Purpose:To describe the development of a Compendium for estimating the energy costs of activities in adults>60 years(OA Compendium).Methods:Physical activities(PAs)and their metabolic equivalent of task(MET)values ...Purpose:To describe the development of a Compendium for estimating the energy costs of activities in adults>60 years(OA Compendium).Methods:Physical activities(PAs)and their metabolic equivalent of task(MET)values were obtained from a systematic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases(PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus(EBSCOhost),and Scopus)and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Compendium that measured PA in older adults.MET values were computed as the oxygen cost(VO_(2),mL/kg/min)during PA divided by 2.7 m L/kg/min(MET_(60+))to account for the lower resting metabolic rate in older adults.Results:We identified 68 articles and extracted energy expenditure data on 427 PAs.From these,we derived 99 unique Specific Activity codes with corresponding MET_(60+)values for older adults.We developed a website to present the OA Compendium MET_(60+)values:https://pacompendium.com.Conclusion:The OA Compendium uses data collected from adults>60 years for more accurate estimation of the energy cost of PAs in older adults.It is an accessible resource that will allow researchers,educators,and practitioners to find MET_(60+)values for older adults for use in PA research and practice.展开更多
Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was u...Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.展开更多
Purpose:The present work examines the associations of dietary habits,sedentarism,physical activity(PA)levels and sleep habits,with thyroid function in young euthyroid adults.Methods:A total of 105 young euthyroid adul...Purpose:The present work examines the associations of dietary habits,sedentarism,physical activity(PA)levels and sleep habits,with thyroid function in young euthyroid adults.Methods:A total of 105 young euthyroid adults participated in this cross-sectional study.Thyroid function was determined in fasting conditions(>6 h).Dietary habits were measured by a food frequency questionnaire and three non-consecutive 24 h recalls,and different dietary intake and patterns were then estimated.The time spent in sedentary,PA levels and sleep habits were objectively measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer.Results:Energy and carbohydrate intake were positively associated with thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)(β=0.222;R^(2)=0.102;P=0.022 andβ=0.425;R^(2)=0.129;P=0.007,respectively)whereas fat intake was negatively associated with TSH(β=-0.428;R^(2)=0.137;P=0.004).Energy intake was also positively associated with free triiodothyronine(β=0.277;R^(2)=0.137;P=0.004).Further,adherence to the Mediterranean diet was negatively related to TSH and free thyroxine(FT4)(β=-0.221;R^(2)=0.113;P=0.020 andβ=-0.268;R^(2)=0.071;P=0.007,respectively).Vigorous-intensity and overall PA were negatively associated with FT4(β=-0.227;R^(2)=0.052;P=0.022 andβ=-0.204;R^(2)=0.042;P=0.041,respectively).In contrast,no associations were found between sleep parameters and thyroid function.Conclusions:Lifestyle factors such as dietary intake and PA levels seems to be related to thyroid function even in young euthyroid adults.展开更多
Background:Women with obesity have higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes,including preeclampsia(PE).Late-gestational hypertension,aberrant fetoplacental development,and fetal growth restriction(FGR),hallmarks of P...Background:Women with obesity have higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes,including preeclampsia(PE).Late-gestational hypertension,aberrant fetoplacental development,and fetal growth restriction(FGR),hallmarks of PE,are observed spontaneously in BPH/5 mice.Similar to obese preeclamptic women,BPH/5 mice have higher visceral white adipose tissue(WAT)and circulating leptin.We hypothesized that attenuation of maternal obesity and serum leptin in pregnant BPH/5 mice will improve fetoplacental development by decreasing hypoxia markers and leptin expression at the maternal-fetal interface.Methods:To test this hypothesis,BPH/5 mice were fed ad libitum(lib)and pair-fed(PF)to C57 ad lib controls beginning at embryonic day(e)0.5.Hypoxia-related genes,hypoxia inducible factor(Hif)1α,stem cell factor(Scf),heme oxygenase-1(Ho-1),leptin(Lep),and leptin receptor(LepR)were assessed in e7.5 implantation sites.Results:BPH/5 ad lib had 1.5 to 2-fold increase in Hif1α,Scf,and Ho-1 mRNA and a greater than 3-fold increase in leptin mRNA vs.C57 that was attenuated with PF.Exogenous leptin promoted Hif1αand Ho-1 mRNA expression in e7.5 decidua in vitro.While hypoxic conditions in vitro did not change decidual leptin mRNA.Furthermore,BPH/5 PF mice demonstrated improved fetal and placental outcomes later in gestation,with greater placental vascular area by e18.5 and attenuation of FGR.Conclusion:In conclusion,pair-feeding BPH/5 mice beginning at conception may improve placental vasculature formation via decreased leptin and hypoxia-associated markers in this model.Future investigations are needed to better determine the effect of hypoxia and leptin on pregnancy outcomes in obese pregnant women.展开更多
