Recyclable Perovskite Solar Cells with Lead Sulfate Contact

Previous cost analysis of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has revealed that the transparent conductive oxide(TCO)substrates account for most of the material cost,emphasizing the need to recover TCO in PSC recycling.However,the conventional use of compact and ultrathin electron transport materials(ETMs)such as TiO_(2)and SnO_(2),poses a challenge to their removal from the substrate,hindering effective PSC recycling.Here,PbSO_(4) nanoparticles with(011)surface were used as ETM to fabricate PSCs.The yielded metallicity on the PbSO_(4) nanoparticle surface promoted extracted electron transport across the nanoparticle surface.A certified efficiency as high as 17.9%for the submodule(204.9 cm^(2))with PbSO_(4) was realized successfully,and the best effi-ciency on a small area(0.1 cm^(2))reached 24.1%.The PbSO_(4) layer was removed effortlessly from the substrate by simple aminoethanol washing to recover the TCO,the most expensive component of PSCs.This work provides a novel strategy to prepare soluble insulator-based ETMs by constructing metallic surfaces of nanoparticles;thus,fabricating efficient and recyclable PSCs.

Organic Rankine Cycle Based Geothermal Energy for Power Generation in Egypt

Low temperature geothermal resources are located in many areas and represent a high potential energy resource. One of the most common technologies, efficient and to exploit this type of resource is the binary cycle technology. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one of the main types of binary cycles. Electricity generation from low enthalpy geothermal energy using ORC is a talented technology. This paper addresses the design of binary cycle power plant utilizing one of the low temperature geothermal resource of temperature 92°C using four alternative working fluids: Butane, Isobutane, Pentane and 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropan (R245fa). Bir Nabi is the well under consideration which located in the Eastern desert, Egypt. Three operation parameters: geothermal temperature, reinjection temperature and geothermal flow rate are taken into consideration to analyze the performance of the power plant for different fluids. A performance analysis is conducted on ORC binary power plant using MATLAB programming to study the variation of output power and efficiency with the operation parameters. Also, the effect of these parameters on the area of ORC binary cycle power plant components;preheater, evaporator and condenser is presented. The geothermal resources temperatures are in the range of 90°C to130°C, the mass flow rate of the geothermal fluid ranges between 10 kg/s and 50 kg/s and reinjection temperature ranges from 30°C to 70°C. The results indicate that, the highest output power and plant efficiency are obtained with Pentane.