Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum L.Schott

Objective:To explore the efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum L.Schott in treating diarrhea,pain and inflammation using experimental models.Methods:In the present study,acetic acid-induced writhing,xylene-induced ear edema and castor oil-imluced diarrlieal model were used to evaluate the analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities,respectively.Acute toxicity test was carried out to fix the safe doses of the plant extract.Results:The plant extract demonstrated a significant inhibition of writhing(P<0.01)compared with the control group in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice.The extract also significantly inhibited the xylene induced ear edema formation(P<0.05).In anti-diarrheal test,the extract significantly decreased the frequency of defecation and increased the mean latent period(P<0.0l)in castor oil-induced diarrheal model mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight.Conclusions:These results suggest that the extract possesses significant analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities that support to the ethnopharmacologicl uses of this plant.

玫瑰茄花萼乙醇提取物的抗痛觉敏感、抗炎及止泻作用的实验研究(英文)

目的:研究玫瑰茄(Hibiscus sabdariffa)花萼的乙醇提取物的抗痛觉敏感、抗炎及止泻作用。方法:使用95%乙醇提取玫瑰茄花萼干品用于测定其功效。用小鼠扭体实验检测其抗痛觉敏感作用,二甲苯致耳水肿模型小鼠检测其抗炎症作用,蓖麻油致腹泻模型小鼠检测其止泻作用。结果:在乙酸致小鼠扭体实验中,玫瑰茄花萼的乙醇提取物对小鼠扭体的抑制与空白对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),对二甲苯致耳水肿模型小鼠的耳水肿的抑制与空白对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且显著减少了蓖麻油致腹泻小鼠的排便次数并增加了排便间隔时间(P<0.01)。结论:本研究的结果证实了玫瑰茄花萼的乙醇提取物具有显著的抗痛觉敏感、抗炎及止泻作用,验证了其在传统医学中的应用。

Antioxidant,antimicrobial,cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L.

Objective:To investigate potential antioxidant,antimicrobial,cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arrensis l.,in different in vivo and in vitro experimental models.Methods:In vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant extract.In vivo analgesic activity was carried out by acetic acid—induced writhing test in Swiss albino mice.All studies in mice were undertaken at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight.Antibacterial activilv was studied by disk diffusion assay against some Gram—positive and Gram—negative bacterial strains.Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to investigate cyloloxicity effects of the plant extract.Results:The extract showed free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay(IC5041 μg/mL)compared to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid(IC5019 μg/mL).The extract also produced prominent antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi.Salmonella paratyphi.Shigella boydii,Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus aureus compared to standard drug kanamycin at the dose of 30 μg/disc.The extract exhibited lethality against the brine shrimp nauplii with the LC50,values of 40 μg/mL.and also 90%mortality(LC90) value was found to be 160 μg/mL.In analgesic test.the extract demonstrated statistically significant（P【0.01） analgesic effect in acetic acid induced writhing in white albino mice al both dose levels.Conclusions:These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of Mentha arvenns L.has potential antioxidant,antibacterial,cytotoxic and analgesic activities that support the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant.