Purpose: To examine the associations among preschoolers fundamental motor skills, screen-time, physical activity(PA), and sedentary behavior(SB).Methods: Children ages 3à4 years were enrolled in a prospective obs...Purpose: To examine the associations among preschoolers fundamental motor skills, screen-time, physical activity(PA), and sedentary behavior(SB).Methods: Children ages 3à4 years were enrolled in a prospective observational trial of PA. Trained assessors conducted the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 rd edition(TGMD-3), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 nd edition, and parent-reported child screen-time and sociodemographic information. Children wore an accelerometer for 7 days to examine SB and total PA(TPA). TPA was further characterized as moderateto-vigorous PA(MVPA) or vigorous PA(VPA). Mixed linear models were calculated, controlling for age(for TGMD-3), sex, household income, and accelerometer wear time(for accelerometry models), with childcare center as a random effect. The primary analysis reported on the cross-sectional baseline data of 126 children with complete fundamental motor skill and screen-time data; a subanalysis included 88 children with complete accelerometry data.Results: Children were 3.4 § 0.5 years of age(54% girls; 46% white, 42% African American, 12% other). A total of 48% lived in households at or below the federal poverty level. Children engaged in 5.1 § 3.6 h/day of screen-time. Children's screen-time was inversely related to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 nd edition, manual dexterity skills percentile(b(SE) = ?1.7(0.8), p = 0.049). In the accelerometry subsample,children engaged in 5.9 § 0.9 h/day of TPA of which 1.7 § 0.6 h/day was MVPA. Boys engaged in more MVPA and VPA and less SB compared with girls(all p < 0.05). A higher TGMD-3, total score(b(SE) = 0.4(0.2), p = 0.017) and locomotor score(b(SE) = 0.7(0.3), p = 0.018) were associated with more VPA but not with TPA or MVPA. Screen-time and television in the bedroom were not related to SB, TPA, MVPA, or VPA.Conclusion: Children's motor skills were positively related to VPA but inversely related to screen-time. Further inquiry into the implications of high exposure to screen-time in young children is needed.展开更多
Background: Given the low levels of physical activity(PA) among adolescent girls in the US, there is a need to identify tools to motivate increased PA. Although there is limited evidence that adolescents transfer PA f...Background: Given the low levels of physical activity(PA) among adolescent girls in the US, there is a need to identify tools to motivate increased PA. Although there is limited evidence that adolescents transfer PA from one context to another, exergames(i.e., video games that require gross motor activity) may act as a gateway to promote overall PA outside game play. The purpose of this study was to examine potential transfer effects(i.e., influences on external behaviors and psychological constructs) of a 12-week exergaming intervention on adolescent girls' PA, screen time,and self-efficacy toward PA, as well as the intrinsic motivation of exergaming.Methods: Participants were 37 girls aged 14–18 years(65% African American, 35% white) who were overweight or obese(body mass index ≥ 85 th percentile) and were recruited from the community via school, physicians, news media, and social media websites. Adolescents were randomly assigned to a 12-week group exergaming intervention(thirty-six 60 min sessions of group-based dance exergaming in a research laboratory using Kinect for Xbox360(Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA)) or to a no-treatment control group. Outcome variables included objectively measured PA(total) and self-reported leisure-time PA(discretionary time only) 1 week before vs. 1 week after the intervention; selected type and intensity of PA when placed in a gym setting for 30 min("cardio free choice"); screen time; self-efficacy toward PA; and intrinsic motivation toward exergaming.Results: Attendance at the exergaming sessions was high(80%). Compared with the control group, the intervention group self-reported an increase in PA(p = 0.035) and fewer hours watching television or videos(p = 0.01) after the intervention, but there were no significant differences in sedentary, light, moderate, or vigorous PA measured by accelerometry. The intervention group significantly improved self-efficacy toward PA(p = 0.028). The intervention group highly rated intrinsic motivation toward exergaming.Conclusion: Exergaming for 12 weeks was associated with positive impacts on adolescent girls' self-reported PA, television viewing, self-efficacy,and intrinsic motivation. Future research is warranted to leverage exergames as an enjoyable, motivating, and effective PA tool.展开更多
Gut microbes comprise a high density, biologically active community that lies at the interface of an animal with its nutritional environment. Consequently their activity profoundly influences many aspects of the physi...Gut microbes comprise a high density, biologically active community that lies at the interface of an animal with its nutritional environment. Consequently their activity profoundly influences many aspects of the physiology and metabolism of the host animal. A range of microbial structural components and metabolites directly interact with host intestinal cells and tissues to influence nutrient uptake and epithelial health. Endocrine, neuronal and lymphoid cells in the gut also integrate signals from these microbial factors to influence systemic responses. Dysregulation of these host-microbe interactions is now recognised as a major risk factor in the development of metabolic dysfunction. This is a two-way process and understanding the factors that tip host-microbiome homeostasis over to dysbiosis requires greater appreciation of the host feedbacks that contribute to regulation of microbial community composition. To date, numerous studies have employed taxonomic profiling approaches to explore the links between microbial composition and host outcomes(especially obesity and its comorbidities), but inconsistent host-microbe associations have been reported. Available data indicates multiple factors have contributed to discrepancies between studies. These include the high level of functional redundancy in host-microbiome interactions combined with individual variation in microbiome composition; differences in study design, diet composition and host system between studies; and inherent limitations to the resolution of r RNA-based community profiling. Accounting for these factors allows for recognition of the common microbial and host factors driving community composition and development of dysbiosis on high fat diets. New therapeutic intervention options are now emerging.展开更多
