Distinct gut microbiomes in Thai patients with colorectal polyps

BACKGROUND Colorectal polyps that develop via the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence[e.g.,tubular adenoma(TA)]often progress to malignancy and are closely associated with changes in the composition of the gut microbiome.There is limited research concerning the microbial functions and gut microbiomes associated with colorectal polyps that arise through the serrated polyp pathway,such as hyperplastic polyps(HP).Exploration of microbiome alterations asso-ciated with HP and TA would improve the understanding of mechanisms by which specific microbes and their metabolic pathways contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis.AIM To investigate gut microbiome signatures,microbial associations,and microbial functions in HP and TA patients.METHODS Full-length 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize the gut microbiome in stool samples from control participants without polyps[control group(CT),n=40],patients with HP(n=52),and patients with TA(n=60).Significant differences in gut microbiome composition and functional mechanisms were identified between the CT group and patients with HP or TA.Analytical techniques in this study included differential abundance analysis,co-occurrence network analysis,and differential pathway analysis.RESULTS Colorectal cancer(CRC)-associated bacteria,including Streptococcus gallolyticus(S.gallolyticus),Bacteroides fragilis,and Clostridium symbiosum,were identified as characteristic microbial species in TA patients.Mediterraneibacter gnavus,associated with dysbiosis and gastrointestinal diseases,was significantly differentially abundant in the HP and TA groups.Functional pathway analysis revealed that HP patients exhibited enrichment in the sulfur oxidation pathway exclusively,whereas TA patients showed dominance in pathways related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis(e.g.,mevalonate);S.gallolyticus was a major contributor.Co-occurrence network and dynamic network analyses revealed co-occurrence of dysbiosis-associated bacteria in HP patients,whereas TA patients exhibited co-occurrence of CRC-associated bacteria.Furthermore,the co-occurrence of SCFA-producing bacteria was lower in TA patients than HP patients.CONCLUSION This study revealed distinct gut microbiome signatures associated with pathways of colorectal polyp development,providing insights concerning the roles of microbial species,functional pathways,and microbial interactions in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Combination eect of pH and acetate on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

The productivity and efficiency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids （VFAs）, the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetate influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The effects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans were studied at various pH 5-8, and acetate concentrations （0-60 mmol/L）. A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis was constructed from experimental data and performed. The base hypothesis was as follows： the rates of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis rely on pH and acetate concentration. The results showed that the suitable pH range for cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis （represents efficiency of cellulase） was 2.6-7.5, and 5.3-8.3, respectively. Moreover, acetate in the culture medium had an effect on cellulase production （KI = 49.50 mmol/L, n = 1.7） less than cellulose hydrolysis （/（＇i = 37.85 mmol/L, n = 2.0）. The results indicated that both the pH of suspension and acidogenic products influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in an anaerobic environment. To enhance the cellulose hydrolysis rate, the accumulated acetate concentration should be lower than 25 mmol/L, and pH should be maintained at 7.

Effects of Biochar Particle Size on Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation

Biochar amendment is generally recognized as an effective mitigation option of methane(CH_(4))emissions from rice cultivation.Although its mitigation mechanisms are not well understood,the potential relevance of surface area and porosity of biochar has been discussed.This study aimed to evaluate the application of different biochar particle sizes on CH_(4) production,oxidation,and emissions from rice cultivation in a clay loam soil,based on the assumption that porosity and surface area of biochar are directly related to its mitigation effects.Rice was grown under greenhouse conditions for two growing seasons,either with 0.5–2 mm(small,SB)or with 2–4 mm(large,LB)biochar.The results show that both sizes of biochar increased soil pH and redox potential(Eh)during rice growth.Soil dissolved organic carbon(DOC),nitrate(NO^(−)_(3)),and sulfate(SO^(2−)_(4))also increased under both biochar amendments,but size effects were not observed.SB and LB suppressed the abundance of CH_(4) producers(methanogens)but stimulated the abundance of CH_(4) consumers(methanotrophs).The increase of soil Eh and electron acceptors(NO^(−)_(3)and SO^(2−)_(4))indicated the increase in soil oxidation capacity is a barrier to CH_(4) production by methanogens in both biochar treatments.Laboratory incubation experiments showed that CH_(4) production activity was significantly(p≤0.05)reduced by 18.5%using SB and by 11.3%using LB compared to the control.In contrast,the stimulation of methanotrophs promoted greater CH_(4) oxidation activity by 15.0%in SB and 18.7%in LB compared to the control.It shows that CH_(4) production was reduced more by larger surface area biochar(SB),while a greater increase in CH_(4) oxidation was found using larger pore volume biochar(LB).The effects on CH_(4) production were more pronounced than those on CH_(4) oxidation,resulting in a greater reduction of cumulative CH_(4) emissions by SB than LB(by 26.6%and 19.9%compared to control,respectively).

