Exploring the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide and semen quality parameters:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:To investigate the relationship between ambient sulfur dioxide(SO2)exposure and semen quality parameters.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies investigating the association between SO2 exposure and semen quality parameters.This search encompassed the timeframe from January 2000 to May 2023 and included electronic databases such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,Cochrane,and Scopus.Pooled effect estimates with 95%confidence intervals(CI)were calculated using percent changes(PC).The meta-analysis included seven studies with 6711 participants and 15087 semen samples.Results:The results revealed a significant negative association between ambient SO2 exposure and certain semen quality parameters.In particular,SO2 exposure was associated with a significant decrease in progressive motility(PC=0.032;95%CI:-0.063 to-0.001;P=0.044)and sperm concentration(PC=-0.020;95%CI:-0.036 to-0.005;P=0.012).However,no statistically significant associations were observed for total sperm count(PC=-0.038;95%CI:-0.079 to 0.003;P=0.070),seminal fluid volume(PC=-0.009;95%CI:-0.048 to-0.030;P=0.662)and sperm motility(PC=-0.17;95%CI:-0.363 to 0.022;P=0.830).In addition,the results of the subgroup analysis revealed specific variables that were associated with the decrease in relevant sperm parameters.Conclusions:This systematic review and meta-analysis provides compelling evidence supporting a consistent negative association between exposure to ambient SO2 and semen quality parameters.

Exercise preconditioning exhibits neuroprotective effects on hippocampal CA1 neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia

Recent evidence has suggested the neuroprotective effects of physical exercise on cerebral ischemic injury. However, the role of physical exercise in cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal damage remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pre-ischemia treadmill training on hippocampal CA1 neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia. Male adult rats were randomly divided into control, ischemia and exercise + ischemia groups. In the exercise + ischemia group, rats were subjected to running on a treadmill in a designated time schedule(5 days per week for 4 weeks). Then rats underwent cerebral ischemia induction th rough occlusion of common carotids followed by reperfusion. At 4 days after cerebral ischemia, rat learning and memory abilities were evaluated using passive avoidance memory test and rat hippocampal neuronal damage was detected using Nissl and TUNEL staining. Pre-ischemic exercise significantly reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells and necrotic cell death in the hippocampal CA1 region as compared to the ischemia group. Moreover, pre-ischemic exercise significantly prevented ischemia-induced memory dysfunction. Pre-ischemic exercise mighct prevent memory deficits after cerebral ischemia through rescuing hippocampal CA1 neurons from ischemia-induced degeneration.

Nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamines exposure and the risk of type 1 diabetes: A review of current data

The potential toxic effects of nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamine on pancreatic β cell have remained a controversial issue over the past two decades. In this study, we reviewed epidemiological studies investigated the associations between nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamines exposure, from both diet and drinking water to ascertain whether these compounds may contribute to development of type 1 diabetes. To identify relevant studies, a systematic search strategy of Pub Med, Scopus, and Science Direct was conducted using queries including the key words "nitrate", "nitrite", "nitrosamine" with "type 1 diabetes" or "insulin dependent diabetes mellitus". All searches were limited to studies published in English. Ecologic surveys, case-control and cohort studies have indicated conflicting results in relation to nitrate-nitrite exposure from drinking water and the risk of type 1 diabetes. A null, sometimes even negative association has been mainly reported in regions with a mean nitrate levels < 25 mg/L in drinking water, while increased risk of type 1 diabetes was observed in those with a maximum nitrate levels > 40-80 mg/L. Limited data are available regarding the potential diabetogenic effect of nitrite from drinking water, although there is evidence indicating dietary nitrite could be a risk factor for development of type 1 diabetes, an effect however that seems to be significant in a higher range of acceptable limit for nitrate/nitrite. Current data regarding dietary exposure of nitrosamine and development of type 1 diabetes is also inconsistent. Considering to an increasing trend of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) along with an elevated nitrate-nitrite exposure, additional research is critical to clarify potential harmful effects of nitrate-nitritenitrosamine exposure on β-cell autoimmunity and the risk of T1DM.

Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Olea europaea on apoptosis-related genes and oxidative stress in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage

Objective: To evaluate the impact of Olea (O.) europaea extract on markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian tissues in a rat model of torsion/detorsion-induced ovarian damage. Methods: A total of 28 Wistar female rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups, with 7 rats in each group. The sham group received a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision in the midline part of the abdomen which was then sutured with 5-0 nylon thread;the torsion/detorsion group underwent torsion induction for 3 h followed by reperfusion for 10 days;the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea 30 min before detorsion, followed by reperfusion for 10 days;and the O. europaea group only received 300 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of O. europaea for 10 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were taken;the levels of estrogen, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were assayed. The histological changes, as well as the rate of apoptosis in ovarian tissues, were also carried out by histomorphometric analysis at day 10 post-procedure. Results: Histological comparisons demonstrated a significant detrimental change in the torsion/detorsion group as compared with other groups. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles and corpus luteum was significantly decreased in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group, while treatment with O. europaea could enhance their numbers (P<0.05). The index of apoptosis and the number of atretic body in the ovarian tissue were significantly higher in the torsion/detorsion group compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The concentrations of glutathione peroxidase, estrogen, and superoxide dismutase as well as the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 were considerably diminished in the torsion/detorsion group while they were elevated in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05) compared with the torsion/detorsion group. The serum malondialdehyde level and the mRNA expression of Bax were markedly increased during ischemia, while treatment with O. europaea significantly diminished the increased concentrations of malondialdehyde and Bax level in the torsion/detorsion+O. europaea group (P<0.05). Conclusions: O. europaea extract can reduce the degree of tissue damage induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ovary following ovarian ischemia/reperfusion.

Genotype and task influence stinging response thresholds of honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>L.) workers of African and European descent

The stinging response thresholds of individual European and Africanized worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were analyzed. Workers of each genotype performing defense (guard and soldier bees) and non-defense (nest and forager bees) associated tasks were collected and exposed to an electric stimulus of 0.5 mA, and the time they took to sting a leather substrate was recorded. Africanized bees had significant lower thresholds of response than European bees. Guards and soldiers were faster to sting than nest and forager bees for the Africanized genotype, whereas for the European genotype, guards stung significantly faster than bees of the other three task groups. This is the first study that shows that individual bees specialized in two defensive tasks also have a lower response threshold for stinging. Our results fit a model of division of labor based on differences in response thresholds to stimuli among workers of different genotypes and task groups.

Pregnancy complications and outcomes in women with epilepsy

Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological disorder. This is prospective study to investigate whether women with epilepsy have an increased risk of fetal and maternal complications during pregnancy. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 50 pregnant women who were presented for delivery at Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran during 2003 to 2009 were assessed. The groups were compared using the Student’s t-test, and one-way-ANOVA for continuous variables and the chisquare test (or Fisher’s exact test if required) for categorical variables. P values of 0.05 or less were considered statistically significant. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 13 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows.In 32 (64%) of cases no fetal complication was found, in 5 cases (10.0%) intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), in 2 cases (4.0%) post-term labor, in 2 cases (4.0%) fetal distress and in 9 cases (18.0%) preterm labor were found. In 15 patients (30.0%) no maternal complication was found;in 2 cases (4.0%) pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), in 12 cases (24.0%) preterm labor , in 4 cases (8.0%) bleeding, in 14 cases (28.0%) premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) and in 3 cases (6.0%) other complications were detected. Given these findings and previous studies, it seems that epileptic women required more care during pregnancy and the rate of maternal, fetal and obstetrical complications are relatively high among them.