The cardioprotective effects of lipid-lowering drugs have been primarily attributed to their effects on blood lipid metabolism.However,emerging evidence indicates that lipid-lowering drugs also modulate the synthesis ...The cardioprotective effects of lipid-lowering drugs have been primarily attributed to their effects on blood lipid metabolism.However,emerging evidence indicates that lipid-lowering drugs also modulate the synthesis and secretion of adipose tissue-secreted proteins referred to as adipokines.Adipokines influence energy homeostasis and metabolism and have also been shown to modulate the vascular inflammatory cascade.The purpose of this review will be to examine the reported effects of commonly used lipid-lowering drugs(statins,fibrates,niacin and omega-3-fatty acids) on the circulating concentrations of leptin,adiponectin,tumor necrosisfactor-α(TNF-α),Retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) and resistin.Overall,the lipid-lowering drugs reviewed have minimal effects on leptin and resistin concentrations.Conversely,circulating adiponectin concentrations are consistently increased by each lipid-lowering drug reviewed with the greatest effects produced by niacin.Studies that have examined the effects of statins,niacin and omega-3-fatty acids on TNF-α demonstrate that these agents have little effect on circulating TNF-α concentrations.Niacin and fibrates appear to lower RBP4 but not resistin concentrations.The results of the available studies suggest that a strong relationship exists between pharmacological reductions in blood lipids and adiponectin that is not obvious for other adipokines reviewed.展开更多
AIM To evaluate the prognostic value of the phase angle(PA)obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) for mortality prediction in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS In total, 134 male cirrhotic patients prospec...AIM To evaluate the prognostic value of the phase angle(PA)obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) for mortality prediction in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS In total, 134 male cirrhotic patients prospectively completed clinical evaluations and nutritional assessment by BIA to obtain PAs during a 36-mo follow-up period. Mortality risk was analyzed by applying the PA cutoff point recently proposed as a malnutrition marker(PA ≤ 4.9°) in Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS The patients were divided into two groups according to the PA cutoff value(PA > 4.9°, n = 73; PA ≤ 4.9°, n = 61). Weight, height, and body mass index were similar in both groups, but patients with PAs > 4.9° were younger and had higher mid-arm muscle circumference, albumin, and handgrip-strength values and lower severe ascites and encephalopathy incidences, interleukin(IL)-6/IL-10 ratios and C-reactive protein levels than did patients with PAs ≤ 4.9°(P ≤ 0.05). Forty-eight(35.80%) patients died due to cirrhosis, with a median of 18 mo(interquartile range, 3.3-25.6 mo) follow-up until death. Thirty-one(64.60%) of these patients were from the PA ≤ 4.9° group. PA ≤ 4.9° significantly and independently affected the mortality model adjusted for Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and age(hazard ratio = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.11-3.77, P = 0.021). In addition, Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with PAs ≤ 4.9° were significantly more likely to die. CONCLUSION In male patients with cirrhosis, the PA ≤ 4.9° cutoff was associated independently with mortality and identified patients with worse metabolic, nutritional, and disease progression profiles. The PA may be a useful and reliable bedside tool to evaluate prognosis in cirrhosis.展开更多
Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the leading cause of death worldwide and becomes increasingly prevalent among patients aged 65 years and older.Elderly patients are at a higher risk for complications and accelerated ...Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the leading cause of death worldwide and becomes increasingly prevalent among patients aged 65 years and older.Elderly patients are at a higher risk for complications and accelerated physical deconditioning after a cardiovascular event,especially compared to their younger counterparts.The last few decades were privy to multiple studies that demonstrated the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation （CR） and exercise therapy on mortality,exercise capacity,psychological risk factors,inflammation,and obesity among patients with CHD.Unfortunately,a significant portion of the available data in this field pertains to younger patients.A viable explanation is that older patients are grossly underrepresented in these programs for multiple reasons starting with the patient and extending to the physician.In this article,we will review the benefits of CR programs among the elderly,as well as some of the barriers that hinder their participation.展开更多
