Plant hormones are important molecules which at low concentration can regulate various physiological processes.Mass spectrometry has become a powerful technique for the quantification of multiple classes of plant horm...Plant hormones are important molecules which at low concentration can regulate various physiological processes.Mass spectrometry has become a powerful technique for the quantification of multiple classes of plant hormones because of its high sensitivity and selectivity.We developed a new ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–full-scan high-definition accurate mass spectrometry method,for simultaneous determination of abscisic acid and four metabolites phaseic acid,dihydrophaseic acid,7′-hydroxy-abscisic acid and abscisic acid glucose ester,cytokinins zeatin,zeatin riboside,gibberellins(GA1,GA3,GA4 and GA7)and indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid.We measured the amount of plant hormones in the flesh and skin of two processing potato cvs.Sylvana and Russet Burbank stored for up to 30 weeks at 6°C under ambient air conditions.Herein,we report for the first time that abscisic acid glucose ester seems to accumulate in the skin of potato tubers throughout storage time.The method achieved a lowest limit of detection of 0.22 ng g−1 of dry weight and a limit of quantification of 0.74 ng g−1 dry weight(zeatin riboside),and was able to recover,detect and quantify a total of 12 plant hormones spiked on flesh and skin of potato tubers.In addition,the mass accuracy for all compounds(<5 ppm)was evaluated.展开更多
1-Methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)is an inhibitor of ethylene perception that is widely used to maintain the quality of several climacteric fruits during storage.A large body of literature now exists on the effects of 1-MCP ...1-Methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)is an inhibitor of ethylene perception that is widely used to maintain the quality of several climacteric fruits during storage.A large body of literature now exists on the effects of 1-MCP on climacteric fruit ripening for different species and environmental conditions,presenting an opportunity to use meta-analysis to systematically dissect these effects.We classified 44 ripening indicators of climacteric fruits into five categories:physiology and biochemistry,quality,enzyme activity,color,and volatiles.Meta-analysis showed that 1-MCP treatment reduced 20 of the 44 indicators by a minimum of 22%and increased 6 indicators by at least 20%.These effects were associated with positive effects on delaying ripening and maintaining quality.Of the seven moderating variables,species,1-MCP concentration,storage temperature and time had substantial impacts on the responses of fruit to 1-MCP treatment.Fruits from different species varied in their responses to 1-MCP,with the most pronounced responses observed in rosaceous fruits,especially apple,European pear fruits,and tropical fruits.The effect of gaseous 1-MCP was optimal at 1μl/l,with a treatment time of 12–24 h,when the storage temperature was 0℃for temperate fruits or 20℃for tropical fruits,and when the shelf temperature was 20℃,reflecting the majority of experimental approaches.These findings will help improve the efficacy of 1-MCP application during the storage of climacteric fruits,reduce fruit quality losses and increase commercial value.展开更多
研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和一种新开发的乙烯脱除剂——钯(Pd)(e+R)对早熟和晚熟的鳄梨(persea Americana Mill)在5℃贮藏和20℃后熟期内果实硬度、颜色、脂肪酸和糖含量的变化的影响。这种新型乙烯清除剂有效地延缓了鳄梨在5℃贮藏...研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和一种新开发的乙烯脱除剂——钯(Pd)(e+R)对早熟和晚熟的鳄梨(persea Americana Mill)在5℃贮藏和20℃后熟期内果实硬度、颜色、脂肪酸和糖含量的变化的影响。这种新型乙烯清除剂有效地延缓了鳄梨在5℃贮藏时的果实成熟过程,1-MCP在抑制果实成熟方面更加有效,但与这种新型乙烯清除剂相比它会破坏果实的后熟。晚熟果实中脂肪酸含量在两种处理间以及贮藏时间方面均保持不变,而早熟果实中脂肪酸含量随着处理和贮藏时间的不同,产生了轻度的,甚至显著的差异,果实中出现大量的甘露庚糖醇。与此相反,甘露庚酮糖在早熟果实中具有较高浓度,而在晚熟果实中几乎没有。1-MCP处理可以抑制成熟,与对照相比,1-MCP处理含有较高甘露庚酮糖含量并有效保持甘露庚糖醇的含量,此外还可在一定程度上保持果肉硬度及颜色。与对照相比新型乙烯脱除剂e+R会更好地保持甘露庚酮糖和甘露庚糖醇的含量。本研究首次比较了乙烯脱除剂与乙烯生成抑制剂在抑制鳄梨生理生化变化方面的作用,同时验证了C7糖代谢机制可能是鳄梨果实成熟过程中重要的环节这一观点。展开更多