Clearance of Amyloid Beta Plaques from Brain of Alzheimeric Rats by Lavandula angustifolia

An important marker in neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is abnormal production of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide leading to formation of plaques in the brain. Through decreasing Aβ aggregates, anti-inflammatory agents, phagocytosis, and proteolytic enzymes are known to decline risk of Aβ plaque formation. In the previous study we showed that aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), with known anti-inflammatory effects, improves memory deficits in animal model of Alzheimer. Here, we assess if lavender play a role in clearance of Aβ plaques in the hippocampus. The Alzheimeric animals were created with intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ 1-42. To confirm formation of Aβ plaques, brain sections were stained by Congo red method. Twenty days post-injection they were administered with different doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) of the aqueous extract of lavender for duration of 20 days. Our results demonstrated that 50 mg/kg of lavender not effectively influenced the Aβ plaques. On the other hand, the herbal medicine at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg markedly decreased the extent of Aβ aggregates. We concluded that the lavender extract dose dependently underlies elimination of Aβ plaques. The exact mechanism by which the herbal medicine removes the Aβ aggregates needs to be elucidated.

Manganese toxicity in the central nervous system: Decreeing of catecholamine in rat’s brains

Manganese is an essential metal in human that functions in many enzymes. In contrast excessive exposure to Mn results in neurotoxicity. Accumulation of manganese damages central nervous system and causes Parkinson disease like syndrome called manganism. Mn neurotoxicity has been suggested to involve an imbalance in catecholamine neurotransmitters. It hypothesized that Mn can obstruct catecholamine synthesis pathway by inhibition of Tyrosine hydroxylase. Previous studies demonstrated that chronic and acute dose of Mn has different possible effects on catecholamine synthesis. It’s assumed that an acute dose of manganese can kill dopaminergic cells. Therefore, we focused the effect of Mn in catecholamine concentration on the rat’s brain by MnCl2 injection intraperitoneally and analyzed their brains after the time interval. This study used different acute doses in short time courses and different chronic doses at different exposing times to investigate which of them (exposing dose or time) is more important in Mn toxic effect. Measurement of catecholamine concentration performed by fluorescence assay in acidic and oxidant environment.

Disease modifying treatment of spinal cord injury with directly reprogrammed neural precursor cells in non-human primates

BACKGROUND The development of regenerative therapy for human spinal cord injury(SCI)is dramatically restricted by two main challenges:the need for a safe source of functionally active and reproducible neural stem cells and the need of adequate animal models for preclinical testing.Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neuronal and glial precursors might be a promising solution to the first challenge.The use of non-human primates for preclinical studies exploring new treatment paradigms in SCI results in data with more translational relevance to human SCI.AIM To investigate the safety and efficacy of intraspinal transplantation of directly reprogrammed neural precursor cells(drNPCs).METHODS Seven non-human primates with verified complete thoracic SCI were divided into two groups:drNPC group(n=4)was subjected to intraspinal transplantation of 5 million drNPCs rostral and caudal to the lesion site 2 wk post injury,and lesion control(n=3)was injected identically with the equivalent volume of vehicle.RESULTS Follow-up for 12 wk revealed that animals in the drNPC group demonstrated a significant recovery of the paralyzed hindlimb as well as recovery of somatosensory evoked potential and motor evoked potential of injured pathways.Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging data confirmed the intraspinal transplantation of drNPCs did not adversely affect the morphology of the central nervous system or cerebrospinal fluid circulation.Subsequent immunohistochemical analysis showed that drNPCs maintained SOX2 expression characteristic of multipotency in the transplanted spinal cord for at least 12 wk,migrating to areas of axon growth cones.CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that drNPC transplantation was safe and contributed to improvement of spinal cord function after acute SCI,based on neurological status assessment and neurophysiological recovery within 12 wk after transplantation.The functional improvement described was not associated with neuronal differentiation of the allogeneic drNPCs.Instead,directed drNPCs migration to the areas of active growth cone formation may provide exosome and paracrine trophic support,thereby further supporting the regeneration processes.

