A great deal of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests that a predominant temperature drop and an aridiflcation occurred at ca. 4.0 ka BP. Palaeoclimate studies in China support this dedution. The co...A great deal of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests that a predominant temperature drop and an aridiflcation occurred at ca. 4.0 ka BP. Palaeoclimate studies in China support this dedution. The collapse of ancient civilizations at ca. 4.0 ka BP in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia has been attributed to climate-induced aridification. A widespread alternation of the ancient cultures was also found in China at ca. 4.0 ka BP in concert with the collapse of the civilizations in the Old World. Palaeoclimatic studies indicate that the abrupt climate change at 4.0 ka BP is one of the realizations of the cold phase in millennial scale climate oscillations, which may be related to the modulation of the Thermohaline Circulation (THC) over the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, this study conducts a numerical experiment of a GCM with SST forcing to simulate the impact of the weakening of the THC. Results show a drop in temperature from North Europe, the northern middle East Asia, and northern East Asia and a significant reduction of precipitation in East Africa, the Middle East, the Indian Peninsula, and the Yellow River Valley. This seems to support the idea that coldness and aridification at ca. 4.0 ka BP was caused by the weakening of the THC.展开更多
Carbon-supported copper catalyst was prepared for the first time in one-step with copper nitrate and corn stalk through calcination under different temperatures. Uniformly dispersed nanoparticles were obtained and wer...Carbon-supported copper catalyst was prepared for the first time in one-step with copper nitrate and corn stalk through calcination under different temperatures. Uniformly dispersed nanoparticles were obtained and were identified to be Cu(0) and Cu(Ⅰ) in XRD patterns. Excellent catalytic activity and selectivity were achieved in the N-arylation of pyrazole under ligand and protection gas free conditions. About90.4% of product yield was achieved with only 0.5 mol% of copper catalyst(Cu-C-300), which was considerably more efficient than previous reports. XPS results suggested that the N-arylation of pyrazole activity was closely related to the surface Cu(Ⅰ) species.展开更多
A computer program MACA was developed for simulating high-dose ion implantation into amorphous solids. The topology of amorphous solids was modelled by adjusting the free flight path distribution between collisions, s...A computer program MACA was developed for simulating high-dose ion implantation into amorphous solids. The topology of amorphous solids was modelled by adjusting the free flight path distribution between collisions, so that the radial distribution function will characterize the short - range order and long - range disorder of amorphous targets. A simulation example is given.展开更多
Quantum electrodynamics in a laser is formulated, in which the electron–laser interaction is exactly considered, while the interaction of an electron and a single photon is considered by perturbation. The formulation...Quantum electrodynamics in a laser is formulated, in which the electron–laser interaction is exactly considered, while the interaction of an electron and a single photon is considered by perturbation. The formulation is applied to the electron– laser collisions. The effect of coherence between photons in the laser is therefore fully considered in these collisions. The possibility of γ-ray laser generation by use of this kind of collision is discussed.展开更多
The thermal stability of α-Fe203 and γ-Fe2O3 nanowires was studied by post annealing the samples at different temperatures. Before and after annealing, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scannin...The thermal stability of α-Fe203 and γ-Fe2O3 nanowires was studied by post annealing the samples at different temperatures. Before and after annealing, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The α-Fe2O3 nanowires are stable at the temperatures up to 600℃, and the crystalline structure becomes more perfect after annealing. This behavior supplies a way to improve the quality of the α-Fe2O3 nanowires. The γ-Fe2O3 nanowires become unstable when annealed at 350℃. Raman spectra of both nanowires have been measured, which also indicate that the γ-Fe203 nanowires are transformed into α-Fe2O3 under the strong laser beam.展开更多
We report the enhancement of the light extraction of InGaN-based green light emitting diodes (LEDs) via the interface nanotexturing. The texture consists of high-density nanocraters on the surface of a sapphire subs...We report the enhancement of the light extraction of InGaN-based green light emitting diodes (LEDs) via the interface nanotexturing. The texture consists of high-density nanocraters on the surface of a sapphire substrate with an in situ etching. The width of nanocraters is about 0.5 μm and the depth is around 0.1 μm. It is demonstrated that the LEDs with interface texture exhibit about a 27% improvement in luminance intensity, compared with standard LEDs. High power InGaN-based green LEDs are obtained by using the interface nanotexture. An optical ray-tracing simulation is performed to investigate the effect of interface nanotexture on light extraction.展开更多
The rainout-removal of SO2 and the acidification of precipitation from stratiform clouds are simulated using a one-dimensional, time-dependent model, parameterized microphysically in which dissolution and dissociation...The rainout-removal of SO2 and the acidification of precipitation from stratiform clouds are simulated using a one-dimensional, time-dependent model, parameterized microphysically in which dissolution and dissociation of gaseous SO2 and H2O2, and oxidation reaction in aqueous phase are taken into account. The effects of dynamic factors, including updraft flow and turbulent transport, and the concentration of gaseous SO2 and H2O2 being transported into the clouds on pH value of the precipitation, the conversion rate S(Ⅳ)-S(Ⅵ) and the wet deposition rate of SO2 are discussed.展开更多
