Diabetes is associated with several complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, insulin is the main used medication for management of insulin-dependentdiabetes me...Diabetes is associated with several complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, insulin is the main used medication for management of insulin-dependentdiabetes mellitus(type-1 diabetes). In this metabolic syndrome, in addition to decrease of endogenous insulin, the plasma level of connecting peptide(C-peptide) is also reduced due to beta cell destruction. Studies in the past decade have shown that C-peptide is much more than a byproduct of insulin biosynthesis and possess different biological activities. Therefore, it may be possible that C-peptide deficiency be involved, at least in part, in the development of different complications of diabetes. It has been shown that a small level of remaining C-peptide is associated with significant metabolic benefit. The purpose of this review is to describe beneficial effects of C-peptide replacement on pathological features associated with insulin-dependent diabetes. Also, experimental and clinical findings on the effects of C-peptide on wholebody glucose utilization, adipose tissue metabolism and tissues blood flow are summarized and discussed. The hypoglycemic, antilipolytic and vasodilator effects of C-peptide suggest that it may contribute to fine-tuning of the tissues metabolism under different physiologic or pathologic conditions. Therefore, C-peptide replacement together with the classic insulin therapy may prevent, retard, or ameliorate diabetic complications in patients with type-1 diabetes.展开更多
Objective: To screen the cytotoxic effects of some marine sponges extracts on HeLa and PC12 cells.Methods: Five marine sponges including Ircinia echinata(I. echinata), Dysidea avara,Axinella sinoxea, Haliclona tubifer...Objective: To screen the cytotoxic effects of some marine sponges extracts on HeLa and PC12 cells.Methods: Five marine sponges including Ircinia echinata(I. echinata), Dysidea avara,Axinella sinoxea, Haliclona tubifera and Haliclona violacea were collected from the Persian Gulf(Hengam Island). The cytotoxic effect of these sponges was evaluated by using MTT assay. The metabolic high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint of I. echinata was also carried out at two wavelengths(254 and 280 nm).Results: Among the sponges tested in this study, the extracts of I. echinata and Dysidea avara possessed the cytotoxic effect on HeLa and PC12 cells. The obtained fractions from high performance liquid chromatography were evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against the cell lines. The isolated fractions did not show significant cytotoxic properties.Conclusions: I. echinata could be considered as a potential extract for chemotherapy.Further investigation is needed to determine the accuracy of mechanism.展开更多
Objective:The roles of gonadal hormones and nitric oxide(NO) on the analgesic effects of morphine,tolerance to morphine,and their interactions have been widely investigated.In the present study,the effect of L-arginin...Objective:The roles of gonadal hormones and nitric oxide(NO) on the analgesic effects of morphine,tolerance to morphine,and their interactions have been widely investigated.In the present study,the effect of L-arginine(an NO precursor) on morphine tolerance in sham and ovariectomized(OVX) female mice was investigated.Methods:Forty mice were divided into sham and OVX groups.On the first day,a hot plate test((55±0.2) °C;cut-off 30 s) was carried out as a base record 15 min before injection of morphine(10 mg/kg,subcutaneously(s.c.)) and was repeated every 15 min after injection.The sham group was then divided into two subgroups:sham-tolerance-L-arginine(Sham-Tol-LA) and sham-tolerance-saline(Sham-Tol-Sal) which received either L-arginine 50 mg/kg(intraperitoneally(i.p.)) or saline 10 ml/kg(i.p.),respectively,three times in a day for three consecutive days.Morphine tolerance was induced in animals by injecting 30 mg/kg morphine(s.c.) three times/day for three days.This treatment was also used for OVX subgroups.On the fifth day,the hot plate test was repeated.The analgesic effect of morphine was calculated as the maximal percent effect(MPE).The results were compared using repeated measure analysis of variance(ANOVA).Results:There was no significant difference in MPE between the OVX and sham groups.The MPEs in both the Sham-Tol-Sal and OVX-Tol-Sal groups were lower than those in both the sham and OVX groups(P<0.01).The MPE in the OVX-Tol-Sal group was greater than that in the Sham-Tol-Sal group(P<0.01).The MPE in the Sham-Tol-LA group was higher than that in the Sham-Tol-Sal group(P<0.01).However,there was no significant difference between the Sham-Tol-LA and sham groups or between the OVX-Tol-LA and OVX-Tol-Sal groups.Conclusions:The results of the present study showed that repeated administration of morphine causes tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine.L-Arginine could prevent tolerance to morphine but its effect was different in the presence of ovarian hormones.展开更多
