Impact of DBTMA (Dual Busy-Tone Multiple Access) on AODV (Ad-Hoc on Demand Vector) Routing Protocol

The multi-hop wireless networks that provide the feasible means of communication and information access in real time services are named as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS). The Dual Busy-Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA) mechanism concedes the RTS-CTS scheme to establish communication between two nodes and medium access for applications with a high QoS requirement by assigning two narrow band busy-tones to notify the on-going transmission. In this paper, we obtained results relative to the interest of AODV based reactive routing protocol for MANETS and DBTMA mechanism. The performance is governed under real time sound traffic through simulation using NS-2. The performance of the protocol is measured in terms of various QoS metrics that include route discovery time, throughput, delay and hops per route which are calculated, and graphs have been plotted. A simulation result shows that very substantial improvements in terms of AODV performance parameters and minimum delay are attained due to increased routing responsiveness.

An Interoperability Cross-Block Chain Framework for Secure Transactions in IoT

The purpose of this research is to deal with effective block chain framework for secure transactions.The rate of effective data transactions and the interoperability of the ledger are the two major obstacles involved in Blockchain and to tackle this issue,Cross-Chain based Transaction(CCT)is introduced.Traditional industries have been restructured by the introduction of Internet of Things(IoT)to become smart industries through the feature of data-driven decision-making.Still,there are a few limitations,like decentralization,security vulnerabilities,poor interoperability,as well as privacy concerns in IoTs.To overcome this limitation,Blockchain has been employed to assure a safer transaction process,especially in asset exchanges.In recent decades,scalable local ledgers implement Blockchains,simultaneously sustaining peer validations of transactions which can be at local or global levels.From the single Hyperledger-based blockchains system,the CCT takes the transaction amid various chains.In addition,the most significant factor for this registration processing strategy is the Signature to ensure security.The application of the Quantum cryptographic algorithm amplifies the proposed Hyperledger-based blockchains,to strengthen the safety of the process.The key has been determined by restricting the number of transactions that reach the global Blockchain using the quantum-based hash function and accomplished by scalable local ledgers,and peer validations of transactions at local and global levels without any issues.The rate of transaction processing for entire peers has enhanced with the ancillary aid of the proposed solution,as it includes the procedure of load distribution.Without any boosted enhancement,the recommended solution utilizes the current transaction strategy,and also,it’s aimed at scalability,resource conservation,and interoperability.The experimental results of the system have been evaluated using the metrics like block weight,ledger memory,the usage of the central processing unit,and the communication overhead.

Rapid Fault Analysis by Deep Learning-Based PMU for Smart Grid System

Smart Grids(SG)is a power system development concept that has received significant attention nationally.SG signifies real-time data for specific communication requirements.The best capabilities for monitoring and controlling the grid are essential to system stability.One of the most critical needs for smart-grid execution is fast,precise,and economically synchronized measurements,which are made feasible by Phasor Measurement Units(PMU).PMUs can pro-vide synchronized measurements and measure voltages as well as current phasors dynamically.PMUs utilize GPS time-stamping at Coordinated Universal Time(UTC)to capture electric phasors with great accuracy and precision.This research tends to Deep Learning(DL)advances to design a Residual Network(ResNet)model that can accurately identify and classify defects in grid-connected systems.As part of fault detection and probe,the proposed strategy uses a ResNet-50 tech-nique to evaluate real-time measurement data from geographically scattered PMUs.As a result of its excellent signal classification efficiency and ability to extract high-quality signal features,its fault diagnosis performance is excellent.Our results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in detecting and classifying faults at sufficient time.The proposed approaches classify the fault type with a precision of 98.5%and an accuracy of 99.1%.The long-short-term memory(LSTM),Convolutional Neural Network(CNN),and CNN-LSTM algo-rithms are applied to compare the networks.Real-world data tends to evaluate these networks.

Sub-1 GHz Network-Based Wireless Bridge-Monitoring System:Feature and Verification

Traditional bridge monitoring systems often require wired connections between sensors,a data acquisition system,and data center.The use of extension wires,conduits,and other costly accessories can dramatically increase the total cost of bridge monitoring.With the development of wireless technologies and the notable cost benefits,many researchers have been integrating wireless networks into bridge monitoring system.In this study,a wireless bridge monitoring system has been developed based on the Sub-1 GHz network.The main functional components of this system include sensors,wireless nodes,gateway and data center.Wireless nodes can convert analog signals obtained from the sensors to digital signals,then transmit the collected data to the gateway using the Sub1 GHz network.The gateway receives and sorts data from different wireless nodes and then forwards these data to the data center wirelessly.All collected data are processed in the data center using the data processing software developed in this study.In order to validate the performance of the wireless system developed in this study,a steel girder bridge was monitored in the field during the concrete deck construction.The field results were also compared with the theoretical values obtained from finite element models to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the wireless system.The results indicate that the wireless bridge monitoring system developed in this study is effective and affordable.The Sub-1 GHz network can be a better solution for bridges with complicated site conditions because of the extended data transmission distance.Although the power consumption can be controlled by using low-power consumption components,including the power control in software design can also dramatically reduce the system’s power consumption.