In the troposphere, ozone is a harmful gas compound to both human health and vegetation. Ozone is produced from the reaction of NO_x(@NO + NO_2) and VOCs(volatile organic compounds) with light. Due to the highly nonli...In the troposphere, ozone is a harmful gas compound to both human health and vegetation. Ozone is produced from the reaction of NO_x(@NO + NO_2) and VOCs(volatile organic compounds) with light. Due to the highly nonlinear relationships between ozone and its precursors, proper ozone mitigation relies on the knowledge of chemical mechanisms. In this study, an observation-based method is used to simulate ozone formation and elucidate its controlling factors for a rural site on the North China Plain. The instantaneous ozone production rate is calculated utilizing a box model using the dataset obtained from the Wangdu campaign. First, the model was operated in a time-dependent mode to calculate the ozone production rate at each time stamp. The calculated ozone formation rate showed a diurnal average maximum value of 17 ppbv/h(1-h diurnal averaged). The contribution of individual peroxy radicals to ozone production was analyzed. In addition, the functional dependence of calculated P(O_3) reveals that ozone production was in a NO_x-limited regime during the campaign. Furthermore, the missing peroxy radical source will further extend NO_x-limited conditions to earlier in the day, making NO_xlimitation dominate more of a day than the current chemical model predicts. Finally, a multiple scenarios mode,also known as EKMA(empirical kinetic modeling approach), was used to simulate the response of P(O_3) to the imaginary change in precursor concentrations. We found that ozone production was in the NO_x-limited region. However, the use of NO_2 measured by the molybdenum converter and/or the absence of a peroxy radical source in the current chemical model could over-emphasize the VOC-limited effect on ozone production.展开更多
1 Location of the trace (fig. 1) and its Paleoenvironment The former No. 59 Maintenance Squad of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) highway is locatedon the western side of the road, 4040m abovethe sea level. There is a loess...1 Location of the trace (fig. 1) and its Paleoenvironment The former No. 59 Maintenance Squad of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) highway is locatedon the western side of the road, 4040m abovethe sea level. There is a loess section which is9m thick and bears a few layers of debris nearthe maintenance squad (fig. 2). There are typi-cal periglacial stratified slope deposits at thebottom of this section. The grain-size展开更多
The present winter climate of continental China is associated with cold air activity.The cold air forming Siberian high pressure comes from the Northern Barents Sea.Northwestern Kara Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean (f...The present winter climate of continental China is associated with cold air activity.The cold air forming Siberian high pressure comes from the Northern Barents Sea.Northwestern Kara Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean (fig.1). in other words, mainly fromthe cold northern sea surface. west and east to Novaya Zemlya and the sea surface south展开更多
The approach to remote sensing of water vapor by using global positioning systems(GPS)is discussed.In order to retrieve the vertical integrated water vapor(IWV)or the precipitable water (PW),the weighted“mean tempera...The approach to remote sensing of water vapor by using global positioning systems(GPS)is discussed.In order to retrieve the vertical integrated water vapor(IWV)or the precipitable water (PW),the weighted“mean temperature”of the atmosphere,T_m would be estimated to the specific area and season.T_m depends on surface temperature,tropospheric temperature profile,and the vertical distribution of water vapor.The surface temperature dependence is borne out by a comparison of T_m and the values of surface temperature T_s using radiosonde profiles of Beijing Station(No.54511)throughout 1992.The analysis of radiosonde profiles spanning a one-year interval(1992)from sites in eastern region of China with a latitude range of 20-50°N and a longitude range of 100-130°E yields the coefficients α and b of a linear regression equation T_m= α+bT_s.展开更多
The time series of the earth’s rotation rate, eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (Tss), sea level pressure (Psl) and atmospheric angular momentum (Maa) during 1976 -1989 are used to study the relation...The time series of the earth’s rotation rate, eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (Tss), sea level pressure (Psl) and atmospheric angular momentum (Maa) during 1976 -1989 are used to study the relation between atmosphere-earth angular momentum exchange and ENSO cycle. The result shows that (i) there are synergetic relationships among the variations of solid earth’s rotation, eastern equatorial Pacific T,, Psl, different latitude zonal Maa and global Maa; (ii) local atmosphere-ocean interaction over low-latitude area can form ENSO-like cycle through Hadley circulation; (iii) the solid earth and global atmosphere-ocean interaction can form some aperiodic behavior and asynchronous oscillations by mountain torque and earth spin anomalous friction torque acting on each component of solid earth-ocean-atmosphere system; and (iv) actual ENSO cycle is a phenomenon reflecting in Pacific basin through interaction among solid earth, global ocean and the atmosphere.展开更多