Objective： To evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa （NS） extract on memory performance and its possible mechanisms in scopolamine （Sco）-induced spatial memory impairment model using Morris water maze test. Method...Objective： To evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa （NS） extract on memory performance and its possible mechanisms in scopolamine （Sco）-induced spatial memory impairment model using Morris water maze test. Methods： Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received saline instead of both NS extract and Sco. The Sco group was treated by saline for two weeks, and was injected by Sco （2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally） 30 min before each trail in Morris water maze test. Sco＋NS 200 and SCO＋NS 400 groups were daily treated by 200 or 400 mg/kg of NS （intraperitoneally） for two weeks, respectively, and were finally injected by Sco 30 min before Morris water maze test. The brains of animals were removed to determine the acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity and oxidative stress criteria in cortical tissues. Results： Time latency and path length in the Sco group were significantly higher than in the control group （P〈0.01）, while the SCO＋NS 400 group showed a significantly shorter traveled path length and time latency compared with the Sco group （P〈0.01）. AChE activity in the cortical tissues of the Sco group was significantly higher than the control group （P〈0.01）, while AChE activity in the Sco＋NS 200 and Sco＋NS 400 groups was lower than the Sco group （P〈0.01）. Following Sco administration, malondialdehyde （MDA） concentrations were increased （P〈0.01） in comparison with the control group, while cortical total thiol content decreased （P〈0.01）. Pretreatment with extracts caused a significant elevation in cortical total thiol content （P〈0.01） and reduction in cortical MDA concentration （P〈0.01） compared with the Sco group. Conclusions： Hydro-alcoholic extract of NS prevents Sco-induced spatial memory deficits and decreases the AChE activity as well as oxidative stress of brain tissues in rats. Our results support the traditional belief about the beneficial effects of NS in nervous system. Moreover, further investigations are needed for better understanding of this protective effect.展开更多
Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity an active search for antidiabetic drugs with greater and mortality in the world. There is currently effectiveness with fewer and less adverse side effects. Although numerous in...Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity an active search for antidiabetic drugs with greater and mortality in the world. There is currently effectiveness with fewer and less adverse side effects. Although numerous individual herbs have been experimentally or clinically reported to possess antidiabetic effects, considerably less research has been conducted on polyherbal compounds. It is believed that herbal compounds containing multiple plant products have synergistic antidiabetic effects and could enhance the desired actions. Several polyherbal formulations have been studied as therapeutic agents in diabetes management. To describe the current state of research on polyherbal compounds in the treatment of diabetes, an extensive review of literature was undertaken on several major databases. This paper presents what is known about the efficacy of these polyherbal formulations and compare their antidiabetic effects with those of current oral hypoglycemic drugs as reference. The percent decrease in blood glucose, lipids and other biochemical parameters achieved by each product in diabetic animals and patients is reported. Also, the possible mechanisms responsible for hypoglycemic action of polyherbal formulations are discussed.展开更多
基金Supported by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
文摘Diabetes is associated with several complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, insulin is the main used medication for management of insulin-dependentdiabetes mellitus(type-1 diabetes). In this metabolic syndrome, in addition to decrease of endogenous insulin, the plasma level of connecting peptide(C-peptide) is also reduced due to beta cell destruction. Studies in the past decade have shown that C-peptide is much more than a byproduct of insulin biosynthesis and possess different biological activities. Therefore, it may be possible that C-peptide deficiency be involved, at least in part, in the development of different complications of diabetes. It has been shown that a small level of remaining C-peptide is associated with significant metabolic benefit. The purpose of this review is to describe beneficial effects of C-peptide replacement on pathological features associated with insulin-dependent diabetes. Also, experimental and clinical findings on the effects of C-peptide on wholebody glucose utilization, adipose tissue metabolism and tissues blood flow are summarized and discussed. The hypoglycemic, antilipolytic and vasodilator effects of C-peptide suggest that it may contribute to fine-tuning of the tissues metabolism under different physiologic or pathologic conditions. Therefore, C-peptide replacement together with the classic insulin therapy may prevent, retard, or ameliorate diabetic complications in patients with type-1 diabetes.
基金Supported by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Research Council(Grant No.910170)
文摘Objective: To screen the cytotoxic effects of some marine sponges extracts on HeLa and PC12 cells.Methods: Five marine sponges including Ircinia echinata(I. echinata), Dysidea avara,Axinella sinoxea, Haliclona tubifera and Haliclona violacea were collected from the Persian Gulf(Hengam Island). The cytotoxic effect of these sponges was evaluated by using MTT assay. The metabolic high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint of I. echinata was also carried out at two wavelengths(254 and 280 nm).Results: Among the sponges tested in this study, the extracts of I. echinata and Dysidea avara possessed the cytotoxic effect on HeLa and PC12 cells. The obtained fractions from high performance liquid chromatography were evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against the cell lines. The isolated fractions did not show significant cytotoxic properties.Conclusions: I. echinata could be considered as a potential extract for chemotherapy.Further investigation is needed to determine the accuracy of mechanism.
