Investigation of Leisure Time,Life and Sleep Quality in University Students

Objective:This study aimed to determine the physical activity level of university students,to compare them according to gender and to investigate the effect of physical activity level on sleep and quality of life.Materials and Methods:The research is of an analytical-cross-sectional type.In total,288(181 F,107 M)university students with a mean age of 19.59±2.00 years participated in the study.Height,weight and waist circumference measurements were taken.Participants were asked a questionnaire to determine their socio-demographic characteristics and exercise,the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)for assessing sleep quality,Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire to measure 1-week total physical activity level and SF-36(Brief)to assess the quality of life.Quality of Life Questionnaires were applied by face-to-face questionnaire method.Results:39% of the students were active,18% were moderately active,and 43% were not active enough.When the data of girls and boys were compared,only the height,body weight,waist circumference,Body Mass Index(BMI)and Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire,SF 36 had a significant difference in emotional role difficulty results in favor of men(p<0.00).Social functioning and general health perception(r=0.116;r=0.119)of the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire were found to be positively correlated with the energy/vitality component of Godin leisure time questionnaire and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire(r=0.121).There was a low positive correlation between sleep quality and all components of the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire(0.168<r<0.333).Conclusion:As a result,only 39% of university students are active and spend more time on computers and phones.Boys had a physically more active lifestyle than girls.In the young population,physical activity did not affect sleep quality,but sleep quality affected quality of life.For health and quality life,the participation of individuals in regular exercise should be encouraged,physical activity programs should be organized and motivated in universities.

Analyzing the Effects of Tool Holder Stiffness on Chatter Vibration Reduction in Turning

This paper investigates the effects of tool holder materials on chatter vibration in turning operations.The study uses a complex dynamic turning model with two degrees of freedom for the orthogonal cutting system.Tool holders made from different materials,including Al 5083,Al 6082,Al 7012,and a standard 4140 material,were subjected to chatter vibration to investigate their process damping capabilities.The study found that the standard tool holder 4140 allows for higher stable depths of cut and produces similar process damping values compared to the other tool holders.Finite element analyses(FEA)were performed to verify the experimental results,and the modal and FEA analyses produced very similar results.The study concludes that future research should investigate the effects of tool holders made from high alloy steel alloys on process damping.Overall,this paper provides important insights into the effects of tool hold-er materials on chatter vibration and process damping in turning operations,which can help in the design of more effi-cient and effective cutting systems.

限制模压变形法提高AA6063铝合金的力学性能和耐腐蚀性

利用限制模压变形(CGP)法对AA6063铝合金进行塑性变形,改善其表面性能。结果发现,在第一道次后,合金的硬度值显著提高,硬度均匀性显著降低。而经后续的道次后,加工材料的硬度行为得到改善。此外,道次数增加后,在CGP第一道次中形成的细长晶粒逐渐转变为等轴晶粒。通过CGP工艺,样品的耐腐蚀性能提高,这是因为钝化膜的快速形成以及第二相和析出物形貌的变化阻碍它们的电化学反应,减少潜在的局部腐蚀位点。

Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a important health problem that induces ernestful complications and it causes significant morbidity owing to specific microvascular complications such as, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as, ischaemic heart disease, and peripheral vasculopathy. It can affect children, young people and adults and isbecoming more common. Ocular complications associated with DM are progressive and rapidly becoming the world's most significant cause of morbidity and are preventable with early detection and timely treatment. This review provides an overview of five main ocular complications associated with DM, diabetic retinopathy and papillopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and ocular surface diseases.

Association of serum lipid levels with diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To assess the association between serum lipids and diabetic retinopathy (DR). · METHODS: Sixty -one diabetic patients without retinopathy (NDR), 55 diabetic patients with non - proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) and 75 diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy (PDR) according to ETDRS grading scale were enrolled in this study. Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglyceride values were compared between the groups. ·RESULTS: The groups were well-balanced in terms of age and gender (P =0.071, P =0.265 respectively). The mean HbA1c values were significantly lower in NDR group than the NPDR and PDR groups(P =0.004, P =0.009 respectively). Mean total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and VLDL levels were not significantly different between the groups (P =0.693, P =0.774, P =0.644, P = 0.910 and P =0.967 respectively, one way ANOVA). Mean total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and VLDL levels were not significantly different between the patients with ME and patients without ME(P =0.622, P =0.113, P =0.955, P =0.735 and P =0.490 respectively, t -test). The mean blood glucose significantly correlated with total cholesterol (r =0.173, P =0.017) and LDL (r =0.190, P = 0.008). The mean HbA1c significantly correlated with total cholesterol (r =0.158, P =0.030) and triglyceride (r =0.148, P =0.042). ·CONCLUSION: Serum lipid levels were not significantly associated with the severity of DR or existence of ME despite the significant correlation between the mean blood glucose, HbA1c and total cholesterol.

