenous knowledge into practices.Findings of the study indicate that indigenous and local knowledge is a precious province resource that can support the process of disaster prevention,preparedness and response in cost-effective disaster risk reduction.Therefore,policy framework has to prime focus to integrate indigenous and local knowledge,wisdom and skills into mainstream educational programs in order to transfer science into policy and education(words)into practice.

Examining Attitudes Towards Safe Speed to Protect Pedestrians

Share of night time pedestrian fatalities has been associated with human factors for many years.The focus of the present paper aims to examine the option of introducing 40km/h night zone speed limit.Particularly targeting the 60km/h limit roads to further protect pedestrians.Questionnaires of the study were distributed to a random sample of four groups.Australians(born in Australia)and three others,Australians born in different countries and belongs to Africa,Asia and Europe.The Questionnaires were related to preference of introducing 40km/h during the night(Night Zone)and also related to the delay concerns of introducing 40km/h during the day(Day Zone).The total number of participants in the study is 300 of the four groups.Each group has 75 participants.The study utilized age,gender and marital status as independent variables.Literature search has found different pedestrian fatality trends of the four cultural groups some are ascending and the others are descending.Therefore the study hypotheses that cultural groups living in Perth are different in terms of their attitudes towards the preference Night Zone and the delay concerns of the Day Zone.Acceptance of the Night Zone preference reached 64%whereas;the mean rate responses reached 74%for the Day Zone delay concerns.It was learned from results that attitudes differences existed between the cultural groups on both Night Zone and Day Zone options as hypothesised.Result showed that Asian group recorded the lowest rate for the Night Zone preference and cluster analysis depicted that clearly.There was statistically significant difference on drivers obeying the sign limit,between Asian and two groups namely African and Australian.Similarly cluster analysis performed for the Day Zone,indicated that European group was away from the rest of the clustered groups showing less concerns of implementing the Day Zone option on particular issue and that is,“European group do not believe that the delay is caused by the 40km/h speed limit but rather they believe it is due to the traffic signals”.Australian group were the most concern about implementing the Day Zone limit,as they recorded the highest mean rate response 77%.There was statistically significant difference between singles and non-singles on the preference of Night Zone differences.A statistical difference was also found between male drivers who believe that 40km/h during the day is too slow compared to female drivers.The 18-29 years age group was the most concern about the Day Zone implementation compared to other age groups.Surprisingly,they also recorded the lowest mean response rate for the implementation of 40km/h Night Zone limit of all age groups.They reveal their attitudes against implementing of the 40km/h limit all together and preferring to leave the 60km/h speed limit unchanged.Details of Multivariate Analysis of Variance(MANOVA)are included throughout the analysis.Some analysis,results and conclusions of this paper are valuable and useful for practitioners for exposing the ideas of drivers.Knowing that the Arab Gulf Countries particularly the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a host to many expatriates who are road users(drivers or pedestrians)contributing to pedestrian fatalities.

RETRACTED: Innovative Practices for the Promotion of Local/In­digenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Reduction Management in Sudur Paschim Province, Nepal

This article has been retracted.The original article has previously been published elsewhere without disclosure to the editor,permission to republish,or justification(i.e.,redundant publication).We apologise for any inconvenience this retraction may have caused readers.Refers to:RETRACTED:Innovative Practices for the Promotion of Local/Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Risk Reduction Management in Sudur Paschim Province,Nepal Kabi Prasad Pokhrel,Shambhu Prasad Khatiwada,Narayan Prasad Paudyal,Keshav Raj Dhakal,Chhabi Lal Chidi,Narayan Prasad Timilsena,Dhana Krishna Mahat Journal of Geographical Research,Volume 4,Issue 3,July 2021.

Camera System Deployment for Speeding Control in Australia

In Australia,the Auditor-General plays the role of checking on system fiscal efficiency,performance and effective communications between safety professionals and the public road users.The focus of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of public approval of the information that is to be released,e.g.camera strategic initiatives assessed by through mail-out questionnaires.Two visual-and-policy related attributes were investigated in these questionnaires.Each attribute had 5 initiatives.A multi-logistic regression is performed on the approval level of the drivers for the strategic initiative of running a speed-awareness course.This initiative is determined to be statistically significant using independent variables age,years of experience,status,gender,and the driver environment.Our analysis shows that the driver environment/background is found to be a significant independent variable for approving speed awareness courses.The road users from non-industrial areas are more likely to approve the idea of speed awareness courses than road users from industrial areas.They also welcome tougher demerit rules and the police enforcement.Our study suggests the speed awareness course,an educational initiative,should incorporate the tougher demerit rules to change the repetitive offender’s driving behaviour.It is foreseeable that once these drivers are enrolled into the course,safer driving practices would be achieved for mitigating dangers,risk and trauma as the result of speeding.Our study may benefit professionals involved with improving traffic safety such as those in Asia,Africa,the Middle East and the Arab gulf countries particularly the kingdom of Saudi Arabia where a high number of fatalities and serious injuries involved speeding.Our study confirms that positive,transparent and satisfying initiative should be executed with care to maintain sustainable and safer roads for enhancing national partnership between road users and authorities.

Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on blood transfusion service:an experience from a regional blood transfusion center

The unforeseen and uncertain life-threatening situation of the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected all areas of the human daily work schedule.This study was designed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood transfusion services and discuss the adopted confrontation measures for uninterrupted blood supply during the pandemic situation.The data on blood donation,blood component preparation,and issue from January 2019 to December 2022 were collected from the inventory registers of the RBTC,Delhi,India.Compared to the non-pandemic year 2019,during the year 2020,all variables decreased gradually.The observed maximum decrease in variables such as blood collection(–79.16%)in the month of October,blood issue(–71.61%)in the month of August,random donor platelets(RDP)preparation(–98.09%)in the month of October,RDP issue(–86.08%)in the month of September,fresh frozen plasma(FFP)preparation(–100%)in the month of October,and FFP issue(–96.08%)in the month of July with an annual decrease of–45.52%,–42.87%,–33.00%,–59.79%,–40.98%,and–54.48%,respectively,as compared to year 2019.Compared to year 2020,in year 2021,the annual increase in blood collection,blood issue,FFP preparation,FFP issue,RDP preparation,and RDP issue was+50.20%,+21.68%,+65.31%,+78.52%,+116.23%,and+213.30%,respectively.Our study results show that the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected blood transfusion services at our blood bank.The adopted coping strategies to maintain the safe and uninterrupted blood transfusion chain at our blood bank gave us lessons for future preparedness if faced with a similar situation.