Proteomic studies of plant and bacteria interactions during benzene remediation

Phytoremediation is a sustainable remedial approach for removing benzene from environment.Plant associated bacteria could ameliorate the phytotoxic effects of benzene on plant,although the specificity of these interactions is unclear.Here,we used proteomics approach to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant-bacteria interactions.Plant associated bacteria was isolated and subsequently inoculated into the sterilized Helianthus annuus,and the uptake rates of benzene by these inoculated plants were evaluated.At the end of the experiment,leaves and roots proteins were analyzed.The results showed inoculated H.annuus with strain EnL3 removed more benzene than other treatments after 96 h.EnL3 was identified as Enterobacter sp.according to 16S rDNA analysis.Based on the comparison of proteins,62 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated leaves,while 35 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated roots.Furthermore,there were 4 and 3 identified proteins presented only in inoculated H.annuus leaves and roots,respectively.These proteins involved in several functions including transcription and translation,photosynthesis,and stress response.The network among anti-oxidant defense system,protein synthesis,and photosynthetic electron transfer are involved in collaboratively activate the benzene uptake and stress tolerance in plant.

Neural-fuzzy control system application for monitoring process response and control of anaerobic hybrid reactor in wastewater treatment and biogas production

Based on the developed neural-fuzzy control system for anaerobic hybrid reactor （AHR） in wastewater treatment and biogas production, the neural network with backpropagation algorithm for prediction of the variables pH, alkalinity （Alk） and total volatile acids （TVA） at present day time t was used as input data for the fuzzy logic to calculate the influent feed flow rate that was applied to control and monitor the process response at different operations in the initial, overload influent feeding and the recovery phases. In all three phases, this neural-fuzzy control system showed great potential to control AHR in high stability and performance and quick response. Although in the overloading operation phase II with two fold calculating influent flow rate together with a two fold organic loading rate （OLR）, this control system had rapid response and was sensitive to the intended overload. When the influent feeding rate was followed by the calculation of control system in the initial operation phase I and the recovery operation phase III, it was found that the neural-fuzzy control system application was capable of controlling the AHR in a good manner with the pH close to 7, TVA/Alk 〈 0.4 and COD removal 〉 80% with biogas and methane yields at 0.45 and 0.30 m^3/kg COD removed.

Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants:a review

Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production.These plants mostly grow in wastelands.Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon,having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain.Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil.They are direct use through blending,microemulsion,thermal cracking(pyrolysis)and transesterification.Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel.The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels.Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants(Angiosperms)belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper.The habit,habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented.The physico-chemical properties of their oil,with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them,are reviewed.

Electrochemical Detection of Salicylic Acid in Pickled Fruit/Vegetable and Juice

Salicylic acid(SA)is used as a preservative in food and a biocide in some consumer products.However,in some countries its use is prohibited.The main problem in the electroanalytical determination of SA is the formation of a passive film during the electro-oxidation of SA.To alleviate the passivation during SA measurement,the experiment was conducted by screen-printed carbon electrode(SPCE).While,differential pulse voltammetry(DPV)was essential for oxidation process to provide better sensitivity.Under conditions of optimized pH and electrolyte concentration,we have calibrated SA in the range of 0.001-0.2 mM,with and LOD of 1.6μM.The relative standard deviation of the sensor responses to 40μM and 100μM SA(n=20)was<3%.SA recoveries in samples such as pickled green mustard,pickled bamboo shoots,pickled mango,pickled lime,pickle ginger and apple juice were found to be in the range of 84-113%.

Flexible sodium-ion batteries using electrodes from Samanea saman tree leaf-derived carbon quantum dots decorated with SnO_(2) and NaVO_(3)

Carbonaceous materials with large interlayer spacing and disordered structure are considered suitable as electrodes in sodium-ion batteries so as to overcome the problem encountered in conventional electrodes.In this study,carbon quantum dots(CQDs)decorated with SnO_(2)and NaVO_(3)are used as electrodes in the fabrication of flexible Na-ion batteries.CQDs are prepared from dead leaves of the Samanea saman tree through alkaline-peroxide treatment and hydrothermal carbonization.As-prepared CQDs exhibit a quantum yield of 21.03%at an excitation wavelength of 360 nm.Various separators such as indium-doped tin oxide/polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether(ITO/PTE),rice paper(RP),silicone with three big holes(SIL BH),silicone with many small holes(SIL SH)and cellulose paper(CP)have been tried in flexible Na-ion batteries.SIL SH achieved higher specific capacitance(881 F g-1)than other separators due to the function of many small holes on the surface of the silicone.The SIL SH separator delivered higher discharge capacities of 141 and 114 mC g-1 at 1.5 and 2.5 V than SIL BH.The RP separator delivered specific discharge capacities of 1087 and 347 mC g-1 in the 1st and 50th cycles,respectively,at 1 V.The RP separator delivered a high initial specific discharge capacity of 698 mC g-1 at 2 V and maintained a good discharge capacity of 222 mC g-1 in the 50th cycle.As compared to RP,SIL SH delivered high specific discharge capacity of 4246 in 1st cycle at 2 V but maintained a capacity of 71 mC g-1 in the 50th cycle.This study reveals the scope of developing flexible Na-ion batteries with high capacity and cyclability using carbonaceous materials derived from the leaves of the S.saman tree.