Background: Increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation has been detected in peripheral nerve of human subjects and animal models with diabetes as well as high-glucose exposed human Schwann cells...Background: Increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation has been detected in peripheral nerve of human subjects and animal models with diabetes as well as high-glucose exposed human Schwann cells, and have been implicated in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In our recent studies, leukocytetype 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition or gene deficiency alleviated large and small nerve fiber dysfunction, but not intraepidermal nerve fiber loss in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Methods: To address a mechanism we evaluated the potential for pharmacological 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition to counteract excessive MAPK phosphorylation in mouse and cell culture models of diabetic neuropathy. C57Bl6/J mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin and maintained with or without the 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitor cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate (CDC). Human Schwann cells were cultured in5.5 mMor30 mMglucose with or without CDC. Results: 12(S) HETE concentrations (ELISA), as well as 12/15-lipoxygenase expression and p38 MAPK, ERK, and SAPK/JNK phosphorylation (all by Western blot analysis) were increased in the peripheral nerve and spinal cord of diabetic mice as well as in high glucose-exposed human Schwann cells. CDC counteracted diabetes-induced increase in 12(S)HETE concentrations (a measure of 12/15-lipoxygenase activity), but not 12/15-lipoxygenase overexpression, in sciatic nerve and spinal cord. The inhibitor blunted excessive p38 MAPK and ERK, but not SAPK/ JNK, phosphorylation in sciatic nerve and high glucose exposed human Schwann cells, but did not affect MAPK, ERK, and SAPK/JNK phosphorylation in spinal cord. Conclusion: 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition counteracts diabetes related MAPK phosphorylation in mouse and cell culture models of diabetic neuropathy and implies that 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitors may be an effective treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.展开更多
Literature describing dietary intakes of lactating mothers in the United States (US) is limited and none of the existing studies attempts to identify whether dietary shortcomings of lactating mothers are distinct from...Literature describing dietary intakes of lactating mothers in the United States (US) is limited and none of the existing studies attempts to identify whether dietary shortcomings of lactating mothers are distinct from those of women of childbearing age in the US. The first objective of this observational study was to comprehensively analyze the dietary intakes of lactating mothers in the US to determine whether nutrient intakes from food were sufficient to meet recommendations. The second objective was to compare these intakes to those of women of childbearing age in the US. Weekly 3-day food records were collected from subjects for six weeks in 2012-2013. Subject mean daily intakes of food groups, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and specific fats including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were determined and compared to daily recommendations. Intakes were compared to US women using the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fruit, vegetable, and dairy intakes of mothers were ≤50% of recommendations, resulting in 12 of 26 analyzed vitamins or minerals including potassium, iodine, chromium, choline, and vitamins A, D, and E having mean daily intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement. Vitamin D intake of subjects was 18% lower than US women, while most other nutrients showed intakes within 10% of each other between populations. Lactating women are not meeting the increased dietary needs associated with breastfeeding, supporting education initiatives and interventions specifically tailored to breastfeeding populations to increase intakes of vitamin D, vitamin E, iodine, biotin, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids from food.展开更多
文摘Purpose:To describe the development of a Compendium for estimating the energy costs of activities in adults>60 years(OA Compendium).Methods:Physical activities(PAs)and their metabolic equivalent of task(MET)values were obtained from a systematic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases(PubMed,Embase,SPORTDiscus(EBSCOhost),and Scopus)and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Compendium that measured PA in older adults.MET values were computed as the oxygen cost(VO_(2),mL/kg/min)during PA divided by 2.7 m L/kg/min(MET_(60+))to account for the lower resting metabolic rate in older adults.Results:We identified 68 articles and extracted energy expenditure data on 427 PAs.From these,we derived 99 unique Specific Activity codes with corresponding MET_(60+)values for older adults.We developed a website to present the OA Compendium MET_(60+)values:https://pacompendium.com.Conclusion:The OA Compendium uses data collected from adults>60 years for more accurate estimation of the energy cost of PAs in older adults.It is an accessible resource that will allow researchers,educators,and practitioners to find MET_(60+)values for older adults for use in PA research and practice.