Pulmonary involvement in inflammatory bowel disease

AIM:To determine the relationship of pulmonary abnormalities and bowel disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).METHODS:Thirty ulcerative colitis(UC)and nine Crohn's disease patients,and 20 control subjects were enrolled in this prospective study.Detailed clinical information was obtained.Extent and activity of the bowel disease were established endoscopically.Each patient underwent pulmonary function tests and high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT).Blood samples for measurement of C-reactive protein(CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),angiotensin converting enzyme and total IgE were delivered by the patients.RESULTS:Ten(25.6%)patients had respiratory symptoms.A pulmonary function abnormality was present in 22 of 39 patients.Among all patients,the most prevalent abnormalities in lung functions were a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s(FEV1),FEV1/forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory flow(FEF)25%-75%,transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide(DLCO),DLCO/alveolar volume.Increased respiratory symptoms score was associated with high endoscopic activity index in UC patients.Endoscopic and clinical activities in UC patients were correlated with FEV1,FEV1/FVC,and FEF 25%-75%.Smoking status,duration of disease and medication were not correlated with pulmonary physiological test results,HRCT abnormalities,clinical/endoscopic disease activity,CRP,ESR or total IgE level or body mass index.CONCLUSION:It is important that respiratory manifestations are recognized and treated early in IBD.Otherwise,they can lead to destructive and irreversible changes in the airway wall.

H pylori iceA alleles are disease-specific virulence factors

AIM: To characterize and compare genotype profiles of H pylori strains isolated from patients with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer in western part of Turkey. METHODS: A total of 46 patients [30 chronic gastritis (CG) and 16 duodenal ulcer (DU)] who had undergone endoscopy because of dyspeptic complaints were studied. The antral biopsy specimens were evaluated for the presence of H pylori by rapid urease test and culture, and the genotype profiles were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The cagA gene was observed in 43 (93.5%) isolates. The vacA s1m2 genotype was the predominant subtype, found in 63.3% and 68.7% of isolates in patients with CG and DU, respectively. Twenty (66.6%) isolates from patients with CG were iceA2 positive while the iceA1 was predominant in those with DU (68.8%). In terms of the association of the iceA alleles to other genes, both alleles were significantly associated with the cagA vacA s1m2 genotype. CONCLUSION: The prevalent circulating genotypes in CG and DU were cagA vacA s1m2 iceA2 and cagA vacA s1m2 iceA1 genotype, respectively. It was found that cagA vacA s1m2 genotype seems to be common virulence factors in both CG and DU while iceA alleles show specificity for gastroduodenal pathologies in this study.

The incidence of Mirizzi syndrome in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND:Mirizzi syndrome is a rare complication of cholelithiasis,characterized by the narrowing of the common hepatic duct as a result of mechanical compression and/or inflammation due to biliary calculus impacted in the infundibula of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct.In this study,we aimed to describe the clinical presentations,investigations,operative details,and complications of seven patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and were finally diagnosed with Mirizzi syndrome in our center. METHOD:We performed a retrospective analysis of the records of 7 patients with Mirizzi syndrome who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. RESULTS:The incidence of Mirizzi syndrome was 1.07% of 656 patients given endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan- creatography.Ultrasonography was able to diagnose one case.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography suggested the diagnosis in five cases and helped further in the management of these patients.Four patients had cholecystectomy and T-tube placement,and two had cholecystectomy and choledochoduodenostomy.One patient with typeⅠMirizzi syndrome according to the Csendes classification successfully underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS:In the study,the incidence of Mirizzi syndrome was 1.07%of patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Preoperative diagnosis of Mirizzi syndrome by endoscopicretrograde cholangiopancreatography is important to prevent complications.

