In-doping collaboratively controlling back interface and bulk defects to achieve efficient flexible CZTSSe solar cells

Focusing on the low open circuit voltage(V_(OC))and fill factor(FF)in flexible Cu_(2)ZnSn(S,Se)_(4)(CZTSSe)solar cells,indium(In)ions are introduced into the CZTSSe absorbers near Mo foils to modify the back interface and passivate deep level defects in CZTSSe bulk concurrently for improving the performance of flexible device.The results show that In doping effectively inhibits the formation of secondary phase(Cu(S,Se)_(2))and VSndefects.Further studies demonstrate that the barrier height at the back interface is decreased and the deep level defects(Cu_(Sn)defects)in CZTSSe bulk are passivated.Moreover,the carrier concentration is increased and the V_(OC) deficit(V_(OC,def))is decreased significantly due to In doping.Finally,the flexible CZTSSe solar cell with 10.01%power conversion efficiency(PCE)has been obtained.The synergistic strategy of interface modification and bulk defects passivation through In incorporation provides a new thought for the fabrication of efficient flexible kesterite-based solar cells.

ThyroidNet:A Deep Learning Network for Localization and Classification of Thyroid Nodules

Aim:This study aims to establish an artificial intelligence model,ThyroidNet,to diagnose thyroid nodules using deep learning techniques accurately.Methods:A novel method,ThyroidNet,is introduced and evaluated based on deep learning for the localization and classification of thyroid nodules.First,we propose the multitask TransUnet,which combines the TransUnet encoder and decoder with multitask learning.Second,we propose the DualLoss function,tailored to the thyroid nodule localization and classification tasks.It balances the learning of the localization and classification tasks to help improve the model’s generalization ability.Third,we introduce strategies for augmenting the data.Finally,we submit a novel deep learning model,ThyroidNet,to accurately detect thyroid nodules.Results:ThyroidNet was evaluated on private datasets and was comparable to other existing methods,including U-Net and TransUnet.Experimental results show that ThyroidNet outperformed these methods in localizing and classifying thyroid nodules.It achieved improved accuracy of 3.9%and 1.5%,respectively.Conclusion:ThyroidNet significantly improves the clinical diagnosis of thyroid nodules and supports medical image analysis tasks.Future research directions include optimization of the model structure,expansion of the dataset size,reduction of computational complexity and memory requirements,and exploration of additional applications of ThyroidNet in medical image analysis.

ARGA-Unet:Advanced U-net segmentation model using residual grouped convolution and attention mechanism for brain tumor MRI image segmentation

Background Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)has played an important role in the rapid growth of medical imaging diagnostic technology,especially in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors owing to its non invasive characteristics and superior soft tissue contrast.However,brain tumors are characterized by high non uniformity and non-obvious boundaries in MRI images because of their invasive and highly heterogeneous nature.In addition,the labeling of tumor areas is time-consuming and laborious.Methods To address these issues,this study uses a residual grouped convolution module,convolutional block attention module,and bilinear interpolation upsampling method to improve the classical segmentation network U-net.The influence of network normalization,loss function,and network depth on segmentation performance is further considered.Results In the experiments,the Dice score of the proposed segmentation model reached 97.581%,which is 12.438%higher than that of traditional U-net,demonstrating the effective segmentation of MRI brain tumor images.Conclusions In conclusion,we use the improved U-net network to achieve a good segmentation effect of brain tumor MRI images.

Possible Realization of Cluster States and Quantum Information Transfer in Cavity QED via Raman Transition

我们在场在洞凯德威亚·拉曼转变与许多原子产生簇状态的一个计划。在这个计划，在原子 andcavities 之间的量信息的转移都没被要求，洞 flelds 仅仅几乎激动，因此，洞腐烂 issuppressed 在簇的产生期间说。原子总是在二 groundstates 被占据。因此，计划对原子自发的排放和洞 decay.We 感觉迟钝也显示出怎么从一个原子把量信息转移到另外一个。

Application of U-Net and Optimized Clustering in Medical Image Segmentation:A Review