文摘Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.
基金funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud CarlosⅢ(PI13/01393)by the Retos de la Sociedad program(DEP2016-79512-R)+7 种基金European Regional Development Funds(ERDF)the Spanish Ministry of Education(FPU13/04365 and FPU19/01609)the Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición(FINUT)the Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa RETIC(Red SAMID RD16/0022)the Astra Zeneca Health Care Foundationthe University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016-Excellence actions:Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health(UCEES)-and Plan Propio de Investigación 2018-the Programa Contratos-Puente and Contratos Perfeccionamiento de Doctoresthe Junta de Andalucía,Consejería de Conocimiento,Investigacióny Universidades(ERDF,ref.SOMM17/6107/UGR)the Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero(grant awarded to GSD)。
文摘Purpose:The present work examines the associations of dietary habits,sedentarism,physical activity(PA)levels and sleep habits,with thyroid function in young euthyroid adults.Methods:A total of 105 young euthyroid adults participated in this cross-sectional study.Thyroid function was determined in fasting conditions(>6 h).Dietary habits were measured by a food frequency questionnaire and three non-consecutive 24 h recalls,and different dietary intake and patterns were then estimated.The time spent in sedentary,PA levels and sleep habits were objectively measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer.Results:Energy and carbohydrate intake were positively associated with thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)(β=0.222;R^(2)=0.102;P=0.022 andβ=0.425;R^(2)=0.129;P=0.007,respectively)whereas fat intake was negatively associated with TSH(β=-0.428;R^(2)=0.137;P=0.004).Energy intake was also positively associated with free triiodothyronine(β=0.277;R^(2)=0.137;P=0.004).Further,adherence to the Mediterranean diet was negatively related to TSH and free thyroxine(FT4)(β=-0.221;R^(2)=0.113;P=0.020 andβ=-0.268;R^(2)=0.071;P=0.007,respectively).Vigorous-intensity and overall PA were negatively associated with FT4(β=-0.227;R^(2)=0.052;P=0.022 andβ=-0.204;R^(2)=0.042;P=0.041,respectively).In contrast,no associations were found between sleep parameters and thyroid function.Conclusions:Lifestyle factors such as dietary intake and PA levels seems to be related to thyroid function even in young euthyroid adults.
文摘Background:Women with obesity have higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes,including preeclampsia(PE).Late-gestational hypertension,aberrant fetoplacental development,and fetal growth restriction(FGR),hallmarks of PE,are observed spontaneously in BPH/5 mice.Similar to obese preeclamptic women,BPH/5 mice have higher visceral white adipose tissue(WAT)and circulating leptin.We hypothesized that attenuation of maternal obesity and serum leptin in pregnant BPH/5 mice will improve fetoplacental development by decreasing hypoxia markers and leptin expression at the maternal-fetal interface.Methods:To test this hypothesis,BPH/5 mice were fed ad libitum(lib)and pair-fed(PF)to C57 ad lib controls beginning at embryonic day(e)0.5.Hypoxia-related genes,hypoxia inducible factor(Hif)1α,stem cell factor(Scf),heme oxygenase-1(Ho-1),leptin(Lep),and leptin receptor(LepR)were assessed in e7.5 implantation sites.Results:BPH/5 ad lib had 1.5 to 2-fold increase in Hif1α,Scf,and Ho-1 mRNA and a greater than 3-fold increase in leptin mRNA vs.C57 that was attenuated with PF.Exogenous leptin promoted Hif1αand Ho-1 mRNA expression in e7.5 decidua in vitro.While hypoxic conditions in vitro did not change decidual leptin mRNA.Furthermore,BPH/5 PF mice demonstrated improved fetal and placental outcomes later in gestation,with greater placental vascular area by e18.5 and attenuation of FGR.Conclusion:In conclusion,pair-feeding BPH/5 mice beginning at conception may improve placental vasculature formation via decreased leptin and hypoxia-associated markers in this model.Future investigations are needed to better determine the effect of hypoxia and leptin on pregnancy outcomes in obese pregnant women.