基金Project supported by the Vice Presidency of Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Iran
文摘Objective:The roles of gonadal hormones and nitric oxide(NO) on the analgesic effects of morphine,tolerance to morphine,and their interactions have been widely investigated.In the present study,the effect of L-arginine(an NO precursor) on morphine tolerance in sham and ovariectomized(OVX) female mice was investigated.Methods:Forty mice were divided into sham and OVX groups.On the first day,a hot plate test((55±0.2) °C;cut-off 30 s) was carried out as a base record 15 min before injection of morphine(10 mg/kg,subcutaneously(s.c.)) and was repeated every 15 min after injection.The sham group was then divided into two subgroups:sham-tolerance-L-arginine(Sham-Tol-LA) and sham-tolerance-saline(Sham-Tol-Sal) which received either L-arginine 50 mg/kg(intraperitoneally(i.p.)) or saline 10 ml/kg(i.p.),respectively,three times in a day for three consecutive days.Morphine tolerance was induced in animals by injecting 30 mg/kg morphine(s.c.) three times/day for three days.This treatment was also used for OVX subgroups.On the fifth day,the hot plate test was repeated.The analgesic effect of morphine was calculated as the maximal percent effect(MPE).The results were compared using repeated measure analysis of variance(ANOVA).Results:There was no significant difference in MPE between the OVX and sham groups.The MPEs in both the Sham-Tol-Sal and OVX-Tol-Sal groups were lower than those in both the sham and OVX groups(P<0.01).The MPE in the OVX-Tol-Sal group was greater than that in the Sham-Tol-Sal group(P<0.01).The MPE in the Sham-Tol-LA group was higher than that in the Sham-Tol-Sal group(P<0.01).However,there was no significant difference between the Sham-Tol-LA and sham groups or between the OVX-Tol-LA and OVX-Tol-Sal groups.Conclusions:The results of the present study showed that repeated administration of morphine causes tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine.L-Arginine could prevent tolerance to morphine but its effect was different in the presence of ovarian hormones.
基金the Vice Presidency of Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,for financial assistance
文摘Objective： To evaluate the effect of Nigella sativa （NS） extract on memory performance and its possible mechanisms in scopolamine （Sco）-induced spatial memory impairment model using Morris water maze test. Methods： Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received saline instead of both NS extract and Sco. The Sco group was treated by saline for two weeks, and was injected by Sco （2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally） 30 min before each trail in Morris water maze test. Sco＋NS 200 and SCO＋NS 400 groups were daily treated by 200 or 400 mg/kg of NS （intraperitoneally） for two weeks, respectively, and were finally injected by Sco 30 min before Morris water maze test. The brains of animals were removed to determine the acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity and oxidative stress criteria in cortical tissues. Results： Time latency and path length in the Sco group were significantly higher than in the control group （P〈0.01）, while the SCO＋NS 400 group showed a significantly shorter traveled path length and time latency compared with the Sco group （P〈0.01）. AChE activity in the cortical tissues of the Sco group was significantly higher than the control group （P〈0.01）, while AChE activity in the Sco＋NS 200 and Sco＋NS 400 groups was lower than the Sco group （P〈0.01）. Following Sco administration, malondialdehyde （MDA） concentrations were increased （P〈0.01） in comparison with the control group, while cortical total thiol content decreased （P〈0.01）. Pretreatment with extracts caused a significant elevation in cortical total thiol content （P〈0.01） and reduction in cortical MDA concentration （P〈0.01） compared with the Sco group. Conclusions： Hydro-alcoholic extract of NS prevents Sco-induced spatial memory deficits and decreases the AChE activity as well as oxidative stress of brain tissues in rats. Our results support the traditional belief about the beneficial effects of NS in nervous system. Moreover, further investigations are needed for better understanding of this protective effect.
基金support was provided by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
文摘Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity an active search for antidiabetic drugs with greater and mortality in the world. There is currently effectiveness with fewer and less adverse side effects. Although numerous individual herbs have been experimentally or clinically reported to possess antidiabetic effects, considerably less research has been conducted on polyherbal compounds. It is believed that herbal compounds containing multiple plant products have synergistic antidiabetic effects and could enhance the desired actions. Several polyherbal formulations have been studied as therapeutic agents in diabetes management. To describe the current state of research on polyherbal compounds in the treatment of diabetes, an extensive review of literature was undertaken on several major databases. This paper presents what is known about the efficacy of these polyherbal formulations and compare their antidiabetic effects with those of current oral hypoglycemic drugs as reference. The percent decrease in blood glucose, lipids and other biochemical parameters achieved by each product in diabetic animals and patients is reported. Also, the possible mechanisms responsible for hypoglycemic action of polyherbal formulations are discussed.