Characterization of recuperating talent of white-rot fungi cells to dye-contaminated soil/water

This study was purposed to explore the decolorization of dyes by fungi on either a soil or in a liquid medium and to determine the application through batch shaking system. Two commercial dyes were decolorized and studied with four fungal strains in three media. Fungal growth is the best in malt extract/glucose medium for all organisms. Decolorization of reactive blue 220 and methyl red was investigated in soil medium by Trametes versicolor. These dyes were removed 91% and 80% for methyl red and reactive blue 220 respectively(dye concentration; 100 mg·L^(-1)) by both organisms. Enzymatic activities were monitored. Laccase(Lac) and manganese peroxidase(Mn P) were detected. MnP enzyme had important role for the dye decolorization. This study demonstrates that it is possible to decolorize some synthetic dyes, which would be highly advanced for dye containing wastewater and soil. These applications could be used for dye bioremediation.

Investigation of HER-2 codon 655 single nucleotide polymorphism frequency and c-ErbB-2 protein expression alterations in gastric cancer patients

瞄准：为了两个都调查胃的癌症的风险是否与 Ile/Val 被联系，挑选人的表皮的生长因素 receptor-2 (HER-2 ) 的核苷酸多型性(SNP ) 在 655 上的鳕鱼和在在一个土耳其语的病人的胃的癌症案例中的 HER-2 表示的建议存在的编码域的区域组织的 transmembrane。方法：限制跟随的聚合酶链反应(PCR ) 碎裂长度多型性(RFLP ) 策略被用来在 655 上在鳕鱼分析 HER-2 SNP 的存在。c-erbB-2 表示模式被免疫组织化学分析。结果在胃的癌组和长期的胃炎组之间，以及在 clinicopathological 参数和癌之间被比较。结果：结果证明 Ile/Val 遗传型在长期的胃炎组在土耳其语的胃的癌组，和没有以内占了 20% ，并且这 genotyping 与阶段 IV 胃的癌症(P=0.04 ) 被联系。在另一方面，积极膜的 HER-2 免疫反应从长期的胃炎盒子在土耳其语的胃的癌组和没有以内占了 24% ；进一步，它与肠的类型癌(P=0.007 ) 被相关，并且上演 III-IV 癌(P=0.004 ) 。结论：这些观察暗示测试 HER-2 SNP 可以参予胃的癌症的发展和前进。在与大样品组一起证实这些结果以后，因此，在表示上的 655 SNP 或 c-erbB-2 上的 HER-2 鳕鱼可以也为胃的癌被用作差的预示的指示物。

Stress analysis of functionally graded rotating discs: analytical and numerical solutions

This study deals with stress analysis of annular rotating discs made of functionally graded materials（FGMs）.Elasticity modulus and density of the discs are assumed to vary radially according to a power law function,but the material is of constant Poisson＇s ratio.A gradient parameter n is chosen between 0 and 1.0.When n = 0,the disc becomes a homogeneous isotropic material.Tangential and radial stress distributions and displacements on the disc are investigated for various gradient parameters n by means of the diverse elasticity modulus and density by using analytical and numerical solutions.Finally,a homogenous tangential stress distribution and the lowest radial stresses along the radius of a rotating disc are approximately obtained for the gradient parameter n = 1.0 compared with the homogeneous,isotropic case n = 0.This means that a disc made of FGMs has the capability of higher angular rotations compared with the homogeneous isotropic disc.

Scintigraphic evaluation of gallbladder motor functions in H pylori positive and negative patients in the stomach with dyspepsia

AIM:To evaluate the relationship between gallbladder (GB) motor function and H pylori infection in the stomach. METHODS: All cases (86) underwent the 14C urea breath test (UBT). 14C-UBT was found as positive in 58 and negative in 28 dyspeptic patients. 14C- UBT was accepted as a gold standard test. Clo test and histopathologic examination were compared with the results of 14C-UBT in cases who tolerated upper gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure. Cholescintigraphy with 99mTc-mebrofenin was used to determine the parameters of GB motor function (GB filling and emptying time, half of the emptying time, ejection fraction at 30th and 60th min) in all patients. RESULTS: We found the sensitivity and specificity as 88% and 86% for Clo test and as 89% and 80% for histologic evaluation, respectively. The parameters of GB function were not significantly different in H pylori positive and negative patients. The GB emptying was normal in both groups. Minimum GB filling time was 30 min in 34 of 86 cases (39.5%), filling was not observed in 2 cases. The GB ultrasonography (USG) results were normal for all cases and bile composition abnormality was not determined.CONCLUSION: Our study showed that 14C-UBT is highly reliable method to detect the presence of H pylori. The presence of H pylori infection does not directly affect the GB function.