Gene targeting and Calcium handling efficiencies in mouse embryonic stem cell lines

AIM:To compare gene targeting efficiencies,expression profiles,and Ca2+ handling potentials in two widely used mouse embryonic stem cell lines.METHODS:The two widely used mouse embryonic stem cell lines,R1 and HM-1,were cultured and maintained on Mitomycin C treated mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cell layers,following standard culture procedures.Cells were incubated with primary and secondary antibodies before fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis to compare known pluripotency markers.Moreover,cells were harvested by trypsinization and transfected with a kinase-inactive murine Tyk2 targeting construct,following the BioRad and Amaxa transfection procedures.Subsequently,the cells were cultured and neomycin-resistant cells were picked after 13 d of selection.Surviving clones were screened twice by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and finally confirmed by Southern blot analysis before comparison.Global gene expression profiles of more than 20 400 probes were also compared and significantly regulated genes were conf irmed by real time PCR analysis.Calcium handling potentials of these cell lines were also compared using various agonists.RESULTS:We found signif icant differences in transfection eff iciencies of the two cell lines(91% ± 6.1% vs 75% ± 4.2%,P = 0.01).Differences in the targeting efficiencies were also significant whether the Amaxa or BioRad platforms were used for comparison.We did not observe signif icant differences in the levels of many known pluripotency markers.However,our genomewide expression analysis using more than 20 400 spotted cDNA arrays identified 55 differentially regulated transcripts(P < 0.05) implicated in various important biological processes,including binding molecular functions(particularly Ca2+ binding roles).Subsequently,we measured Ca2+ signals in these cell lines in response to various calcium agonists,both in high and low Ca2+ solutions,and found signif icant differences(P < 0.05) in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis between the investigated cell lines.Then we further compared the detection and expression of various membrane and in-tracellular Ca2+ receptors and similarly found signif icant(P < 0.05) variations in a number of calcium receptors between these cell lines.CONCLUSION:Results of this study emphasize the importance of considering intrinsic cellular variations,during selection of cell lines for experiments and interpretations of experimental results.

Cost-effectiveness of remdesivir for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19:a systematic review

Background Remdesivir is being studied and used to treat coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This study aimed to systematically identify,critically evaluate,and summarize the findings of the studies on the cost-effectiveness of remdesivir in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Methods In this systematic review,PubMed,EMBASE,Web of Science,SCOPUS,and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between 2019 and 2022.We included all full economic evaluations of remdesivir for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Data were summarized in a structured and narrative manner.Results Out of 616 articles obtained in this literature search,12 studies were included in the final analysis.The mean score of the Quality of Health Economic Studies(QHES)for the studies was 87.66(high quality).All studies were conducted in high-income countries(eight studies in the USA and one study in England),except for three studies from middle-to-high-income countries(China,South Africa,and Turkey).Six studies conducted their economic analysis in terms of a health system perspective;five studies conducted their economic analysis from a payer perspective;three studies from the perspective of a health care provider.The results of five studies showed that remdesivir was cost-effective compared to standard treatment.Furthermore,the therapeutic strategy of combining remdesivir with baricitinib was cost-effective compared to remdesivir alone.Conclusions Based on the results of the present study,remdesivir appears to be cost-effective in comparison with the standard of care in China,Turkey,and South Africa.Studies conducted in the United States show conflicting results,and combining remdesivir with baricitinib is cost-effective compared with remdesivir alone.However,the cost-effectiveness of remdesivir in low-income countries remains unknown.Thus,more studies in different countries are required to determine the cost-effectiveness of this drug.

Integrative multi-platform meta-analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma gene expression profiles for identifying prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),as one of the most com-mon types of primary liver cancer(PLV),accounts for approximately 75%e90%of all PLV cases identified worldwide.^(1)Currently,the most effective treatment for HCC patients constitutes liver transplantation.However,due to high rates of recurrence a poor prognosis is predicted.^(2)Therefore,accurate HCC biomarkers are ur-gently needed to develop innovative therapeutics.Most of earlier investigations to identify biomarkers have been severely limited by sample size.

Electrophysiological effects of Chinese medicine Shen song Yang xin （SSYX） on Chinese miniature swine heart and isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes

背景沈歌杨 xin (SSYX ) 是有增加心率(HR ) 的效果的中国药的混合物。这研究试图在心和细胞的层次评估它的 electrophysiological 性质。中国缩小的猪随机被分到二个组的方法，与 SSYX 或安慰剂管理了 4 个星期(n=8 每组) 。心脏的 electrophysiological 学习(EPS ) 在药管理前后被执行。畿尼猪室的 myocytes 酶地被孤立，整个房间电压夹钳技术被用来在心脏的行动潜力(AP ) 上评估 SSYX 的效果。结果 SSYX 处理加速了 HR 从(141.