The gradient of CO_2 concentration, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). net radiation. soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and J...The gradient of CO_2 concentration, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). net radiation. soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing, China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated by using the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, the errors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. The results show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO_2 concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0. 86. 3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm: the average CO_2 concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppm for the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and 10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction of the CO_2 fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon (1100 to 1300 BT (Beijing Time)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO_2 fluxes and gradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning (0400 to 0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO_2 flux and the net radiation (Rn), available energy (H+LE). photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and momentum flux (τ).展开更多
Mass is a fundamental property and an important fingerprint of atomic nucleus.It provides an extremely useful test ground for nuclear models and is crucial to understand energy generation in stars as well as the heavy...Mass is a fundamental property and an important fingerprint of atomic nucleus.It provides an extremely useful test ground for nuclear models and is crucial to understand energy generation in stars as well as the heavy elements synthesized in stellar explosions.Nuclear physicists have been attempting at developing a precise,reliable,and predictive nuclear model that is suitable for the whole nuclear chart,while this still remains a great challenge even in recent days.Here we employ the Fourier spectral analysis to examine the deviations of nuclear mass predictions to the experimental data and to present a novel way for accurate nuclear mass predictions.In this analysis,we map the mass deviations from the space of nucleon number to its conjugate space of frequency,and are able to pin down the main contributions to the model deficiencies.By using the radial basis function approach we can further isolate and quantify the sources.Taking a pedagogical mass model as an example,we examine explicitly the correlation between nuclear effective interactions and the distributions of mass deviations in the frequency domain.The method presented in this work,therefore,opens up a new way for improving the nuclear mass predictions towards a hundred kilo-electron-volt accuracy,which is argued to be the chaos-related limit for the nuclear mass predictions.展开更多
Transient longitudinal waves in a strain-softening rod has been investigated. For rate-dependent materials, the governing equations are proved to be hyperbolic, thereby indicating that the stress waves in softening st...Transient longitudinal waves in a strain-softening rod has been investigated. For rate-dependent materials, the governing equations are proved to be hyperbolic, thereby indicating that the stress waves in softening state still propagate along the rod. A transient solution for a semi-infinite rod subjected to an axial impact has been obtained, which shows that there exists a finite softening region in the rod and it travels along the rod. It is indicated that the length of the softening region and the plastic wave speed are pertinent to the rate sensitivity as well as to the softening character of materials.展开更多
A fractional-step method of predictor-corrector difference-pseudospectrum with unconditional L2-stability and exponential convergence is presented. The stability and convergence of this method is strictly proved mathe...A fractional-step method of predictor-corrector difference-pseudospectrum with unconditional L2-stability and exponential convergence is presented. The stability and convergence of this method is strictly proved mathematically for a nonlinear convection-dominated flow. The error estimation is given and the superiority of this method is verified by numerical test.展开更多
Understanding the driving force for the formation of high-nuclearity clusters is still aformidable challenge. Recently, we have reported two crystal structures with the largestpolymetallate clusters involving mixed-va...Understanding the driving force for the formation of high-nuclearity clusters is still aformidable challenge. Recently, we have reported two crystal structures with the largestpolymetallate clusters involving mixed-valence molybdenum and vanadium (Ⅳ) or Fe (Ⅲ), ofwhich the Mo; V and Mo; Fe ratios are 57:6. Here we report the crystal structure ofnew heteropolyanion involving mixed-valence molybdenum and Fe(Ⅱ). [H<sub>8</sub>Mo<sub>57</sub>Fe<sub>6</sub><sup>Ⅱ</sup>O<sub>185</sub>(NO)<sub>6</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>16</sub>(MoO)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>6-</sup>,of which the Mo:Fe ratio is as high as 59:6.展开更多
A numerical simulation of damage evolution in a two-dimensional system of microcracks is presented. It reveals that the failure is induced by a cascade of coalescences of microcracks, and the fracture surface appears ...A numerical simulation of damage evolution in a two-dimensional system of microcracks is presented. It reveals that the failure is induced by a cascade of coalescences of microcracks, and the fracture surface appears fractal. A model of evolution-induced catastrophe is introduced. The fractal dimension is found to be a function of evolution rule only. This result could qualitatively explain the correlation of fractal dimension and fracture toughness discovered in experiments.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Special Funds of China(G1998040900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40005004 and 40205011.