Neurochemical metabolites in the medial prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

The aim of this study was to investigate proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolite values in the medial prefrontal cortex of individuals with euthymic bipolar disorder. The subjects consisted of 15 patients with euthymic bipolar disorder type I and 15 healthy controls. We performed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex and measured levels of N-acetyl aspartate, choline and creatine. Levels of these three metabolites in the medial prefrontal cortex were found to be lower in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy controls. A positive correlation was found between illness duration and choline levels in the right medial prefrontal cortex. Our study suggests that during the euthymic period, there are abnormalities in cellular energy and membrane phospholipid metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex, and that this may impair neuronal activity and integrity.

Effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in a rat model of colitis

AIM:To investigate the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii(S.boulardii) in an experimental rat model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)-induced colitis.METHODS:Thirty-two Wistar albino female rats were categorized into five groups.On the first day of the study,50 mg TNBS was administered via a rectal catheter in order to induce colitis in all rats,except those in the control group.For 14 d,the rats were fed a standard diet,without the administration of any additional supplements to either the control or TNBS groups,in addition to 1 mg/kg per day S.boulardii to the S.boulardii group,1 mg/kg per day methyl prednisolone(MP) to the MP group.The animals in the S.boulardii + MP group were coadministered these doses of S.boulardii and MP.During the study,weight loss,stool consistency,and the presence of obvious blood in the stool were evaluated,and the disease activity index(DAI) for colitis was recorded.The intestines were examined and colitis was macro-and microscopically scored.The serum and tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and nitric oxide(NO) were determined,and fungemia was evaluated in the blood samples.RESULTS:The mean DAI scores for the MP and S.boulardii + MP groups was significantly lower than the TNBS group(3.69 ± 0.61 vs 4.46 ± 0.34,P = 0.018 and 3.77 ± 0.73 vs 4.46 ± 0.34,P = 0.025,respectively).While no significant differences between the TNBS and the S.boulardii or MP groups could be determined in terms of serum NO levels,the level of serum NO in the S.boulardii + MP group was significantly higher than in the TNBS and S.boulardii groups(8.12 ± 4.25 μmol/L vs 3.18 ± 1.19 μmol/L,P = 0.013;8.12 ± 4.25 μmol/L vs 3.47 ± 1.66 μmol/L,P = 0.012,respectively).The tissue NO levels in the S.boulardii,MP and S.boulardii + MP groups were significantly lower than the TNBS group(16.62 ± 2.27 μmol/L vs 29.72 ± 6.10 μmol/L,P = 0.002;14.66 ± 5.18 μmol/Lvs 29.72 ± 6.10 μmol/L,P = 0.003;11.95 ± 2.34 μmol/Lvs 29.72 ± 6.10 μmol/L,P = 0.002,respectively).The tissue NO levels in the S.boulardii,MP and S.boulardii + MP groups were similar.The mean serum and tissue TNF-α levels were determined to be 12.97 ± 18.90 pg/mL and 21.75 ± 15.04 pg/mL in the control group,18.25 ± 15.44 pg/mL and 25.27 ± 11.95 pg/mL in the TNBS group,20.59 ± 16.15 pg/mL and 24.39 ± 13.06 pg/mL in the S.boulardii group,9.05 ± 5.13 pg/mL and 24.46 ± 10.85 pg/mL in the MP group,and 13.95 ± 10.17 pg/mL and 24.26 ± 10.37 pg/mL in the S.boulardii + MP group.Significant differences in terms of the levels of serum and tissue TNF-α and the macroscopic and microscopic scores were not found between the groups.S.boulardii fungemia was not observed in any of the rats.However,Candida fungemia was detected in one rat(14%) in the TNBS group,two rats(28%) in the S.boulardii group,three rats(50%) in the MP group,and three rats(42%) in S.boulardii + MP group.CONCLUSION:S.boulardii does not demonstrate considerable effects on the DAI,pathological scores,or cytokine levels but does decrease the tissue NO levels.