The effects of paeoniflorin monomer of a Chinese herb on cardiac ion channels

背景因为当前的 antiarrhythmic 药的潜在的 proarrhythmic 效果，发现更安全的 antiarrhythmic 药世界范围仍然是合乎需要的。Paeoniflorin 是在许多离子隧道上有不同效果的中国植物单体之一。现在的学习试图在心脏的离子 channels.Methods 上决定 paeoniflorin 的效果整个房间的补丁夹钳技术被用来记录离子隧道水流。L类型钙电流( /Ca-L )，里面的整流器钾水流( /K1 )，和短暂的外面的钾电流( /to1 )在老鼠被学习室的 myocytes 和钠电流( /Na )，慢推迟的整流器电流( /Ks )，并且 HERG 电流( /Kr )在 transfected 被调查人的胚胎的肾 293 cells.Results 100 mol/L paeoniflorin 在测试潜力在 40.29 减少了山峰 /ca-L ???螜?螜?

Beta2-adrenoceptor gene variant Arg16Gly is associated with idiopathic ventricular outflow-tract tachycardia

同情的神经系统的背景不平衡涉及自发的室的流出道心悸亢进(IVOT ) 的致病。我们试图调查在第 1-a 2-adrenoceptors 和 GNB3 C825T 的主要基因变体是否与 IVOT 和 verapamil 被联系有从 2005 年 12 月的 IVOT 和到 2007 年 12 月的 ILVT 的敏感自发的左室的心悸亢进(ILVT ).Methods 病人连续地被注册进这研究。控制随机从基于社区的居民被选择。五基因变体， Ser49Gly 并且在 1-adrenoceptor 的 Gly389Arg， Arg16Gly 并且在 2-adrenoceptor 的 Gln27Glu 和 GNB3 C825T，是由有 IVOT 的 227 个病人全部的聚合酶链反应限制碎片长度多型性 analysis.Results A 的 genotyped，有 ILVT 的 110 个病人被包括。Genotyping 表明 16Gly 等位基因 Arg16Gly， 2-adrenoceptor 的变体与 IVOT 的更高的风险被联系(OR:1.40， 95% CI：1.12-1.75，在上瘾的模型的 P=0.003 并且或: 。1.62， 95% CI：1.14-2.31，在主导的模型的 P=0.007 ) 。有 Gly16Gln27 haplotype 的病人也有 IVOT 的更高的风险(或：1.38， 95% CI：1.11-1.73， P=0.012 ) 。另外的四变体，在 1-adrenoceptor，在 2-adrenoceptor 的 GIn27Glu 和 GNB3 C825T Ser49Gly 并且 Arg389Gly 包括，没与 IVOT 和控制在病人之间不同。在有 ILVT 的病人，没有重要差别在 2-adrenoceptor Arg16Gly 与 controls.Conclusions 相比在这五变体被发现显著地在中国汉与 IVOT 被联系人口。在 1-adrenoceptor 和 2-adrenoceptor 和 GNB3 C825T 的主要基因变体不能与 ILVT 被联系。这些数据在 IVOT 和 ILVT 建议不同 arrhythmogenic 机制。

Impact of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Humulus Lupulus L. on Sperm Quality, Reproductive Organs and Hormones in Male Rats