基金supported by the Gulf States Collaborative Center for Health Policy Research (Gulf States-HPC) from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health (No. U54MD008602)the LSU Biomedical Collaborative Research Program+2 种基金funding support from the American Council on Exercisesupported in part by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, which funds the Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center (No. U54 GM104940)supported in part by the NORC Center Grant entitled "Nutrition and Metabolic Health Through the Lifespan" sponsored by NIDDK (No. P30DK072476)
文摘Purpose: To examine the associations among preschoolers fundamental motor skills, screen-time, physical activity(PA), and sedentary behavior(SB).Methods: Children ages 3à4 years were enrolled in a prospective observational trial of PA. Trained assessors conducted the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 rd edition(TGMD-3), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 nd edition, and parent-reported child screen-time and sociodemographic information. Children wore an accelerometer for 7 days to examine SB and total PA(TPA). TPA was further characterized as moderateto-vigorous PA(MVPA) or vigorous PA(VPA). Mixed linear models were calculated, controlling for age(for TGMD-3), sex, household income, and accelerometer wear time(for accelerometry models), with childcare center as a random effect. The primary analysis reported on the cross-sectional baseline data of 126 children with complete fundamental motor skill and screen-time data; a subanalysis included 88 children with complete accelerometry data.Results: Children were 3.4 § 0.5 years of age(54% girls; 46% white, 42% African American, 12% other). A total of 48% lived in households at or below the federal poverty level. Children engaged in 5.1 § 3.6 h/day of screen-time. Children's screen-time was inversely related to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 nd edition, manual dexterity skills percentile(b(SE) = ?1.7(0.8), p = 0.049). In the accelerometry subsample,children engaged in 5.9 § 0.9 h/day of TPA of which 1.7 § 0.6 h/day was MVPA. Boys engaged in more MVPA and VPA and less SB compared with girls(all p < 0.05). A higher TGMD-3, total score(b(SE) = 0.4(0.2), p = 0.017) and locomotor score(b(SE) = 0.7(0.3), p = 0.018) were associated with more VPA but not with TPA or MVPA. Screen-time and television in the bedroom were not related to SB, TPA, MVPA, or VPA.Conclusion: Children's motor skills were positively related to VPA but inversely related to screen-time. Further inquiry into the implications of high exposure to screen-time in young children is needed.
基金AES and PTK are supported,in part,by the U54 GM104940 grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the US National Institutes of Health,which funds the Louisiana Clinical&Translational Science CenterPTK is supported,in part,by the Marie Edana Corcoran Endowed Chair in Pediatric Obesity and Diabetespartially supported by Nutrition Obesity Research Center Grant#P30DK072476 entitled“Nutritional Programming:Environmental and Molecular Interactions”
文摘Background: Given the low levels of physical activity(PA) among adolescent girls in the US, there is a need to identify tools to motivate increased PA. Although there is limited evidence that adolescents transfer PA from one context to another, exergames(i.e., video games that require gross motor activity) may act as a gateway to promote overall PA outside game play. The purpose of this study was to examine potential transfer effects(i.e., influences on external behaviors and psychological constructs) of a 12-week exergaming intervention on adolescent girls' PA, screen time,and self-efficacy toward PA, as well as the intrinsic motivation of exergaming.Methods: Participants were 37 girls aged 14–18 years(65% African American, 35% white) who were overweight or obese(body mass index ≥ 85 th percentile) and were recruited from the community via school, physicians, news media, and social media websites. Adolescents were randomly assigned to a 12-week group exergaming intervention(thirty-six 60 min sessions of group-based dance exergaming in a research laboratory using Kinect for Xbox360(Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA)) or to a no-treatment control group. Outcome variables included objectively measured PA(total) and self-reported leisure-time PA(discretionary time only) 1 week before vs. 1 week after the intervention; selected type and intensity of PA when placed in a gym setting for 30 min("cardio free choice"); screen time; self-efficacy toward PA; and intrinsic motivation toward exergaming.Results: Attendance at the exergaming sessions was high(80%). Compared with the control group, the intervention group self-reported an increase in PA(p = 0.035) and fewer hours watching television or videos(p = 0.01) after the intervention, but there were no significant differences in sedentary, light, moderate, or vigorous PA measured by accelerometry. The intervention group significantly improved self-efficacy toward PA(p = 0.028). The intervention group highly rated intrinsic motivation toward exergaming.Conclusion: Exergaming for 12 weeks was associated with positive impacts on adolescent girls' self-reported PA, television viewing, self-efficacy,and intrinsic motivation. Future research is warranted to leverage exergames as an enjoyable, motivating, and effective PA tool.