Cacao is one of the most economically important agricultural commodities in the world,providing the principal ingredient for the global chocolate industry.Accurate genotype identification is essential for effective co...Cacao is one of the most economically important agricultural commodities in the world,providing the principal ingredient for the global chocolate industry.Accurate genotype identification is essential for effective conservation and utilization of cacao germplasm.Here,we report the screening of 956 candidate SNPs,pre-selected from the 6 and 15K Theobroma cacao SNP Arrays using targeted Genotyping-by-Sequencing on 451 cacao germplasm accessions,representing ten known genetic groups from the tropical Americas.Based on call rate(No call rate<5%),Minor Allele Frequency(MAF>0.15)and Linkage Disequilibrium(LD≤0.5),a total of 219 SNPs were selected.The efficacy of these SNP markers for population classification was compared with the previous SSR-based analysis in cacao.The population assignment results of the retained 420 cacao accessions was highly comparable with the SSR study.The matrix of genetic distance between SSR and SNP markers is highly correlated(r=0.718;P<0.001).These results demonstrated the consistency in using the present SNP markers for cacao germplasm identification.This is our pilot project for the development of SNP markers reflecting population origin for cacao germplasm identification.These SNP markers and the selected reference germplasm for different populations are suitable for use in cacao germplasm management and crop improvement,including genotype identification,seed gardens and nursery accreditation,and cocoa authentication.Effort is being continued with the emphasis on selecting SNP markers for the detection of sub-population structures in the primary gene pool of T.cacao.展开更多
In the late 19th century,it was discovered that legumes can establish a root nodule endosymbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia.Soon after,the question was raised whether it is possible to transfer this trait to non-l...In the late 19th century,it was discovered that legumes can establish a root nodule endosymbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia.Soon after,the question was raised whether it is possible to transfer this trait to non-leguminous crops.In the past century,an ever-increasing amount of knowledge provided unique insights into the cellular,molecular,and genetic processes controlling this endosymbiosis.In addition,recent phylogenomic studies uncovered several genes that evolved to function specifically to control nodule formation and bacterial infection.However,despite this massive body of knowledge,the long-standing objective to engineer the nitrogen-fixing nodulation trait on nonleguminous crop plants has not been achieved yet.In this review,the unsolved questions and engineering strategies toward nitrogen-fixing nodulation in non-legume plants are discussed and highlighted.展开更多
Legume rhizobium symbiosis is initiated upon perception of bacterial secreted lipo-chitooligosaccharides （LCOs）. Perception of these signals by the plant initiates a signaling cascade that leads to nodule formation....Legume rhizobium symbiosis is initiated upon perception of bacterial secreted lipo-chitooligosaccharides （LCOs）. Perception of these signals by the plant initiates a signaling cascade that leads to nodule formation. Several studies have implicated a function for cytokinin in this process. However, whether cytokinin accu- mulation and subsequent signaling are an integral part of rhizobium LCO signaling remains elusive. Here, we show that cytokinin signaling is required for the majority of transcriptional changes induced by rhizo- bium LCOs. In addition, we demonstrate that several cytokinins accumulate in the root susceptible zone 3 h after rhizobium LCO application, including the biologically most active cytokinins, trans-zeatin and iso- pentenyl adenine. These responses are dependent on calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase （CCaMK）, a key protein in rhizobial LCO-induced signaling. Analysis of the ethylene-insensitive Mtein21 Mtsickle mutant showed that LCO-induced cytokinin accumulation is negatively regulated by ethylene. Together with transcriptional induction of ethylene biosynthesis genes, it suggests a feedback loop negatively regulating LCO signaling and subsequent cytokinin accumulation. We argue that cytokinin accumulation is a key step in the pathway leading to nodule organogenesis and that this is tightly controlled by feedback loops.展开更多