Objective: To investigate the impact of Humulus Lupulus L. hydroalcoholic extract on the body weights, reproductive organs, sperm quality and hormone levels in male rats. Methods: By simple random sampling method, seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups including control group [distilled water, 1 mL/(kg·d)], Tween 80 group [25% Tween 80 solution, 1 mL/(kg·d)], olive oil group [olive oil, 1 mL/(kg·d)], diethyl stilbestrol(DES) group [DES, 100 μg/(kg·body weight)], H50, H150 and H450 [50, 150 and 400 mg/(kg·d) of Humulus Lupulus L extract, respectively]. The administration was performed via gavage once daily for 7 weeks. Body and reproductive organs weights including testes, seminal vesicles, epididymis and prostate were weighted and epididymal sperm quality were determined by digital balance. Blood samples were collected and serum free testosterone(T), luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), and estrogen(E2) levels were measured by rat specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The percentage increase in mean body weights of rats in the DES and H50, H150 and H450 groups decreased significantly compared to olive oil and Tween 80 groups(all P<0.05). The weights of seminal vesicle, epididymis and testes in rats receiving H50 were significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The sperm count in the rats receiving H50 was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). The sperm motile characteristics of the rats receiving hydroalcoholic extract and DES were significantly lower than those of the control or rats receiving vehicles(all P<0.05). In H50, H150, H450 and DES groups, T and LH levels were decreased, and E2 was significantly increased compared to the control(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The FSH level did not change in all groups(P>0.05). Conclusion: Humulus Lupulus L. extract significantly increased the seminal vesicle and testes weights and reduced the sperm motility.

Protective Roles of Shilajit in Modulating Resistin,Adiponectin,and Cytokines in Rats with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Shilajit,a medicine of Ayurveda,on the serum changes in cytokines and adipokines caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods:After establishing fatty liver models by feeding a high-fat diet(HFD)for 12 weeks,35 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into5 groups,including control(standard diet),Veh(HFD+vehicle),high-dose Shilajit[H-Sh,HFD+250 mg/(kg·d)Shilajit],low-dose Shilajit[L-Sh,HFD+150 mg/(kg·d)Shilajit],and pioglitazone[HFD+10 mg/(kg·d)pioglitazone]groups,7 rats in each group.After 2-week of gavage administration,serum levels of glucose,insulin,interleukin1 beta(IL-1β),IL-6,IL-10,tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),adiponectin,and resistin were measured,and insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR)was calculated.Results:After NAFLD induction,the serum level of IL-10 significantly increased and serum IL-1β,TNF-αlevels significantly decreased by injection of both doses of Shilajit and pioglitazone(P<0.05).Increases in serum glucose level and homeostasis model of HOMA-IR were reduced by L-Sh and H-Sh treatment in NAFLD rats(P<0.05).Both doses of Shilajit increased adiponectin and decreased serum resistin levels(P<0.05).Conclusion:The probable protective role of Shilajit in NAFLD model rats may be via modulating the serum levels of IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-10,adipokine and resistin,and reducing of HOMA-IR.

The Effects of a Novel Multicomponent Transition Metal Dichalcogenide on Nervous System Regeneration

In regenerative medicine,a scaffold is needed to provide physical support for the growth of cells at the injury site.Carbon composites are also widely used in biomedicine.This research aimed to see if(MoWCu)S/rGO could be used in peripheral and central neural regeneration as a carbon-based nanomaterial.This material was created using a one-step hydrothermal process.We used Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis(SEM–EDX),X-ray diffraction,and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)to describe it.The researchers used animal models of spinal cord injury and sciatic nerve injury to assess its effect as a scaffold of anti-inflammatory and electrical conductivity.The Basso Beattie Bresnahan locomotor rating scale and von Frey Filament were used to assess neuronal function after(MoWCu)S/rGO transplantation.In addition,the expression of p75 NTR and neurotrophic factors(BDNF,NT3,and NGF)mRNA in the experimental rats nerve was compared to the normal ones using Real-Time RT-qPCR.In the experimental groups,the use of(MoWCu)S/rGO resulted in a significant increase in neurotrophic factor gene expression,while p75 NTR was inversely decreased.In conclusion,we found that the nerve regeneration activity of the(MoWCu)S/rGO scaffold in rat models significantly increased motor function recovery in the treated groups.Furthermore,the current study explained the response of this composite to inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases.(MoWCu)S incorporation in graphene is thought to have excellent properties and may be used in regenerative medicine.