As a mainstream research direction in the field of image segmentation,medical image segmentation plays a key role in the quantification of lesions,three-dimensional reconstruction,region of interest extraction and so on.Compared with natural images,medical images have a variety of modes.Besides,the emphasis of information which is conveyed by images of different modes is quite different.Because it is time-consuming and inefficient to manually segment medical images only by professional and experienced doctors.Therefore,large quantities of automated medical image segmentation methods have been developed.However,until now,researchers have not developed a universal method for all types of medical image segmentation.This paper reviews the literature on segmentation techniques that have produced major breakthroughs in recent years.Among the large quantities of medical image segmentation methods,this paper mainly discusses two categories of medical image segmentation methods.One is the improved strategies based on traditional clustering method.The other is the research progress of the improved image segmentation network structure model based on U-Net.The power of technology proves that the performance of the deep learning-based method is significantly better than that of the traditional method.This paper discussed both advantages and disadvantages of different algorithms and detailed how these methods can be used for the segmentation of lesions or other organs and tissues,as well as possible technical trends for future work.

Energy Transfer Dynamics between Carbon Quantum Dots and Molybdenum Disulfide Revealed by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Zero-dimensional environmentally friendly carbon quantum dots(CQDs)combined with two-di-mensional materials have a wide range of applications in optoelec-tronic devices.We combined steady-state and transient absorp-tion spectroscopies to study the energy transfer dynamics between CQDs and molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2)).Transient absorption plots showed photoinduced absorption and stimulated emission features,which involved the intrinsic and defect states of CQDs.Adding MoS_(2)to CQDs solution,the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of CQDs transferred energy to MoS_(2),which quenched the intrinsic emission at 390 nm.With addition of MoS_(2),CQD-MoS_(2)composites quenched defect emission at 490 nm and upward absorption,which originated from another energy transfer from the defect state.Two energy transfer paths between CQDs and MoS_(2)were efficiently manipulated by changing the concentration of MoS_(2),which laid a foundation for improving device performance.

Entanglement and thermalization in the extended Bose–Hubbard model after a quantum quench: A correlation analysis

Exploring the role of entanglement in quantum nonequilibrium dynamics is important to understand the mechanism of thermalization in an isolated system. We study the relaxation dynamics in a one-dimensional extended Bose–Hubbard model after a global interaction quench by considering several observables: the local Boson numbers, the nonlocal entanglement entropy, and the momentum distribution functions. We calculate the thermalization fidelity for different quench parameters and different sizes of subsystems, and the results show that the degree of thermalization is affected by the distance from the integrable point and the size of the subsystem. We employ the Pearson coefficient as the measurement of the correlation between the entanglement entropy and thermalization fidelity, and a strong correlation is demonstrated for the quenched system.

First-order quantum phase transition and entanglement in the Jaynes-Cummings model with a squeezed light

We study the quantum phase transition and entanglement in the Jaynes-Cummings model with squeezed light,utilize a special transformation method to obtain the analytical ground state of the model within the near-resonance regime,and numerically verify the validity of the analytical ground state.It is found that the ground state exhibits a first-order quantum phase transition at the critical point linearly induced by squeezed light,and the ground state entanglement reaches its maximum when the qubit-field coupling strength is large enough at the critical point.

Extraction method of nanoparticles concentration distribution from magnetic particle image and its application in thermal damage of magnetic hyperthermia

Magnetic particle imaging(MPI)technology can generate a real-time magnetic nanoparticle(MNP)distribution image for biological tissues,and its use can overcome the limitations imposed in magnetic hyperthermia treatments by the unpredictable MNP distribution after the intratumoral injection of nanofluid.However,the MNP concentration distribution is generally difficult to be extracted from MPI images.This study proposes an approach to extract the corresponding concentration value of each pixel from an MPI image by a least squares method(LSM),which is then translated as MNP concentration distribution by an interpolation function.The resulting MPI-based concentration distribution is used to evaluate the treatment effect and the results are compared with the ones of two baseline cases under the same dose:uniform distribution and MPI-based distribution considering diffusion.Additionally,the treatment effect for all these cases is affected by the blood perfusion rate,which is also investigated deeply in this study.The results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to effectively reconstruct the concentration distribution from MPI images,and that the weighted LSM considering a quartic polynomial for interpolation provides the best results with respect to other cases considered.Furthermore,the results show that the uniformity of MNP distribution has a positive correlation with both therapeutic temperature distribution and thermal damage degree for the same dose and a critical power dissipation value in the MNPs.The MNPs uniformity inside biological tissue can be improved by the diffusion behavior after the nanofluid injection,which can ultimately reflect as an improvement of treatment effect.In addition,the blood perfusion rate considering local temperature can have a positive effect on the treatment compared to the case which considers a constant value during magnetic hyperthermia.