Pharmacological evaluation of Musa seminifera Lour. fruit

OBJECTIVE： To study potential antioxidant, analgesic, antidiarrheal, and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of Musa seminifera Lour. fruit in different established in vivo and in vitro experimental models. METHODS： In vitro antioxidant activity was studied in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical-scavenging assay. Phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu＇s reagent. Reducing ability was evaluated by ferric reducing power assay. Peripherally and centrally acting analgesic activity was studied in three different in vivo models, namely, acetic acid-induced writhing, hot-plate test, and tail-flick test in Swiss albino mice. In vivo antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil- and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea in mice. Gastrointestinal motility test was also carried out in mice. All studies in mice were undertaken at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Antibacterial activity was assessed by disk diffusion assay against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Acute toxicity test was conducted to assess the safe doses of the extract. RESULTS： The extract showed 50% inhibitory concentration value of 12.65 μg/mL in DPPH radical- scavenging assay. Phenolic content was found to be 589.83 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of dried fruits extract. Reducing power was in a concentration-dependent manner, and strongly comparable with the standard ascorbic acid. The extract demonstrated significant inhibition of writhing in acetic acid-induced writhing test at both dose levels （P〈0.01）. The extract also raised pain threshold in both hot-plate and tail-flick test in a dose-dependent manner, and the results were statistically significant （P〈0.01）. The extract significantly （P〈0.01） increased latent period, and decreased defecation in both castor oil- and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. The extract also decreased gastrointestinal motility in mice. In disk diffusion assay, the extract showed potential antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. CONCLUSION： The results suggest that the ethanol extract of M. seminifera fruit has potential antioxidant, analgesic, antidiarrheal, and antibacterial activities.

Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of Alocasia indica Schott tuber

To elucidate potential antioxidant, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of A/ocasia indica Schott tuber in different experimental models established in vitro and in vivo. METHODS： In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical-scavenging assay. Phenolic content was estimated by using Folin-Ciocalteu＇s reagent while reducing ability was measured by ferric reducing power assay./n vivo antidiarrheal studies were carried out in mice, and the activity was evaluated in castor oil and magnesium sulfate- induced diarrhea. Disk diffusion assay was utilized to determine antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacterial strains. Acute toxicity test was carried out to measure the safe doses for the extract. RESULTS： In DPPH radical-scavenging assay, the extract exhibited strong radical-scavenging activity with the 50% inhibitory concentration value of 42.66 IJg/mL. Total phenolic content was found to be 542.26 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of dried tuber extract, whereas flavonoid content was found to be 4.30 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dried tuber extract. In reducing power assay, the extract showed strong reducing power in a concentration-dependent manner. The extract significantly （P 〈 0.01） enhanced the latent period and decreased defecation in both castor oil- and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. The extract also lessened gastrointestinal motility in mice. Potential antibacterial activity was exhibited by the extract against all the tested bacterial strains in disk diffusion assay. The 50% lethal concentration against brine shrimp nauplii was 81.09 μg/mL. CONCLUSION： The results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of A. inc/ica has potential antioxidant, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activity.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Vernonia patula(Dryand.)Merr.

Objective:To investigate the inflammatory and antioxidant activities of ethanolie extract of aerial part of Vernonia patula(Dryand.)Merr(EAV).Methods:The anti-inflammatory activity of EAV was studied using carrageenan and histamine-induced rat paw edema test at different doses(100.200 and 400 mg/kg body weight).DPPH free radical scavenging,nitric oxide scavenging,reducing power and Fe^(2+)ion chelating ability were used for determining antioxidant activities.Results:The EAV,at the dose of 400 mg/kg,showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity(P<0.01)both in the carrageenan and histamine-induced oedema test models in rats,showing62.86%and 64.42%reduction in the paw volume comparable to that produced by the standard drug indomethacin(67.26%and 66.01%)at 5 h respectively.In DPPH free radical scavenging test,IC_(50)value for EAV was found fairly significant 36.59μg/mL when compared to the IC_(50)value of the reference standards ascorbic acid 8.97μg/mL.The IC_(50)values of the extract and ascorbic acid were 47.72 and 12.39μg/mL,respectively in nitric oxide scavenging assay.The IC_(50)value of the EAV(33.59μg/mL)as percentage of Fe^(2+)ion chelating ability was also found significant compared to that of EDTA(9.16μg/mL).The maximum absorbance for reducing power assay was found to be1.928 at 100μg/mL when compared to 2.449 for standard ascorbic acid.The total phenolic content was 198.81 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent.Acute toxicity test showed that the plant might be safe for pharmacological uses up to a dose level of 3200 mg/kg of body weight in rats.Conclusions:Therefore,the obtained results suggest the acute anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the EAV and thus provide the scientific basis for the traditional uses of this plant part as a remedy for inflammations.

Phytopharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia L.roots

Objective:To investigate the phytochemical screening(group determination)and selected pharmacological activities(antioxidant,antimicrobial and analgesic activity)of the plant Sida cordifolia Linn(S.cordifolia).Methods:Eighty percent concentrated ethanol extract of the roots was used.To identify the chemical constituents of plant extract standard procedures were followed.In phytochemical screening the crude extract was tested for the presence of different chemical groups like reducing sugar,tannins,saponins,steroids,flavonoids,gums,alkaloids and glycosides.The antioxidant property of ethanolic extract of S.cordifolia was assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity.Analgesic activity of the extract was tested using the model of acetic acid induced writhing in mice.Diclofenac sodium is used as reference standard drug for the analgesic activity test Antibacterial activity of plant extract was carried out using disc diffusion method with five pathogenic bacteria comparison with kanamycin as a standard.Results:Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of the roots of S.cordifolia indicated the presence of reducing sugar,alkaloids,steroids and saponins.In DPPH scavenging assay the IC_(50)value was found to be 50 ug/mL which was not comparable to the standard ascorbic acid.The crude extract produced 44.3%inhibition of writhing at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight which is statistically significant(P>0.001).The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of the roots of S.cordifolia showed no antimicrobial activity against five types of microorganisms.The experiment was conducted only with five species of bacteria as test species,which do not at all indicate the total inactivity against micro-organisms.Condusions:The obtained results provide a support for the use of this plant in traditional medicine but further pharmacological studies are required.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Pharmacological Potential of Baliospermum solanifolium Leaf Extract

Background:Baliospermum solanifolium is a traditional medicinal plant,locally known as“dantigaacha”from Eu-phorbiaceae family,and has been used in different diseases treatments likes helminthiasis,skin diseases,diabetes,snake-bite,and leukoderma.Objectives:Depending on the traditional uses of B.solanifolium and the lack of scientific works,we aimed to conduct some pharmacological tests on its leaves.Methods:Active constituents of B.solanifolium were assessed by qualitative screening.DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)was used for free radical scavenging assay.Behavioral change and mortality rate were used as indicators to assess the toxicity of B.solanifolium.The antidiabetic potential was evaluated by oral glucose toler-ance test(OGTT)and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity.In antidiarrheal activity,castor oil-induced mice were used.Antibacterial test was carried out by disk diffusion assay and MIC determination.Furthermore,analgesic activity was done by acetic acid-induced writhing method.Results:B.solanifolium contains alkaloids,carbohydrates,glycosides,flavonoids,tannis,phenolics etc.Acute toxicity test ensured the safety of the extract.In DPPH,the extract showed antioxidant activity with an IC50(con-centration needed to scavenge 50%DPPH)value of 61.65μg/mL.Total phenolic,flavonoid and tannin contents were determined as 124 mg GAE/g,440 mg QE/g and 344 mg GAE/g dried extract,respectively.In OGTT,the ex-tract reduced the blood glucose level significantly.In the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity,the plant showed a concentration-dependent reduction of the enzyme at IC50 of 8.53 mg/mL.In the antidiarrheal test,B.solanifolium inhibit defecation 30.69%and 53.41%at dose 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg,respectively.The extract also showed antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains in the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concen-tration(MIC)values were 62.5μg/mL,62.5μg/mL,125μg/mL and 62.5μg/mL against four bacterial strains,independently.In analgesic activity test,the extract reduced the writhing impulse up to 48.51%at 500 mg/kg dose.Conclusion:B.solanifolium contains many active phytoconstituents which may be the possible candidates for targeting diabetes,microbial infection,diarrhea and pain in the future.

