A Selection Study for Sanitary Landfill Site at Basra City, South of Iraq

The selection study for a sanitary landfill site at Basra city （south of lraq） indicated to choose Al-Barjesia region at chwabedian area which belong to AI-Zubair directorate, using global positioning system （GPS）. The measured latitude and longitude axes of this area are 30° 25.4＇ north and 47° 29＇ west. It is located at a distance of about 25 km straight line from the city center. The calculated elevation range of the chwabedian site was obtained to be 5-10 m above sea level, while the depth ofplutonic water in the landfill site is range from 15-25 m. The measured permeability for this site was about 0.75-0.84 mma/min. The evaluation of soil components percentage in the suggested site was listed in table 1, as examined by the international constructional laboratory, at Basra/Iraq. A primarily modern design for chwabedian sanitary landfill was projected and sketched in figure 3.

Impact of the Transboundary Transport of Air Pollutants on Air Quality in Spain

Although compliance with the European limit values for air pollutants has been achieved over large parts in Spain, some challenges remain for O3 on the maximum daily 8-hour mean and information limit values, for particulate matter on the PM10 annual and daily limit values and for NO2 on annual and hourly limit values. Transboundary transport of air pollutants has started to be recognized as a mechanism affecting air quality. Nevertheless, as a consequence of the complexity of atmospheric chemistry it is not easy to determine the importance of this effect. Photochemical models constitute an adequate tool to address this challenge, allowing the identification of pollutant pathways and the quantifi- cation of the influence of long-range transport of air pollutants. In this paper we evaluate the influence of out-of-Spain emissions on this non-compliance picture by using the CHIMERE photochemical model. For this purpose the model was run at a 0.2?-horizontal resolution for a European domain. Although at this resolution not all the local effects can be captured, transboundary transport of air pollutants can be examined. Several simulations were performed considering different emission scenarios. To see all out-of-Spain emissions influence, all the emissions were set to zero, excepting those in Spain. This includes examining European and ships effects on air quality in Spain. A second simulation was performed setting to zero just European-countries emissions, to see the effect of Europe. The third and fourth simulations were carried out by setting to zero France and Portugal emissions respectively. Ozone has been found to be the pollutant more affected by this transboundary transport, in particular in the summer period. The model indicates that the incoming air masses contributed in 2009 to the non-compliance with the European normative regulating the maximum daily 8-hour mean.

Assessment of Phytoavailability in the Cherry Tomato Plants Exposed to Lead and Chromium in a Nutrient Solution

The phytoavailability of lead and chromium in cherry tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum was studied both at the level of different parts of the plant (roots, stem, leaves and fruits) and at the level of its concentration in water and cultivation soil of. Two experiments are thence carried out by planting in bioponics, in a patented BIOTOP device, plants which are exposed via their root system to concentrations of 5 ppm, 10 ppm and 20 ppm of each contaminant (lead or chromium) in a nutrient solution. The results show that lead accumulates mainly in the roots with a significant amount as to allow its translocation into the stem and leaves, while only a small amount reaches the fruit. The results also show that when the concentration increases the lead content in the roots also increases, but decreases in the fruits with three floral bouquets. Conversely, the chromium substance decreases in the roots and increases in the fruit. Based on these results, we note that the average distribution of lead in the edible part of the plant is much higher than that of chromium, and also lead presence in the plant is higher compared to that of chromium.

Toxicological Risk Assessment of Lead (Pb) Contamination in Public Water System in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria

Study Background: Lead continues to be a significant public health problem in developing countries, where there are considerable variations in the sources and pathways of exposure. Aim: This study investigates the level of lead in drinking water sources in Shomolu, Yaba and Bariga areas of Lagos State, Nigeria and the human risk exposure using a mice model. Materials and Methods: Water samples were collected in public water sources (borehole, sachet water, bottle water and tap water) and analyzed for lead using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian model-AA240FS) equipped with a lead hollow cathode lamp. Contamination factor was determined. Healthy Mature female albino-mice, weighing 25.3 ± 2.5 g were exposed to the contaminated drinking water for 28 days to the different concentrations of lead nitrate: 1 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 500 mg/l and 1000 mg/l. Blood and liver were collected for hematology liver function test and histopathology. Results: Lead concentrations in public water sources in Shomolu, Bariga and Yaba areas of Lagos State were below 5.0 μg/l and contamination factor were less than 1.0. At 1.0 mg/l (1000 μg/l) Lead exposure, the relative weight increase in this group (as compared to the controlled group) was very slow, up to the 14th day (with weight loss of 3.17 g and relative weight loss of 23.1%), then increased up to the 28th day (with weight loss of 7.34 g, and relative weight gain of 18.4%). At 50.0 mg/l Lead exposure, there was a rapid weight decrease, a greater relative weight loss was experienced at the 14th day (weight gain, 1.36 g and 67.0% relative weight loss), then there was weight recovery at the 28th day (weight gain of 4.60 g, 25.8% relative weight loss). The 100.0 mg/l Lead exposed group showed steady decrease in weight, 14th day had a weight gain of 2.02 g and relative weight loss of 51.0% while the 28th day had 2.10 weight gain and 66.1% weight loss respectively. In the 500.0 mg/l Lead exposure group, a similar trend was observed as with 1.0 mg/l and 50 mg/l Lead exposures, showing greater weight loss at the 14th day (2.14 g and 151.9% weight loss), as compared to the 28th day exposure (1.36 g and 121.9% weight loss respectively). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Akaline phosphatase (ALP) in the control group increased with time, but these had a different trend in the exposed groups. The RBC decreased with increase in concentrations from 1.0 mg·l to 50.0 mg/l Lead exposures, after which it increases at 100.0 mg/l, 500.0 mg/l and 1000 mg/l. The highest RBC was noticed at the highest exposure concentration at the 28th day with RBC, much higher than the control. The highest WBC was noticed at the highest exposure concentration at the 28th day with WBC, 8.77 ± 2.36 (×109/L) (p th day, 100.0 mg/L exposed mice’s liver had cellular vacuolization and mild necrosis. At 14th and 28th day of exposure, the 500.0 mg/L and 1000.0 mg/L exposed mice had significant liver pathological alterations including the presence of polymorphic nuclei, blood vessel congestion, cellular vacuolization and severe necrosis. Conclusion: Lead induces hematological disturbances, liver histological alterations and change in weight in mice. These become obvious as exposure concentration increases with time. Continuous monitoring of municipal water pipeline reticulation should be ensured to prevent incidence of seepage of toxicants such as lead into domestic water sources.