Generation of Two-Atom Maximal Entanglement and Quantum Information Transfer via Microtoroidal Cavity-Atom System

We propose a scheme for generation of two-atom maximally entangled states and the quantum information transfer between two atoms via two identical atoms in resonation with ultrahigh-Q, toroidal microcavities.

The Mass Assembly History for Galaxies with MaNGA

How galaxies assemble masses through their own star formation or interaction with the external environment is still an important topic in the field of galaxy formation and evolution.We use Value Added Catalogs with galaxy features that are spatially and temporally resolved from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 17 to investigate the mass growth histories of early-type galaxies(ETGs)and late-type galaxies(LTGs).We find that the mass growth of ETGs is earlier than that of LTGs for massive galaxies(M_(*)>10^(10)M_⊙),while low-mass(M_(*)≤10^(10)M_⊙)ETGs have statistically similar mass assembly histories as low-mass LTGs.The stellar metallicity of all massive galaxies shows a negative gradient and basically does not change with time.However,in low-mass galaxies,the stellar metallicity gradient of elliptical galaxies is negative,and the stellar metallicity gradient of lenticular and spiral galaxies evolves from positive to negative.ETGs are not all in a high-density environment,but exhibit mass dependence.As the tidal strength increases,the star formation rate of low-mass ETGs rapidly decreases.These results support a picture where massive galaxies exhibit inside-out quenching mode,while low-mass galaxies show outside-in quenching mode.Environmental effects play an important role in regulating the mass assembly histories of low-mass ETGs.

A Reverse Path Planning Approach for Enhanced Performance of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Industrial Manipulators

In the domain of autonomous industrial manipulators,precise positioning and appropriate posture selection in path planning are pivotal for tasks involving obstacle avoidance,such as handling,heat sealing,and stacking.While Multi-Degree-of-Freedom(MDOF)manipulators offer kinematic redundancy,aiding in the derivation of optimal inverse kinematic solutions to meet position and posture requisites,their path planning entails intricate multiobjective optimization,encompassing path,posture,and joint motion optimization.Achieving satisfactory results in practical scenarios remains challenging.In response,this study introduces a novel Reverse Path Planning(RPP)methodology tailored for industrial manipulators.The approach commences by conceptualizing the manipulator’s end-effector as an agent within a reinforcement learning(RL)framework,wherein the state space,action set,and reward function are precisely defined to expedite the search for an initial collision-free path.To enhance convergence speed,the Q-learning algorithm in RL is augmented with Dyna-Q.Additionally,we formulate the cylindrical bounding box of the manipulator based on its Denavit-Hartenberg(DH)parameters and propose a swift collision detection technique.Furthermore,the motion performance of the end-effector is refined through a bidirectional search,and joint weighting coefficients are introduced to mitigate motion in high-power joints.The efficacy of the proposed RPP methodology is rigorously examined through extensive simulations conducted on a six-degree-of-freedom(6-DOF)manipulator encountering two distinct obstacle configurations and target positions.Experimental results substantiate that the RPP method adeptly orchestrates the computation of the shortest collision-free path while adhering to specific posture constraints at the target point.Moreover,itminimizes both posture angle deviations and joint motion,showcasing its prowess in enhancing the operational performance of MDOF industrial manipulators.

Investigation of helicity-dependent photocurrent of surface states in(Bi_(0.7)Sb_(0.3))_(2)Te_(3)nanoplate

Helicity-dependent photocurrent(HDPC)of the surface states in a high-quality topological insulator(Bi_(0.7)Sb_(0.3))_(2)Te_(3)nanoplate grown by chemical vapor deposition(CVD)is investigated.By investigating the angle-dependent HDPC,it is found that the HDPC is mainly contributed by the circular photogalvanic effect(CPGE)current when the incident plane is perpendicular to the connection of the two contacts,whereas the circular photon drag effect(CPDE)dominates the HDPC when the incident plane is parallel to the connection of the two contacts.In addition,the CPGE of the(Bi_(0.7)Sb_(0.3))_(2)Te_(3)nanoplate is regulated by temperature,light power,excitation wavelength,the source–drain and ionic liquid top-gate voltages,and the regulation mechanisms are discussed.It is demonstrated that(Bi_(0.7)Sb_(0.3))_(2)Te_(3)nanoplates may provide a good platform for novel opto-spintronics devices.