文摘Gut microbes comprise a high density, biologically active community that lies at the interface of an animal with its nutritional environment. Consequently their activity profoundly influences many aspects of the physiology and metabolism of the host animal. A range of microbial structural components and metabolites directly interact with host intestinal cells and tissues to influence nutrient uptake and epithelial health. Endocrine, neuronal and lymphoid cells in the gut also integrate signals from these microbial factors to influence systemic responses. Dysregulation of these host-microbe interactions is now recognised as a major risk factor in the development of metabolic dysfunction. This is a two-way process and understanding the factors that tip host-microbiome homeostasis over to dysbiosis requires greater appreciation of the host feedbacks that contribute to regulation of microbial community composition. To date, numerous studies have employed taxonomic profiling approaches to explore the links between microbial composition and host outcomes(especially obesity and its comorbidities), but inconsistent host-microbe associations have been reported. Available data indicates multiple factors have contributed to discrepancies between studies. These include the high level of functional redundancy in host-microbiome interactions combined with individual variation in microbiome composition; differences in study design, diet composition and host system between studies; and inherent limitations to the resolution of r RNA-based community profiling. Accounting for these factors allows for recognition of the common microbial and host factors driving community composition and development of dysbiosis on high fat diets. New therapeutic intervention options are now emerging.
基金Supported by Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program
文摘The cardioprotective effects of lipid-lowering drugs have been primarily attributed to their effects on blood lipid metabolism.However,emerging evidence indicates that lipid-lowering drugs also modulate the synthesis and secretion of adipose tissue-secreted proteins referred to as adipokines.Adipokines influence energy homeostasis and metabolism and have also been shown to modulate the vascular inflammatory cascade.The purpose of this review will be to examine the reported effects of commonly used lipid-lowering drugs(statins,fibrates,niacin and omega-3-fatty acids) on the circulating concentrations of leptin,adiponectin,tumor necrosisfactor-α(TNF-α),Retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) and resistin.Overall,the lipid-lowering drugs reviewed have minimal effects on leptin and resistin concentrations.Conversely,circulating adiponectin concentrations are consistently increased by each lipid-lowering drug reviewed with the greatest effects produced by niacin.Studies that have examined the effects of statins,niacin and omega-3-fatty acids on TNF-α demonstrate that these agents have little effect on circulating TNF-α concentrations.Niacin and fibrates appear to lower RBP4 but not resistin concentrations.The results of the available studies suggest that a strong relationship exists between pharmacological reductions in blood lipids and adiponectin that is not obvious for other adipokines reviewed.