Lignin and holocellulose from coir pith involved in trimethylamine(fishy odor) adsorption

Coir pith is a highly potential adsorbent for adsorbing trimethylamine(TMA). It harbors a higher adsorption capacity for TMA compared to commercial activated carbon(CAC). It was found that lignin and holocellulose extracted from coir pith played an important role in TMA adsorption. Lignin itself had the highest TMA adsorption capacity(269.01 mg/g)followed by holocellulose(75.43 mg/g), coir pith(14.3 mg/g) and CAC(10.26 mg/g),respectively. The pseudo-first-and second orders were applied to the kinetic data. For the adsorption of TMA by coir pith, the best fit was achieved by the pseudo-second order.Thermodynamic studies showed an endothermic and physico-chemical adsorption process between TMA and the coir pith. TMA desorption study suggested that only 14%–47% of TMA was desorbed with distilled water. In addition, Fourier transform-infrared(FT-IR) spectra showed that C–H bond(methyl group), C–O bond from phenolic alcohol and C–O bond from tertiary alcohol in lignin and holocellulose were involved in TMA adsorption. Coir pithbased filter showed high TMA adsorption efficiency(98%) and kept constant for more than48 days in a continuous system. Pilot scale experiment, coir pith beads filter could be succesfully applied as a packing material for TMA removal. Therefore, coir pith can be used as a promising packing material for TMA treatment at contaminated site.

Effect of various ratios of poly(3-hexylthiophene)with polyvinyl alcohol gel-polymer electrolytes in flexible sodium-ion batteries using Samanea saman tree-leaf-derived carbon quantum dots decorated with SnO_(2)and NaVO_(3)

Gel-polymer electrolytes with high thermal stability and mechanical properties were considered suitable in rechargeable batteries so as to overcome the problems encountered in liquid electrolytes.In a previous study,flexible sodium-ion batteries(FSIBs)were fabri-cated using electrodes made of carbon quantum dots(CQDs)decorated with SnO_(2) and NaVO_(3) utilizing a polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)/P3HT gel-polymer electrolyte at a ratio of 1:0.05.In addition,various separators such as indium-doped tin oxide/polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether(ITO/PTE),rice paper(RP),silicone with three big holes(SIL BH),silicone with many small holes(SIL SH)and cellulose paper(CP)were tested in flexible Na-ion batteries.The SIL SH delivered a high specific discharge capacity of 4246 mAh g^(-1) in the initial cycle at 2 V and maintained a value of 71 mAh g^(-1) in the 50th cycle.With the aim of improving the cyclic ability of FSIBs,different weight ratios of PVA/P3HT(1:0.025,1:0.05,1:0.1,1:0.15,1:0.2)were tried in this work using the electrodes CQDs@SnO_(2) and CQDs@NaVO_(3).The above ratios were referred to as B25,B50,B100,B150 and B200,respectively.SIL SH was used as a separator.Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that B150 had a high specific capacitance of 13062 F g^(-1).B25 and B100 exhibited high discharge capacities(171 mAh g^(-1))and(151 mAh g^(-1))compared to that of other ratios B50(75 mAh g^(-1)),B150(88 mAh g^(-1))and B200(54 mAh g^(-1))in the 50th cycle at 2.0 V.This study reveals the scope of developing FSIBs of high capacity and cyclability at different voltages using carbonaceous electrodes and gel-polymer electrolytes with different ratios of PVA/P3HT.The focus of the present study is to bring out the optimum ratio of PVA/P3HT for maximizing the cyclic ability of FSIBs.

Biodiesel production by the electrocatalytic process: a review

Biodiesel-an impressive alternative fuel with favourable physico-chemical properties having environmental benefits-is prepared from vegetable oil.However,the cost is one of the main hurdles in commercializing it.Its production by conventional transesterification processes needs high ambient temperature and a specialized catalyst.Due to the multifaceted adversities of many of the catalysts,there is active consideration for an electrocatalytic process that does not require elevated temperature.In addition,an electrocatalytic process is carried out in the presence or absence of a catalyst or co-solvent.In this review,various parameters such as electrolysis voltage,stirring rate,electrode type,water content,co-solvent type,reaction temperature,reaction duration,oil-to-methanol molar ratio and concentration of NaCl affecting the electrocatalytic transesterification process are presented.