Medicinal potential of Passiflora foetida L. plant extracts: biological and pharmacological activities

OBJECTIVE： To investigate analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. （Passifloraceae） by three experimental methods. METHODS： Analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida L. （EEPF） was carried out using acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition in mice. The method of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice was utilized to evaluate antidiarrhoeal activity. The cytotoxic activity of EEPF was explored with a brine shrimp lethality bioassay. RESULTS： The extract showed 68.75% and 30.00% inhibition of writhe at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The extract increased the mean latent period prior to diarrhoeal onset to about 1.55 h and 1.17 h, and decreased the mean number of stools to 4.4 and 5.6 at the doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg body weight. The extract also demonstrated cytotoxic activity in the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the median lethal concentration for brine shrimp nauplii was 80 pg/mL. CONCLUSION： The results suggest that the plant extract has analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities, supporting its uses in traditional medicine. The results also demonstrate that the plant extract possesses cytotoxic activities.

Exploration of Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Aerial Parts of Blumea lacera, a Common Weed in Bangladesh

Background:Blumea lacera(Family Asteraceae)is a herb found in the uncultivated lands of many Asian countries.This plant is used by quack doctors for some medicinal purposes.Objective:Works presented in this manuscript were conducted on the ethanol extract of aerial parts of B.lacera.Various pharmacological tests like antioxidant,analgesic,anti-inflammatory,antidiarrheal,diuretic,antibacte-rial,anthelmintic and toxicological tests like brine shrimp lethality and acute toxicity were evaluated.Methods:Antioxidant test was conducted by determining secondary metabolites content and DPPH free radical scavenging assay.Acetic acid-induced writhing method,xylene-induced ear edema method,castor oil-induced diarrheal method,and urinary volume test were performed to evaluate the analgesic,anti-inflammatory,an-tidiarrheal and diuretic effects,respectively.The antibacterial test was performed by disk diffusion method,anthelmintic activity by recording the paralysis and death time of P.cervi and finally,cytotoxic activity was performed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay.Results:TPC,TFC and TTC contents of B.lacera extract were found to be 9 mg GAE/g,31 mg QE/g and 18 mg GAE/g.The SC 50 value of the DPPH radical scavenging assay was found to be higher than 3000μg·mL^(-1).The LD 50 value of B.lacera extract in mice was higher than 5000 mg·kg^(-1).This extract significantly inhibited writhing reflexes by 24.5%and 43.6%and reduced ear edema up to 24.6%and 41%at 250 and 500 mg·kg^(-1) bw doses,respectively.It also increased the latency of the first defecation period up to 52.8 min and 106.6 min as well as decreased the stool count by 34.1%and 48.2%at 250 and 500 mg·kg-1 bw doses,respectively.It also showed an increase in urinary output in the diuretic test.Good antibacterial activity of B.lacera extract was confirmed by retardation in bacterial growth and significantly killed P.cervi in a dose-dependent manner.In brine shrimp lethality bioassay,the LC 50 value was found to be 5.4μg·mL-1.Conclusion:B.lacera showed mild analgesic,anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal properties.It could be used as a diuretic,antibacterial,anthelmintic and cytotoxic drug which justify the plant’s traditional uses in folk medicine.

Assessment of bioactivities of ethanolic extract of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) leaves

Objective:To assess ethanolic extract of the leaves of Melia azedarach L.(Family-Meliaceae)for its possible antioxidant,analgesic and antibacterial activities in association with performing phytochemical evaluation.Methods:A number of phytochemical tests of this extract were utilized to distinguish the existence of different sorts of compounds.Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant activities were assessed by TLC and DPPH scavenging assay respectively.Acetic acid induced writhing test in mice and disk diffusion assay of the leaves extract were carried out to demonstrate the analgesic and antibacterial activities respectively.Results:The phytochemical assessment revealed the existence of alkaloids,flavonoids,glycosides,saponins and tannins like compounds.Ethanolic extract of the leaves demonstrated antioxidant,analgesic and antibacterial activities in vitro.Conclusion:Considering the study,this could justify the leaves extract’s bioactivities but,to substantiate the activity of individual compound further investigation is necessary.