An Efficient Coverage Greedy Packet Stateless Routing (EC-GPSR) in Authenties Based Wireless Sensor Networks

A WSN (wireless sensor network) consists of lakhs of sensor nodes with low level energy, memory management, and computation routing capability. The real time world applications of WSN in some extreme perceive environment arrange sensor nodes complex to exchange once they use up the resource. Hence, lots of researchers in this field going towards on how to design a property routing protocol with extension route procedures to safety of transmission with prolong the life span of the network. The classical hybrid protocols such as LEACH and GPSR have better performance in saving the power consumption. However, the choosing formula eliminates the change of nodes’ Route will make the nodes acting as cluster heads too many times die of route with power early expressions to the consumption of too much Power and saves the route path. In this paper, we present WSN network route extension with supporting of cloud architecture of the state-of-the-art routing techniques in WSNs. Our Proposed Research belongs overcome of GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) to EC-GPSR (Efficient Coverage-GPSR), ERA (Efficient Route Autonomous) and IC-GPSR (Isolated Coverage-GPSR) with solving of Route problems due to Route extension with help of cloud to store availability of routes and improve the scalability with compare AODV.

Numerical simulation of a hydrocarbon fuelled valveless pulsejet

Jet propulsion technology has been limited to being identified largely with turbojets and turbo-machinery driven jet engines.Of late there has been a renewed interest in pulsejet technology and it has once again caught the imagination of academia.The specific characteristics of the pulsejet,such as easy scalability,absence of moving parts,reduced combustion temperatures;lower NOX formation and the like make it possess varied capabilities for use in the field of jet propulsion and the most viable option for small-scale jet propulsion.In the current work,a numerical analysis encompassing feasibility and validation of a valveless pulsejet engine was attempted using CD-adapco's STAR-CCM+CFD package.Due to lack of comprehensive established mathematical laws to govern the working of a pulsejet,most experimental work being performed is done by trial and error.This necessitates in-depth computational studies in order to shed more light on the understanding of valveless pulsejets.The results have been encouraging and in agreement with observed experimental conclusions such as,i)changes in dimensions affect the working of a pulsejet,ii)presence of a flare enhances the working of a pulsejet,and the close agreement in the frequency of operation.Through continuous study,an optimum initial condition was achieved which enabled the pulsejet to begin operation even before 0.05 s,thereby greatly reducing computational costs if a higher time-scale were to be used.

Sediment pattern&rate of bathymetric changes due to construction of breakwater extension at Nowshahr port

Erosion,scour and sedimentation are the most common phenomena which should be considered in the design of marine structures.Seas and oceans are dynamic environments,hence studying them in more details,gathering more information about their bathymetric changes and pursuing their historical evolution could be beneficial in the efficient design of marine structures such as:jetties,groins and breakwaters.To achieve this goal one desperately needs to know about currents and waves and the effects of their interactions as well as the rate of sedimentation(Net Gain),and erosion(Net Loss)in the field.On the other hand,to obtain a sufficient depth to facilitate marine traffics in the harbors the rate of sediment deposition must be calculated,offering effective annual dredging programs.In this research the pool of Nowshahr port and some parts to the east and west were modeled.Sediment transport direction was compatible with the counter-clock-wise circulation of the Sothern part of Caspian Sea.Wind data,water surface elevation,and hydrographic points from the bathymetric surveys applied in the hydrodynamic module of Mike 21 and the output of the hydrodynamic module(HD)were used as inputs for sediment transport module(ST).The result of the ST module shows that the main direction considering dominant waves is from northwest of the Caspian Sea to the southeast.Also,net rate of sediment transfer is from west to east.By approaching to the main breakwater arms from the west side sediment transport rate decreases which means deposition occurs behind the western arm.

Tapered Optical Fiber-Based LSPR Biosensor for Ascorbic Acid Detection

The ascorbic acid(AA)is a biomarker that can be used to detect the symptoms of severe disorders such as scurvy,Parkinson’s,Alzheimer’s,and cardiovascular diseases.In this work,a simple and effective sensor model is developed to diagnose the presence of AA samples.To develop the sensor,a tapered single-mode optical fiber has been used with the well-known phenomenon of localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR).For LSPR,the tapered region is immobilized with synthesized gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)and zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO-NPs)whose absorbance peak wavelengths appear at 519nm and 370nm,respectively.On the basis of nanoparticles(NPs)configurations,two different biosensor probes are developed.In the first one,the sensing region is immobilized with AuNPs and named Probe I.In the second probe,the immobilized layer of AuNPs is further coated with a layer of ZnO-NPs,and a resultant probe is termed as Probe II.The characterizations of synthesized AuNPs and developed fiber probes are done by the ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis)spectrophotometer,high-resolution transmission electron microscope(HR-TEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),and scanning electron microscope(SEM).To enhance the selectivity,a sensing region of probes is functionalized with ascorbate oxidase enzyme that oxidizes the AA in the presence of oxygen.The response of developed sensor probes is authenticated by sensing the samples of AA in the range from 500 nM to 1 mM,which covers the range of AA found in human bodies,i.e.,40μM-120μM.The performance analysis of the developed sensor probes has been done in terms of their stability,reproducibility,reusability,and selectivity.To observe the stability of AA,a pH-test has also been done that results in a better solubility of AA molecules in phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)solution.