The oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)has been widely used both in clinics and in basic research for a long time.It is applied to diagnose impaired glucose tolerance and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals.Addit...The oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)has been widely used both in clinics and in basic research for a long time.It is applied to diagnose impaired glucose tolerance and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals.Additionally,it has been employed in research to investigate glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity in animals.The main aim of each was quite different,and the details are also somewhat varied.However,the time or duration of the OGTT was the same,using the 2-h post-glucose load glycemia in both,following the suggestions of the American Diabetes Association.Recently,the use of 30-min or 1-h post-glucose load glycemia in clinical practice has been recommended by several studies.In this review article,we describe this new view and suggest perspectives for the OGTT.Additionally,quantification of the glucose curve in basic research is also discussed.Unlike in clinical practice,the incremental area under the curve is not suitable for use in the studies involving animals receiving repeated treatments or chronic treatment.We discuss the potential mechanisms in detail.Moreover,variations between bench and bedside in the application of the OGTT are introduced.Finally,the newly identified method for the OGTT must achieve a recommendation from the American Diabetes Association or another official unit soon.In conclusion,we summarize the recent reports regarding the OGTT and add some of our own perspectives,including machine learning and others.展开更多
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased worldwide.Obesity is a well-known risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and raises public health concerns.Many dietary guidelines enc...The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased worldwide.Obesity is a well-known risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and raises public health concerns.Many dietary guidelines encourage the replacement of refined grains with whole grains(WGs)to enhance body weight management.Current evidence regarding interrelationships among WGs,body weight,and gut microbiota is limited and inconclusive.In this editorial,we comment on the article by Roager et al published in the recent issue of the Gut 2019;68(1):83-93.In the study,obese patients(25<body mass index<35 kg/m2)were randomly assigned to receive two 8-wk dietary controlling periods with WGs and refined grain-rich diet.The results showed significantly decreased body weight in the WG group.Either the composition of gut microbiota or short-chain fatty acids,the leading end product of fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrate by gut microbiota,did not differ between the two groups.The study highly indicated that a WG-rich diet reduced body weight independent of gut microbiota.We then raised some plausible mechanisms of how WGs might influence body weight and demonstrated more literature in line with WGs enhance body weight control through a microbiota-independent pathway.Possible mechanisms include:(1)The abundant dietary fiber contents of WGs increase satiety,satiation,energy excretion from stool,and energy expenditure simultaneously decreasing energy absorption and fat storage;(2)The plentiful amount of polyphenols of WGs improve energy expenditure by hampering adipocyte maturation and function;(3)The sufficient magnesium and zinc of WGs guarantee lean body mass growth and decrease fat mass;(4)The effect of WGs on brown adipose tissue is a key component of non-shivering thermogenesis;and(5)The increase of adiponectin by WGs enhances glucose utilization,lipid oxidation,and energy expenditure.展开更多
文摘The oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)has been widely used both in clinics and in basic research for a long time.It is applied to diagnose impaired glucose tolerance and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals.Additionally,it has been employed in research to investigate glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity in animals.The main aim of each was quite different,and the details are also somewhat varied.However,the time or duration of the OGTT was the same,using the 2-h post-glucose load glycemia in both,following the suggestions of the American Diabetes Association.Recently,the use of 30-min or 1-h post-glucose load glycemia in clinical practice has been recommended by several studies.In this review article,we describe this new view and suggest perspectives for the OGTT.Additionally,quantification of the glucose curve in basic research is also discussed.Unlike in clinical practice,the incremental area under the curve is not suitable for use in the studies involving animals receiving repeated treatments or chronic treatment.We discuss the potential mechanisms in detail.Moreover,variations between bench and bedside in the application of the OGTT are introduced.Finally,the newly identified method for the OGTT must achieve a recommendation from the American Diabetes Association or another official unit soon.In conclusion,we summarize the recent reports regarding the OGTT and add some of our own perspectives,including machine learning and others.
文摘The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased worldwide.Obesity is a well-known risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and raises public health concerns.Many dietary guidelines encourage the replacement of refined grains with whole grains(WGs)to enhance body weight management.Current evidence regarding interrelationships among WGs,body weight,and gut microbiota is limited and inconclusive.In this editorial,we comment on the article by Roager et al published in the recent issue of the Gut 2019;68(1):83-93.In the study,obese patients(25<body mass index<35 kg/m2)were randomly assigned to receive two 8-wk dietary controlling periods with WGs and refined grain-rich diet.The results showed significantly decreased body weight in the WG group.Either the composition of gut microbiota or short-chain fatty acids,the leading end product of fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrate by gut microbiota,did not differ between the two groups.The study highly indicated that a WG-rich diet reduced body weight independent of gut microbiota.We then raised some plausible mechanisms of how WGs might influence body weight and demonstrated more literature in line with WGs enhance body weight control through a microbiota-independent pathway.Possible mechanisms include:(1)The abundant dietary fiber contents of WGs increase satiety,satiation,energy excretion from stool,and energy expenditure simultaneously decreasing energy absorption and fat storage;(2)The plentiful amount of polyphenols of WGs improve energy expenditure by hampering adipocyte maturation and function;(3)The sufficient magnesium and zinc of WGs guarantee lean body mass growth and decrease fat mass;(4)The effect of WGs on brown adipose tissue is a key component of non-shivering thermogenesis;and(5)The increase of adiponectin by WGs enhances glucose utilization,lipid oxidation,and energy expenditure.