MicroProteins are small,5-15-kDa single-domain proteins that are evolutionarily related to multi-domain proteins with sequence homology(Eguen et al.,2015).The single domain of microProteins is often a protein-protein ...MicroProteins are small,5-15-kDa single-domain proteins that are evolutionarily related to multi-domain proteins with sequence homology(Eguen et al.,2015).The single domain of microProteins is often a protein-protein interaction(PPI)-domain,through which they can interact with their multi-domain protein targets(Figure 1).The first experimental insight that microProteins exist and how they act came from the identification of the regulatory feedback mechanism of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-ZIPIII)transcription factors by LITTLE ZIPPER(ZPR)microProteins(Wenkel et al.,2007;Kim et al.,2008).In Arabidopsis,the LITTLE ZIPPER microProtein family consists of four members(ZPR1-4)containing only a leucine zipper domain.The HD-ZIPIII transcription factor REVOLUTA directly transcriptionally upregu-lates multiple ZPR genes.ZPR proteins physically interact with their HD-ZIPIII targets and suppress their DNA binding ability.展开更多
基金The authors would like to thanks the Potato Council Ltd.for partial financial support of this research(Project R412)。
文摘Plant hormones are important molecules which at low concentration can regulate various physiological processes.Mass spectrometry has become a powerful technique for the quantification of multiple classes of plant hormones because of its high sensitivity and selectivity.We developed a new ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography–full-scan high-definition accurate mass spectrometry method,for simultaneous determination of abscisic acid and four metabolites phaseic acid,dihydrophaseic acid,7′-hydroxy-abscisic acid and abscisic acid glucose ester,cytokinins zeatin,zeatin riboside,gibberellins(GA1,GA3,GA4 and GA7)and indole-3-acetyl-L-aspartic acid.We measured the amount of plant hormones in the flesh and skin of two processing potato cvs.Sylvana and Russet Burbank stored for up to 30 weeks at 6°C under ambient air conditions.Herein,we report for the first time that abscisic acid glucose ester seems to accumulate in the skin of potato tubers throughout storage time.The method achieved a lowest limit of detection of 0.22 ng g−1 of dry weight and a limit of quantification of 0.74 ng g−1 dry weight(zeatin riboside),and was able to recover,detect and quantify a total of 12 plant hormones spiked on flesh and skin of potato tubers.In addition,the mass accuracy for all compounds(<5 ppm)was evaluated.
基金supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYZ201843)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and the open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement(ZW201813).
文摘1-Methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)is an inhibitor of ethylene perception that is widely used to maintain the quality of several climacteric fruits during storage.A large body of literature now exists on the effects of 1-MCP on climacteric fruit ripening for different species and environmental conditions,presenting an opportunity to use meta-analysis to systematically dissect these effects.We classified 44 ripening indicators of climacteric fruits into five categories:physiology and biochemistry,quality,enzyme activity,color,and volatiles.Meta-analysis showed that 1-MCP treatment reduced 20 of the 44 indicators by a minimum of 22%and increased 6 indicators by at least 20%.These effects were associated with positive effects on delaying ripening and maintaining quality.Of the seven moderating variables,species,1-MCP concentration,storage temperature and time had substantial impacts on the responses of fruit to 1-MCP treatment.Fruits from different species varied in their responses to 1-MCP,with the most pronounced responses observed in rosaceous fruits,especially apple,European pear fruits,and tropical fruits.The effect of gaseous 1-MCP was optimal at 1μl/l,with a treatment time of 12–24 h,when the storage temperature was 0℃for temperate fruits or 20℃for tropical fruits,and when the shelf temperature was 20℃,reflecting the majority of experimental approaches.These findings will help improve the efficacy of 1-MCP application during the storage of climacteric fruits,reduce fruit quality losses and increase commercial value.
文摘研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和一种新开发的乙烯脱除剂——钯(Pd)(e+R)对早熟和晚熟的鳄梨(persea Americana Mill)在5℃贮藏和20℃后熟期内果实硬度、颜色、脂肪酸和糖含量的变化的影响。这种新型乙烯清除剂有效地延缓了鳄梨在5℃贮藏时的果实成熟过程,1-MCP在抑制果实成熟方面更加有效,但与这种新型乙烯清除剂相比它会破坏果实的后熟。晚熟果实中脂肪酸含量在两种处理间以及贮藏时间方面均保持不变,而早熟果实中脂肪酸含量随着处理和贮藏时间的不同,产生了轻度的,甚至显著的差异,果实中出现大量的甘露庚糖醇。与此相反,甘露庚酮糖在早熟果实中具有较高浓度,而在晚熟果实中几乎没有。1-MCP处理可以抑制成熟,与对照相比,1-MCP处理含有较高甘露庚酮糖含量并有效保持甘露庚糖醇的含量,此外还可在一定程度上保持果肉硬度及颜色。与对照相比新型乙烯脱除剂e+R会更好地保持甘露庚酮糖和甘露庚糖醇的含量。本研究首次比较了乙烯脱除剂与乙烯生成抑制剂在抑制鳄梨生理生化变化方面的作用,同时验证了C7糖代谢机制可能是鳄梨果实成熟过程中重要的环节这一观点。
基金the USDA-ARSSHRS Development and Application of Genomic-assisted Breeding Strategies to Produce Disease-resistant Cacao Genetic Resources(Project No.6038-21000-025-000-D)Also funding for this projectwas provided by MARS,Inc.Trust Agreement No.6038-21000-025-12-T:Genomic Enhancement of Theobroma cacao.