文摘A great deal of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic evidence suggests that a predominant temperature drop and an aridiflcation occurred at ca. 4.0 ka BP. Palaeoclimate studies in China support this dedution. The collapse of ancient civilizations at ca. 4.0 ka BP in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia has been attributed to climate-induced aridification. A widespread alternation of the ancient cultures was also found in China at ca. 4.0 ka BP in concert with the collapse of the civilizations in the Old World. Palaeoclimatic studies indicate that the abrupt climate change at 4.0 ka BP is one of the realizations of the cold phase in millennial scale climate oscillations, which may be related to the modulation of the Thermohaline Circulation (THC) over the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, this study conducts a numerical experiment of a GCM with SST forcing to simulate the impact of the weakening of the THC. Results show a drop in temperature from North Europe, the northern middle East Asia, and northern East Asia and a significant reduction of precipitation in East Africa, the Middle East, the Indian Peninsula, and the Yellow River Valley. This seems to support the idea that coldness and aridification at ca. 4.0 ka BP was caused by the weakening of the THC.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(91645115 and 21473003)High-level talents funding project of Hebei(CL201601,E2016100015)science technology research and development guidance program project of Baoding City(No.16ZF027)
文摘Carbon-supported copper catalyst was prepared for the first time in one-step with copper nitrate and corn stalk through calcination under different temperatures. Uniformly dispersed nanoparticles were obtained and were identified to be Cu(0) and Cu(Ⅰ) in XRD patterns. Excellent catalytic activity and selectivity were achieved in the N-arylation of pyrazole under ligand and protection gas free conditions. About90.4% of product yield was achieved with only 0.5 mol% of copper catalyst(Cu-C-300), which was considerably more efficient than previous reports. XPS results suggested that the N-arylation of pyrazole activity was closely related to the surface Cu(Ⅰ) species.
文摘A computer program MACA was developed for simulating high-dose ion implantation into amorphous solids. The topology of amorphous solids was modelled by adjusting the free flight path distribution between collisions, so that the radial distribution function will characterize the short - range order and long - range disorder of amorphous targets. A simulation example is given.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10875003).
文摘Quantum electrodynamics in a laser is formulated, in which the electron–laser interaction is exactly considered, while the interaction of an electron and a single photon is considered by perturbation. The formulation is applied to the electron– laser collisions. The effect of coherence between photons in the laser is therefore fully considered in these collisions. The possibility of γ-ray laser generation by use of this kind of collision is discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant Nos.10374003 and 10434010.
文摘The thermal stability of α-Fe203 and γ-Fe2O3 nanowires was studied by post annealing the samples at different temperatures. Before and after annealing, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The α-Fe2O3 nanowires are stable at the temperatures up to 600℃, and the crystalline structure becomes more perfect after annealing. This behavior supplies a way to improve the quality of the α-Fe2O3 nanowires. The γ-Fe2O3 nanowires become unstable when annealed at 350℃. Raman spectra of both nanowires have been measured, which also indicate that the γ-Fe203 nanowires are transformed into α-Fe2O3 under the strong laser beam.