Role of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms and functions in development of ulcerative colitis

Cytochromes P450 s(CYPs) are terminal enzymes in CYP dependent monooxygenases, which constitute a superfamily of enzymes catalysing the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous substances. One of their main tasks is to facilitate the excretion of these substances and eliminate their toxicities in most phase 1 reactions. Endogenous substrates of CYPs include steroids, bile acids, eicosanoids, cholesterol, vitamin D and neurotransmitters. About 80% of currently used drugs and environmental chemicals comprise exogenous substrates for CYPs. Genetic polymorphisms of CYPs may affect the enzyme functions and have been reported to be associated with various diseases and adverse drug reactions among different populations. In this review, we discuss the role of some critical CYP isoforms(CYP1 A1, CYP2 D6, CYP2 J2, CYP2 R1,CYP3 A5, CYP3 A7, CYP4 F3, CYP24 A1, CYP26 B1 and CYP27 B1) in the pathogenesis or aetiology of ulcerative colitis concerning gene polymorphisms. In addition, their significance in metabolism concerning ulcerative colitis in patients is also discussed showing a clear underestimation in genetic studies performed so far.

Apoptotic cell death and its relationship to gastric carcinogenesis

AIM: To investigate the apoptotic process of cells with in the intestinal metaplasia areas co-localizing with chronic gastritis and gastric carcinomas and to analyze the involvement of proteins regulating apoptosis in the process of intestinal metaplasia related gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS: Forty-two gastric carcinoma and seventeen chronic gastritis cases were included in this study. All cases were examined for the existence of intestinal metaplasia. Ten cases randomly selected from each group were processed for TUNEL assay. TUNEL positive cells within the intestinal metaplasia areas, co-localizing either to gastric carcinoma or chronic gastritis, were counted and converted to apoptotic indices. In addition, p53, bcl-2 and bax expression patterns within these tissues were analyzed on the basis of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of the cases were intestinal and 14 of the cases were diffuse type adenocarcinomas. 64% (27/42) of the gastric carcinoma cases had intestinal metaplasia. Intestinal metaplasia co-localized more with intestinal type carcinomas compared with diffuse type carcinomas [75% (21/28) vs 42% (6/14), respectively; P ≤0.05]. The mean apoptotic index in tumor cells was 0.70±0.08. The mean apoptotic index in intestinal metaplasias co-localizing to tumors was significantly higher than that of intestinal metaplasias co-localizing to chronic gastritis (0.70±0.03 vs 0.09±0.01, respectively; P≤0.05). p53 positivity was not observed in areas of intestinal metaplasia adjacent to tumors or chronic gastritis. Intestinal metaplasia areas adjacent to tumors showed lower cytoplasmic bcl-2 positivity compared to intestinal metaplasia areas adjacent to chronic gastritis [55.5% (15/27) vs 70.5% (12/17), respectively]. On the other hand, intestinal metaplasia areas adjacent to tumors showed significantly higher cytoplasmic bax positivity compared to intestinal metaplasia areas adjacent to chronic gastritis [44.4% (12/27) vs 11.7% (2/17), respectively; P ≤0.05]. CONCLUSION: Existence of apoptotic cells on the basis of TUNEL positivity is shown in intestinal metaplasias co-localizing to both diffuse and intestinal type gastric cancers in this study. Our results also suggested bax expression dependent induction of apoptosis especially in intestinal metaplasia areas adjacent to tumors. These findings strongly support the involvement of apoptotic mechanisms in the process of gastric carcinogenesis especially in the transition from intestinal metaplasia to gastric cancer. It may be suggested that induction of apoptosis in intestinal metaplasia areas adjacent to tumors may involve different mechanisms than induction by chronic inflammation.

Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of commonly used fixed combination drugs with timolol in the management of primary open angle glaucoma

AIM:To evaluate intraocular pressure(IOP)-lowering effect and ocular tolerability of brimonidine/timolol,dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination therapies in the management of primary open angle glaucoma.· METHODS:Each drug was administered for two months, after which a circadian tonometric curve was recorded using a Goldmann applanation tonometer.Ocular discomfort(conjunctival hyperemia, burning or stinging, foreign body sensation, itching, ocular pain) of each eye was assessed by the subject on a standardized ocular discomfort scale.RESULTS:Among the three study groups, there were no significant differences in the mean baseline IOP measurements, mean 2ndmo IOP measurements, and mean(%) change of IOPs from baseline. Among the three study groups, there were no significant differences in the mean IOP measurements obtained at circadian tonometric curves at baseline and at two months controls. In sum brimonidine/timolol, dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination therapies showed similar effects on IOP levels.· CONCLUSION:Brimonidine/timolol, dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol fixed combination therapies showed similar lowering efficaties on IOP levels whereas there was no any difference between each other.