文摘Cacao is one of the most economically important agricultural commodities in the world,providing the principal ingredient for the global chocolate industry.Accurate genotype identification is essential for effective conservation and utilization of cacao germplasm.Here,we report the screening of 956 candidate SNPs,pre-selected from the 6 and 15K Theobroma cacao SNP Arrays using targeted Genotyping-by-Sequencing on 451 cacao germplasm accessions,representing ten known genetic groups from the tropical Americas.Based on call rate(No call rate<5%),Minor Allele Frequency(MAF>0.15)and Linkage Disequilibrium(LD≤0.5),a total of 219 SNPs were selected.The efficacy of these SNP markers for population classification was compared with the previous SSR-based analysis in cacao.The population assignment results of the retained 420 cacao accessions was highly comparable with the SSR study.The matrix of genetic distance between SSR and SNP markers is highly correlated(r=0.718;P<0.001).These results demonstrated the consistency in using the present SNP markers for cacao germplasm identification.This is our pilot project for the development of SNP markers reflecting population origin for cacao germplasm identification.These SNP markers and the selected reference germplasm for different populations are suitable for use in cacao germplasm management and crop improvement,including genotype identification,seed gardens and nursery accreditation,and cocoa authentication.Effort is being continued with the emphasis on selecting SNP markers for the detection of sub-population structures in the primary gene pool of T.cacao.
基金This work was supported by the ENSA project funded by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation to the University of Cambridge to R.G.No conflict of interest declared.
文摘In the late 19th century,it was discovered that legumes can establish a root nodule endosymbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia.Soon after,the question was raised whether it is possible to transfer this trait to non-leguminous crops.In the past century,an ever-increasing amount of knowledge provided unique insights into the cellular,molecular,and genetic processes controlling this endosymbiosis.In addition,recent phylogenomic studies uncovered several genes that evolved to function specifically to control nodule formation and bacterial infection.However,despite this massive body of knowledge,the long-standing objective to engineer the nitrogen-fixing nodulation trait on nonleguminous crop plants has not been achieved yet.In this review,the unsolved questions and engineering strategies toward nitrogen-fixing nodulation in non-legume plants are discussed and highlighted.
文摘Legume rhizobium symbiosis is initiated upon perception of bacterial secreted lipo-chitooligosaccharides （LCOs）. Perception of these signals by the plant initiates a signaling cascade that leads to nodule formation. Several studies have implicated a function for cytokinin in this process. However, whether cytokinin accu- mulation and subsequent signaling are an integral part of rhizobium LCO signaling remains elusive. Here, we show that cytokinin signaling is required for the majority of transcriptional changes induced by rhizo- bium LCOs. In addition, we demonstrate that several cytokinins accumulate in the root susceptible zone 3 h after rhizobium LCO application, including the biologically most active cytokinins, trans-zeatin and iso- pentenyl adenine. These responses are dependent on calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase （CCaMK）, a key protein in rhizobial LCO-induced signaling. Analysis of the ethylene-insensitive Mtein21 Mtsickle mutant showed that LCO-induced cytokinin accumulation is negatively regulated by ethylene. Together with transcriptional induction of ethylene biosynthesis genes, it suggests a feedback loop negatively regulating LCO signaling and subsequent cytokinin accumulation. We argue that cytokinin accumulation is a key step in the pathway leading to nodule organogenesis and that this is tightly controlled by feedback loops.
基金supported by a Charge de Researcher fellowship(no.19516174)from the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique,Belgium(to K.K.B.)+2 种基金a Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft postdoc fellowship(to U.D.)The laboratory of Stephan Wenkel is funded by grants from the independent Research Fund Denmark(0136-00015B and 0135-00014B)the Novo Nordisk Foundation(NNF18OC0034226,NNF190C005658,and NNF200C0061440).
文摘MicroProteins are small,5-15-kDa single-domain proteins that are evolutionarily related to multi-domain proteins with sequence homology(Eguen et al.,2015).The single domain of microProteins is often a protein-protein interaction(PPI)-domain,through which they can interact with their multi-domain protein targets(Figure 1).The first experimental insight that microProteins exist and how they act came from the identification of the regulatory feedback mechanism of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-ZIPIII)transcription factors by LITTLE ZIPPER(ZPR)microProteins(Wenkel et al.,2007;Kim et al.,2008).In Arabidopsis,the LITTLE ZIPPER microProtein family consists of four members(ZPR1-4)containing only a leucine zipper domain.The HD-ZIPIII transcription factor REVOLUTA directly transcriptionally upregu-lates multiple ZPR genes.ZPR proteins physically interact with their HD-ZIPIII targets and suppress their DNA binding ability.