文摘We report the enhancement of the light extraction of InGaN-based green light emitting diodes (LEDs) via the interface nanotexturing. The texture consists of high-density nanocraters on the surface of a sapphire substrate with an in situ etching. The width of nanocraters is about 0.5 μm and the depth is around 0.1 μm. It is demonstrated that the LEDs with interface texture exhibit about a 27% improvement in luminance intensity, compared with standard LEDs. High power InGaN-based green LEDs are obtained by using the interface nanotexture. An optical ray-tracing simulation is performed to investigate the effect of interface nanotexture on light extraction.
基金This work was supported by fund from the National Scientific Foundation of China
文摘The rainout-removal of SO2 and the acidification of precipitation from stratiform clouds are simulated using a one-dimensional, time-dependent model, parameterized microphysically in which dissolution and dissociation of gaseous SO2 and H2O2, and oxidation reaction in aqueous phase are taken into account. The effects of dynamic factors, including updraft flow and turbulent transport, and the concentration of gaseous SO2 and H2O2 being transported into the clouds on pH value of the precipitation, the conversion rate S(Ⅳ)-S(Ⅵ) and the wet deposition rate of SO2 are discussed.
基金supported from the research projects of the Environmental Public Welfare Industry in China (201509001,201409005)the National Science and Technology Support Program of China (2014BAC21B01)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB05010500)the Special Fund of State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (18K03ESPCP)the EU-project AMIS (Fate and Impact of Atmospheric Pollutants,PIRSES-GA-2011295132)
文摘In the troposphere, ozone is a harmful gas compound to both human health and vegetation. Ozone is produced from the reaction of NO_x(@NO + NO_2) and VOCs(volatile organic compounds) with light. Due to the highly nonlinear relationships between ozone and its precursors, proper ozone mitigation relies on the knowledge of chemical mechanisms. In this study, an observation-based method is used to simulate ozone formation and elucidate its controlling factors for a rural site on the North China Plain. The instantaneous ozone production rate is calculated utilizing a box model using the dataset obtained from the Wangdu campaign. First, the model was operated in a time-dependent mode to calculate the ozone production rate at each time stamp. The calculated ozone formation rate showed a diurnal average maximum value of 17 ppbv/h(1-h diurnal averaged). The contribution of individual peroxy radicals to ozone production was analyzed. In addition, the functional dependence of calculated P(O_3) reveals that ozone production was in a NO_x-limited regime during the campaign. Furthermore, the missing peroxy radical source will further extend NO_x-limited conditions to earlier in the day, making NO_xlimitation dominate more of a day than the current chemical model predicts. Finally, a multiple scenarios mode,also known as EKMA(empirical kinetic modeling approach), was used to simulate the response of P(O_3) to the imaginary change in precursor concentrations. We found that ozone production was in the NO_x-limited region. However, the use of NO_2 measured by the molybdenum converter and/or the absence of a peroxy radical source in the current chemical model could over-emphasize the VOC-limited effect on ozone production.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research "CL1MB" Item.
文摘1 Location of the trace (fig. 1) and its Paleoenvironment The former No. 59 Maintenance Squad of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) highway is locatedon the western side of the road, 4040m abovethe sea level. There is a loess section which is9m thick and bears a few layers of debris nearthe maintenance squad (fig. 2). There are typi-cal periglacial stratified slope deposits at thebottom of this section. The grain-size
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The present winter climate of continental China is associated with cold air activity.The cold air forming Siberian high pressure comes from the Northern Barents Sea.Northwestern Kara Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean (fig.1). in other words, mainly fromthe cold northern sea surface. west and east to Novaya Zemlya and the sea surface south
文摘The approach to remote sensing of water vapor by using global positioning systems(GPS)is discussed.In order to retrieve the vertical integrated water vapor(IWV)or the precipitable water (PW),the weighted“mean temperature”of the atmosphere,T_m would be estimated to the specific area and season.T_m depends on surface temperature,tropospheric temperature profile,and the vertical distribution of water vapor.The surface temperature dependence is borne out by a comparison of T_m and the values of surface temperature T_s using radiosonde profiles of Beijing Station(No.54511)throughout 1992.The analysis of radiosonde profiles spanning a one-year interval(1992)from sites in eastern region of China with a latitude range of 20-50°N and a longitude range of 100-130°E yields the coefficients α and b of a linear regression equation T_m= α+bT_s.
基金Project supported by the Postdoctoral Program Foundation of China and the National Science Foundation of China.