基金Supported by The Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo,Nos.2011/13243-3,2012/15677-3[GB]
文摘AIM To evaluate the prognostic value of the phase angle(PA)obtained from bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) for mortality prediction in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS In total, 134 male cirrhotic patients prospectively completed clinical evaluations and nutritional assessment by BIA to obtain PAs during a 36-mo follow-up period. Mortality risk was analyzed by applying the PA cutoff point recently proposed as a malnutrition marker(PA ≤ 4.9°) in Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS The patients were divided into two groups according to the PA cutoff value(PA > 4.9°, n = 73; PA ≤ 4.9°, n = 61). Weight, height, and body mass index were similar in both groups, but patients with PAs > 4.9° were younger and had higher mid-arm muscle circumference, albumin, and handgrip-strength values and lower severe ascites and encephalopathy incidences, interleukin(IL)-6/IL-10 ratios and C-reactive protein levels than did patients with PAs ≤ 4.9°(P ≤ 0.05). Forty-eight(35.80%) patients died due to cirrhosis, with a median of 18 mo(interquartile range, 3.3-25.6 mo) follow-up until death. Thirty-one(64.60%) of these patients were from the PA ≤ 4.9° group. PA ≤ 4.9° significantly and independently affected the mortality model adjusted for Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score and age(hazard ratio = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.11-3.77, P = 0.021). In addition, Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with PAs ≤ 4.9° were significantly more likely to die. CONCLUSION In male patients with cirrhosis, the PA ≤ 4.9° cutoff was associated independently with mortality and identified patients with worse metabolic, nutritional, and disease progression profiles. The PA may be a useful and reliable bedside tool to evaluate prognosis in cirrhosis.
文摘Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the leading cause of death worldwide and becomes increasingly prevalent among patients aged 65 years and older.Elderly patients are at a higher risk for complications and accelerated physical deconditioning after a cardiovascular event,especially compared to their younger counterparts.The last few decades were privy to multiple studies that demonstrated the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation （CR） and exercise therapy on mortality,exercise capacity,psychological risk factors,inflammation,and obesity among patients with CHD.Unfortunately,a significant portion of the available data in this field pertains to younger patients.A viable explanation is that older patients are grossly underrepresented in these programs for multiple reasons starting with the patient and extending to the physician.In this article,we will review the benefits of CR programs among the elderly,as well as some of the barriers that hinder their participation.
文摘Background: Increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation has been detected in peripheral nerve of human subjects and animal models with diabetes as well as high-glucose exposed human Schwann cells, and have been implicated in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In our recent studies, leukocytetype 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition or gene deficiency alleviated large and small nerve fiber dysfunction, but not intraepidermal nerve fiber loss in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Methods: To address a mechanism we evaluated the potential for pharmacological 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition to counteract excessive MAPK phosphorylation in mouse and cell culture models of diabetic neuropathy. C57Bl6/J mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin and maintained with or without the 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitor cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate (CDC). Human Schwann cells were cultured in5.5 mMor30 mMglucose with or without CDC. Results: 12(S) HETE concentrations (ELISA), as well as 12/15-lipoxygenase expression and p38 MAPK, ERK, and SAPK/JNK phosphorylation (all by Western blot analysis) were increased in the peripheral nerve and spinal cord of diabetic mice as well as in high glucose-exposed human Schwann cells. CDC counteracted diabetes-induced increase in 12(S)HETE concentrations (a measure of 12/15-lipoxygenase activity), but not 12/15-lipoxygenase overexpression, in sciatic nerve and spinal cord. The inhibitor blunted excessive p38 MAPK and ERK, but not SAPK/ JNK, phosphorylation in sciatic nerve and high glucose exposed human Schwann cells, but did not affect MAPK, ERK, and SAPK/JNK phosphorylation in spinal cord. Conclusion: 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition counteracts diabetes related MAPK phosphorylation in mouse and cell culture models of diabetic neuropathy and implies that 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitors may be an effective treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
文摘Literature describing dietary intakes of lactating mothers in the United States (US) is limited and none of the existing studies attempts to identify whether dietary shortcomings of lactating mothers are distinct from those of women of childbearing age in the US. The first objective of this observational study was to comprehensively analyze the dietary intakes of lactating mothers in the US to determine whether nutrient intakes from food were sufficient to meet recommendations. The second objective was to compare these intakes to those of women of childbearing age in the US. Weekly 3-day food records were collected from subjects for six weeks in 2012-2013. Subject mean daily intakes of food groups, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and specific fats including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids were determined and compared to daily recommendations. Intakes were compared to US women using the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fruit, vegetable, and dairy intakes of mothers were ≤50% of recommendations, resulting in 12 of 26 analyzed vitamins or minerals including potassium, iodine, chromium, choline, and vitamins A, D, and E having mean daily intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement. Vitamin D intake of subjects was 18% lower than US women, while most other nutrients showed intakes within 10% of each other between populations. Lactating women are not meeting the increased dietary needs associated with breastfeeding, supporting education initiatives and interventions specifically tailored to breastfeeding populations to increase intakes of vitamin D, vitamin E, iodine, biotin, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids from food.