Investigation of reflection anisotropy induced by micropipe defects on the surface of a 4H-SiC single crystal using scanning anisotropy microscopy

Optical reflection anisotropy microscopy mappings of micropipe defects on the surface of a 4H-SiC single crystal are studied by the scanning anisotropy microscopy(SAM)system.The reflection anisotropy(RA)image with a'butterfly pattern'is obtained around the micropipes by SAM.The RA image of the edge dislocations is theoretically simulated based on dislocation theory and the photoelastic principle.By comparing with the Raman spectrum,it is verified that the micropipes consist of edge dislocations.The different patterns of the RA images are due to the different orientations of the Burgers vectors.Besides,the strain distribution of the micropipes is also deduced.One can identify the dislocation type,the direction of the Burgers vector and the optical anisotropy from the RA image by using SAM.Therefore,SAM is an ideal tool to measure the optical anisotropy induced by the strain field around a defect.

Superradiance of ultracold cesium Rydberg |65D_(5/2)> → |66P_(3/2)>

We investigate Rydberg |65D_(5/2)> → |66P_(3/2)> superradiance in dense ultracold cesium atoms,where the ground atoms are excited to |65D_(5/2)> Rydberg states via two-photon excitation in a standard magneto-optical trap.The superradiant spectrum of |65D_(5/2)> → |66P_(3/2)> is obtained using the state-selective field ionization technique.We observe its dynamic evolution process by varying the delay time of ionization field td.The results show that the evolution process of |65D_(5/2)> →|66P_(3/2)> is much shorter than its radiation lifetime at room temperature,which verifies the superradiance effect.The dependence of the superradiance process on Rydberg atoms number N_(e) and principal quantum number n is investigated.The results show that the superradiance becomes faster with increasing N_(e),while it is suppressed for stronger van der Waals(vdW) interactions.Superradiance has potential applications in quantum technologies,and the Rydberg atom is an ideal medium for superradiance.Our system is effective for studying the strong two-body interaction between Rydberg atoms.

Lie Symmetries, Perturbation to Symmetries and Adiabatic Invariants of a Generalized Birkhoff System

我们学习不安到对称和一个概括 Birkhoff 系统的断热的 invariants。在无穷小的转变，谎言对称，保存的法律，到对称的不安和概括 Birkhoff 系统的断热的 invariants 下面基于微分方程的不变性被介绍。首先，谎言对称并且更高的概念命令概括 Birkhoff 系统的断热的 invariants 被建议。然后，为准确 invariants 和断热的 invariants 的存在的条件被证明，并且他们的表格被给。最后，一个例子被举说明方法和结果。[从作者抽象]

Mei Symmetry and Conserved Ouantity of Tzénoff Equations for Nonholonomic Systems of Non-Chetaev's Type

为 non-Chetaev 在组的无穷小的转变下面的类型的 nonholonomic 系统的 Tz é noff 方程的 Mei 对称被学习。它的定义和 Mei 对称的判别式方程被给。Mei 对称推出的谎言对称的足够、必要的状况也被给。Hojman 保存了 Tz é noff 方程的数量因为通过处于特殊 Mei 对称的条件的谎言对称的系统被获得。

Probabilistic Teleportation of an Unknown Two-Particle State with a Four-Particle Pure Entangled State and Positive Operator Valued Measure

我们建议为有一个四粒子的纯纠缠的状态和积极操作员的一个 unknowntwo 粒子状态的概率的远距传物的一个计划珍视措施(POVM ) 。在这个计划，一个未知二粒子的状态的远距传物能被执行二贝尔状态大小，合适的 POVM 和单一的转变与某些概率认识到。

Mei Symmetry and New Conserved Quantity of Tzenoff Equations for Holonomic Systems

为 holonomic 系统从 Tzenoff 方程的 Mei 对称推出的一个新保存数量标志。这新保存数量的表示被给，并且导致这新保存数量的 determinigequation 被介绍。这个新方法更容易更发现的结果展览比以前报导的保存了数量。最后，这新结果的申请被一个实际例子介绍。

Conformal invariance and Hojman conserved quantities of first order Lagrange systems

In this paper the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of first order Lagrange systems is discussed in detail. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry simultaneously by the action of infinitesimal transformations are given. Then it gets the Hojman conserved quantities of conformal invariance by the infinitesimal transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.