文摘The time series of the earth’s rotation rate, eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (Tss), sea level pressure (Psl) and atmospheric angular momentum (Maa) during 1976 -1989 are used to study the relation between atmosphere-earth angular momentum exchange and ENSO cycle. The result shows that (i) there are synergetic relationships among the variations of solid earth’s rotation, eastern equatorial Pacific T,, Psl, different latitude zonal Maa and global Maa; (ii) local atmosphere-ocean interaction over low-latitude area can form ENSO-like cycle through Hadley circulation; (iii) the solid earth and global atmosphere-ocean interaction can form some aperiodic behavior and asynchronous oscillations by mountain torque and earth spin anomalous friction torque acting on each component of solid earth-ocean-atmosphere system; and (iv) actual ENSO cycle is a phenomenon reflecting in Pacific basin through interaction among solid earth, global ocean and the atmosphere.
文摘The gradient of CO_2 concentration, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). net radiation. soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing, China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated by using the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, the errors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. The results show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO_2 concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0. 86. 3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm: the average CO_2 concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppm for the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and 10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction of the CO_2 fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon (1100 to 1300 BT (Beijing Time)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO_2 fluxes and gradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning (0400 to 0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO_2 flux and the net radiation (Rn), available energy (H+LE). photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and momentum flux (τ).
基金supported by the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China(2013CB834400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11205004,11305161,11335002,11475014,11575002,and 11411130147)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(1708085QA10)the RIKEN iTHES ProjectiTHEMS Program
文摘Mass is a fundamental property and an important fingerprint of atomic nucleus.It provides an extremely useful test ground for nuclear models and is crucial to understand energy generation in stars as well as the heavy elements synthesized in stellar explosions.Nuclear physicists have been attempting at developing a precise,reliable,and predictive nuclear model that is suitable for the whole nuclear chart,while this still remains a great challenge even in recent days.Here we employ the Fourier spectral analysis to examine the deviations of nuclear mass predictions to the experimental data and to present a novel way for accurate nuclear mass predictions.In this analysis,we map the mass deviations from the space of nucleon number to its conjugate space of frequency,and are able to pin down the main contributions to the model deficiencies.By using the radial basis function approach we can further isolate and quantify the sources.Taking a pedagogical mass model as an example,we examine explicitly the correlation between nuclear effective interactions and the distributions of mass deviations in the frequency domain.The method presented in this work,therefore,opens up a new way for improving the nuclear mass predictions towards a hundred kilo-electron-volt accuracy,which is argued to be the chaos-related limit for the nuclear mass predictions.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Transient longitudinal waves in a strain-softening rod has been investigated. For rate-dependent materials, the governing equations are proved to be hyperbolic, thereby indicating that the stress waves in softening state still propagate along the rod. A transient solution for a semi-infinite rod subjected to an axial impact has been obtained, which shows that there exists a finite softening region in the rod and it travels along the rod. It is indicated that the length of the softening region and the plastic wave speed are pertinent to the rate sensitivity as well as to the softening character of materials.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A fractional-step method of predictor-corrector difference-pseudospectrum with unconditional L2-stability and exponential convergence is presented. The stability and convergence of this method is strictly proved mathematically for a nonlinear convection-dominated flow. The error estimation is given and the superiority of this method is verified by numerical test.
文摘Understanding the driving force for the formation of high-nuclearity clusters is still aformidable challenge. Recently, we have reported two crystal structures with the largestpolymetallate clusters involving mixed-valence molybdenum and vanadium (Ⅳ) or Fe (Ⅲ), ofwhich the Mo; V and Mo; Fe ratios are 57:6. Here we report the crystal structure ofnew heteropolyanion involving mixed-valence molybdenum and Fe(Ⅱ). [H<sub>8</sub>Mo<sub>57</sub>Fe<sub>6</sub><sup>Ⅱ</sup>O<sub>185</sub>(NO)<sub>6</sub>·(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>16</sub>(MoO)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>6-</sup>,of which the Mo:Fe ratio is as high as 59:6.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Project "Nonlinear Science" and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘A numerical simulation of damage evolution in a two-dimensional system of microcracks is presented. It reveals that the failure is induced by a cascade of coalescences of microcracks, and the fracture surface appears fractal. A model of evolution-induced catastrophe is introduced. The fractal dimension is found to be a function of evolution rule only. This result could qualitatively explain the correlation of fractal dimension and fracture toughness discovered in experiments.