Effect of harmless acute pancreatitis score, red cell distribution width and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio on the mortality of patients with nontraumatic acute pancreatitis at the emergency department

BACKGROUND: Harmless acute pancreatitis score(HAPS), neutrophile/lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width(RDW) are used to determine the early prognosis of patients diagnosed with nontraumatic acute pancreatitis in the emergency department(ED).METHODS: Patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis(K 85.9) in the ED according to the ICD10 coding during one year were included in the study. Patients with chronic pancreatitis and those who had missing data in their files were excluded from the study. Patients who did not have computed tomography(CT) in the ED were not included in the study.RESULTS: Ultimately, 322 patients were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 53.1(IQR=36–64). Of the patients, 68.1%(n=226) had etiological causes of the biliary tract. The mortality rate of these patients within the first 48 hours was 4.3%(n=14). In the logistic regression analysis performed by using Balthazar classification, HAPS score, RDW, neutrophile/lymphocyte ratio, age, diabetes mellitus and systolic blood pressure, the only independent variable in determining mortality was assigned as Balthazar classification(OR: 15; 95% CI: 3.5 to 64.4).CONCLUSIONS: HAPS, neutrophile/lymphocyte ratio and RDW were not effective in determining the mortality of nontraumatic acute pancreatitis cases within the first 48 hours. The only independent variable for determining the mortality was Balthazar classifi cation.

The removal of Cr(Ⅵ) through polymeric supported liquid membrane by using calix[4]arene as a carrier

In this work, the transport and removal of Cr(Ⅵ) were achieved through supported liquid membrane(SLM) by using a 5,17, di-tert-butyl-11,23-bis[(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro [4,5]decanyl)methyl]-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy calix[4]arene carrier, dissolved in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether dichloromethane.The studied parameters are the solvent effect in the membrane phase, the effect of carrier concentration, and the acid type in the donor phase.The Celgard 2500 was used as a membrane support.We used the Danesi mass transfer model to calculate the permeability coefficients for each studied parameter.In addition, AFM and SEM techniques were used to characterize the surface morphology of the prepared Celgard 2500 membrane that included the calix[4]arene carrier.

Evaluation of relative tectonic activity along the Priene-Sazli Fault(Soke Basin,southwest Anatolia):Insights from geomorphic indices and drainage analysis

The West Anatolia Extensional Zone, which has a width of about 300 km, is located within the Alpine-Himalayan belt and is one of the regions with intense seismic activity in the world. The most important geomorphological structures in this area are three main graben structures resulting from regional N-S extension since the Early Miocene. These structures are the E-W trending Büyük Menderes, Kü?ük Menderes, and Gediz grabens. S?ke Basin is located at the SW end of the Büyük Menderes graben. The lineaments which control the NW of S?ke Basin have a length of approximately 40 km and have been defined as the Priene-Sazl? Fault(PSF). The PSF is seismically active, and the last large earthquake(the S?ke-Balat earthquake; Ms: 6.8) was produced on July 16 th of 1955. The ancient city of Priene, which was located in the study area, suffered from destructive earthquakes(in the 4 th century and 2 nd century BC, in the 2 nd century AD, during the Byzantine period and after the 12 th century BC). This study aims to reveal the effect of the PSF on the morphotectonic evolution of the region and the relative tectonic activity of the fault. To this end, it was the first time the stream length gradient index(SL: 130-1303), mountain-front sinuosity(Smf: 1.15-1.96), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf: 0.27-1.66), drainage basin asymmetry(AF: 0.15-0.76), hypsometric curve(HC) and hypsometric integral(HI: 0.22-0.86) and basin shape index(Bs: 1.04-5.75) along the mountain front that is formed by the PSF. Using a combination of the mountain-front sinuosity(Smf), valley floor height and valley width ratio(Vf), it is found that the uplift ratio in the region is not less than 0.05 mm/yr and the relative tectonic activity of PSF is high. According to the relative tectonic activity index(Iat) obtained from geomorphic indices, the southwest part of the PSF is relatively more active than the northeast part. As a result, I posit that the PSF has the potential to produce earthquakes in the future similarly to those that were produced in the past, and that the most destructive earthquakes will likely occur on the southwest segments of the fault according to geomorphic indices.